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1 207, 25 (7): Biodiversity Science doi: /biods * 覃海宁李振宇 2 刘演陈文俐 23 臧春鑫,2 赵莉娜 7 张志翔刘启新马海英武建勇于胜祥 8 何兴金曹伟耿玉英叶建飞 8 4 2,25,3 刘慧圆 9 尹林克李建强金孝锋赖阳均博刘 0 林余霖陈世龙 20 常朝阳刘冰 6 5 夏念和 3 刘全儒金效华 2 蒋宏 25 林秦文 6 华彭侯元同高天刚蔡蕾薛纳新 22 (, 00093) 2 (, 00049) 3 (, 00875) 4 (, 0008) 5 (, 50650) 6 (, 65020) 7 (, 00083) 8 (, 60064) 9 (, 8300) 0 (, 0093) (, 27365) 2 ( 54006) 3 (, 2004) 4 (, 006) 5 (, ) 6 (, 80008) 7 (, 65009) 8 (, 00093) 9 (, 30036) 20 (, 7200) 2 (, ) 22 (, 00035) 23 (, 0002) 24 (, 20042) 25 (, 00093) 26 (, 20008) :, IUCN, 30,068, ( )40 ; () 3,363,.8%,,,, 84.% ;, 38% 4% 2004,,,, : IUCN ; ; ; ; Evaluating the endangerment status of China s angiosperms through the red list assessment Haining Qin *, Lina Zhao,2, Shengxiang Yu, Huiyuan Liu,3, Bo Liu 4, Nianhe Xia 5, Hua Peng 6, Zhenyu Li, Zhixiang Zhang 7, Xingjin He 8, Linke Yin 9, Yulin Lin 0, Quanru Liu 3, Yuantong Hou, Yan Liu 2, Qixin Liu 3, Wei Cao 4, Jianqiang Li 5, Shilong Chen 6, Xiaohua Jin, Tiangang Gao, Wenli Chen, Haiying Ma 7, Yuying Geng 8, Xiaofeng Jin 9, Chaoyang Chang 20, Hong Jiang 2, Lei Cai 22, Chunxin Zang 23, Jianyong Wu 24, Jianfei Ye 2,25, Yangjun Lai 26, Bing Liu, Qinwen Lin 25, Naxin Xue State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing : ; : : (2005DKA240) * Author for correspondence. hainingqin@ibcas.ac.cn

2 746 Biodiversity Science 25 2 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medicinal Science & Peking Union Medicinal College, Beijing 0093 College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shanxi Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming Ministry of Environment Protection of the People s Republic of China, Beijing Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Abstract: All known species of Angiosperms in China were evaluated according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3., Second edition and the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels, Version 4.0. Of the 30,068 species evaluated, 2 species were found Extinct (EX), 9 species were Extinct in the Wild (EW), 0 species were Regionally Extinct (RE), 58 species were Critically Endangered (CR),,52 species were Endangered (EN),,693 species were Vulnerable (VU), 2,538 species were Near Threatened (NT), 2,32 species were Least Concern (LC), and 2,995 species were Data Deficient (DD). The results show that 3,363 species, representing.2% of the evaluated species, were identified as threatened (CR, EN and VU). The main portion of threatened species occurs below 2,000 m elevation in southwestern and southern China. Habitat loss and degradation, over-collecting by humans, and intrinsic factors are the three leading threats to angiosperms in China. Comparisons of the status of taxa on this Red List to those evaluated by Wang & Xie (2004) show changes in the names and categories of some taxa due to land use pressures, the impact of conservation measures to improve the status of some species as well as new information, such as from taxonomic revisions. Therefore, there is a need for future data collection and reevaluation of the red list. Key words: IUCN Red List; risk assessment of extinction; threats; angiosperms; conservation,,,, 360,000(Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 206), 28,000 30,000, 8% (Wu et al, 203;, 205),, 999 ( ) 49 3 ( ), 36 5,

3 7 : %(, 999); CITES,,600, (, 203),,, (Mittermeier et al, 998; Myers et al, 2000; Novacek & Cleland, 200) Miller (2007),, (International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN) (IUCN ) IUCN ;, ;, (risk categories) ;, (de Grammont & Cuarón, 2006; Rohan et al, 2009; IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 20) 99, (, 99) : (, 2004) IUCN(3. ), 4,408, (226 ) (4,82 ), 3,624 (CR, EN VU), 86.7%, 3,,, IUCN (IUCN, 202a),, (Least Concern, LC),, (Critically Endangered, CR), (VU),, IUCN (IUCN, 202b) IUCN (Extinct, EX) (Extinct in Wild, EW) (Regionally Extinct, RE) (Critically Endangered, CR) (Endangered, EN) (Vulnerable, VU) (Near Threatened, NT) (Least Concern, LC) (Data Deficient, DD) 9, VU EN CR 5, AB C D E () (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 20; IUCN, 202a) 2 IUCN () IUCN, 4 (IUCN, 202c),,,,,,, ()()

4 748 Biodiversity Science 25,,, IUCN 2. Flora of China, (),, (Catalogue of Life China, CoL-China ) (Qin et al, 203) Flora of China,, CoL-China,, IUCN (, Not Applicable, NA) 250 2,756 30,068, 6,676, 55.46%,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),, (CVH) ( 280,,, (),, 2.2 (pre-assessment) IUCN (Species Survival Commission, SSC), (Hilton-Taylor, 2000),, ( ), (conservation concern),,, (Raimondo et al, 2009, 203) (, ), : () (, 2004) ( ) (, 999) ; (2), ; (3),,,,,,,, 30,000 2,000 ( ) 7,000,,,,,, IUCN (LC)

5 7 : 749 Fig. The roadmap undertaken to differentiate key and non-key species (adopted from Raimondo et al, 2009), IUCN,,, (pre-assessment) IUCN,,,, (IUCN, 202c), IUCN ( ), (IUCN, 202a), (CR, EN, VU),, A E, ;, ;, 2.3 IUCN, (review), (), 87 20,, (CR, EN VU)

6 750 Biodiversity Science 25, 9, 2.4,,, IUCN,, ;,, 3 30,068, 84% (30,068/35,784), 2(EX), 9 (EW), 0(RE), 58 (CR),,52 (EN),,693 (VU), 2,538 (NT), 2,32 (LC), 2,995 (DD) ( ) 40 ( 2); (CR EN VU) 3,363,.8% (3,363/30,068),,, (Hu et al, 2003; Wang et al, 202), 3 Table Species number of each endangerment categories and their proportion to China s angiosperms species Categories Extinct (EX) 2(0.07) Extinct in wild (EW) 9(0.03) Regional Extinct (RE) 0(0.03) (%) No. of species (%) Critically Endangered (CR) 58(.72) Endangered (EN),52(3.83) Vulnerable (VU),693(5.63) Near Threatened (NT) 2,538(8.43) Least Concern (LC) 2,32(70.28) Data Deficient (DD) 2,995(9.96) Total 30,068(00) 2 ( ) Table 2 The angiosperms species listed as Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, and Regionally Extinct in China Family Species EX (Extinct) Annonaceae Friesodielsia hainanensis Asteraceae Ligularia parvifolia Begoniaceae Begonia sublongipes Betulaceae Betula halophila Corsiaceae Corsiopsis chinensis Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus liuzhouensis Ericaceae Rhododendron xiaoxidongense Gesneriaceae Gyrogyne subaequifolia Lamiaceae Chelonopsis siccanea Lamiaceae Ombrocharis dulcis Lardizabalaceae Stauntonia obcordatilimba Lauraceae Beilschmiedia ningmingensis Lauraceae Machilus salicoides Liliaceae Lilium stewartianum Orchidaceae Eulophia monantha Orchidaceae Gastrochilus nanchuanensis Orchidaceae Liparis hensoaensis Orchidaceae Tainia emeiensis Sapindaceae Lepisanthes unilocularis Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis humilis Verbenaceae Premna mekongensis var. meiophylla EW (Extinct in the Wild) Araliaceae Panax notoginseng Ericaceae Rhododendron adenosum Ericaceae Rhododendron kanehirae Gesneriaceae Chirita spadiciformis Hydrocharitaceae Najas pseudogracillima Liliaceae Aspidistra austrosinensis Menyanthaceae Nymphoides lungtanensis Rhamnaceae Rhamnus tzekweiensis Zingiberaceae Curcuma exigua RE (Regionally Extinct) Balsaminaceae Hydrocera triflora Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea poilanei Fagaceae Lithocarpus cryptocarpus Haloragaceae Myriophyllum tetrandrum Hydrocharitaceae Ottelia cordata Magnoliaceae Michelia velutina Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum yunnanense Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton alpinus Sapotaceae Diploknema yunnanensis Verbenaceae Premna pyramidata

7 7 : 75 0,40, 33.72%, 2,267, 67.4% (2,267/3,363),,997, 59.38%, 3.6% (2,267/6,676), 8.8% (,096/3,392), ( 2), , 24 (5 ) (3 ); 2 ; 20,,, (Panax notoginseng) (Michelia velutina), IUCN, 50,, (IUCN, 20) (DD),, 3.2,,,, 20, (653 ), 9.42% (653/3,363), 43.48%, (, 2009;, 202), 42, 4.22% 4.03; ( 3.74% 8.6%)( 3.06% 3.55%) ( 2.94% 2.29%) ( 3),, 76, 67.3%,, ( ) 3 5 ()5 () Table 3 The top 5 families with the most threatened species numbers (left column) and the top 5 families with the largest proportion of threatened species (right column) Family Species number No. of threatened species Family Species number Orchidaceae, Magnoliaceae Ericaceae,02 42 Actinidiaceae Fabaceae, Paeoniaceae Liliaceae Dioscoreaceae Lauraceae Hamamelidaceae Theaceae Aristolochiaceae Ranunculaceae,08 87 Orchidaceae, Magnoliaceae 3 76 Buxaceae Fagaceae Sterculiaceae Gesneriaceae Aceraceae Rosaceae, Arecaceae Crassulaceae Icacinaceae Poaceae,88 53 Styracaceae Berberidaceae Elaeocarpaceae Actinidiaceae Juglandaceae (%) % of threatened species

8 752 Biodiversity Science 25 (Yulania zenii),,,, 50,, CR, (Lirianthe odoratissima) (Yulania dawsoniana) (Michelia gioi) (48 ), 63.2% ( 2) 3.3 :,, (Zhao et al, 206), ( 4) ( 3) ( 5),,,,, ;,, (), 3.4,,,634,470 ( ), 259 ( 6),, 3, 43%,, 89%,, (202),,,, (202),,,, 84.7%, ;, 27.0%;, 3.3% 2.5% ( 7) 2 5 Fig. 2 The top 5 angiosperms families with the largest proportion of threatened species and their categories. The categories are the same as those in Table.

9 7 : Table 4 Statistics of threatened angiosperms species at provincial level. The categories are the same as those in Table. Species number No. of threatened species % of threatened species ened % of threat- species Species number No. of threatened species % of threatened species Yunnan 5,95, Chongqing, Sichuan 0, Jilin, Guangxi 7, Jiangsu, Tibet 7, Hong Kong Hainan 3, , Inner Mongolia Guizhou 5, Henan, Guangdong 5, Hebei, Taiwan 4, Liaoning, Hubei 3, , Heilongjiang Hunan 3, Shanxi, Zhejiang 3, Qinghai 2, Fujian 3, Shandong, Shaanxi 3, Ningxia Jiangxi 3, Beijing Gansu 3, Shanghai Xinjiang 3, Macao Anhui 2, Tianjin % of threatened species () The numbers of angiosperms species in each province are drawn from the Red List database (for reference only) The ratio of threatened species number to total angiosperms species number of each province The ratio of threatened species number to total number of threatened species of angiosperms in China 5 ( 3 ) ( 0 ) Table 5 The top 0 provinces with the most of threatened angiosperms species which are restrictedly distributed in 3 counties No. of species Yunnan 644 Sichuan 80 Guangxi 74 Hainan 03 Tibet 03 Xinjiang 59 Guizhou 54 Guangdong 48 Chongqing 3 Zhejiang 24 (CR, EN, VU),000 m,,000 2,000 m, 2,000 4,000 m, 4,000 5,500 m, 6 Table 6 Habits of China s threatened angiosperms species Habit No. of species Herb Annual 57 Biennial 5 Perennial,460 Others 02 Subtotal,634 Shrub Bamboo 34 Others 735 Subtotal 769 Vine Herb 99 Woody 32 Others 28 Subtotal 259 Tree Evergreen 509 Deciduous 8 Semi-deciduous Subtotal 70 Total 3,363

754 Biodiversity Science 25 7 3,363 Table 7 Number of threatened species in some vegetation types and the ratio to 3,363 threatened angiosperms species in China. Vegetation type No.

3 Other habitats 283 8.9 3 ( ) Fig. 3 Elevation status of threatened species of China s angiosperms. Some species cover several sections.

10 754 Biodiversity Science ,363 Table 7 Number of threatened species in some vegetation types and the ratio to 3,363 threatened angiosperms species in China. Vegetation type No. of threatened species % Forest 2, Shrub Desert Grassland & meadow Alpine vegetation 48.5 ( ) Wetlands (bogs and aquatic) 42.3 Artificial vegetation Other habitats ( ) Fig. 3 Elevation status of threatened species of China s angiosperms. Some species cover several sections. 500,000 m,000,500 m,500 2,000 m 3, 2,9832,462,84 ( 3), 2,000 m,, 3.5 IUCN ( IUCN, ( 8), 8 Table 8 Factors influencing the threatened (CR, EN, and VU) angiosperms taxa in China Threats Threatened species number % 2,6 84. Habitat degradation or loss Logging or harvesting Environmental pollution Natural disasters and climate change Internal factors Interspecific effects 33.3, 2,6, 84.%,, 963, 38.3%, 357, 4.2%,,,,,, (Syringa spp.) (, 998) (Cycas spp.) (, 2008) (Paeonia spp.) (, 2002)(Changium smyrnioides) (, 200) (Adenophora lobophylla) (, 2002)(Calycanthus chinensis) (, 2002)(Parashorea chinensis) (, 2008),,, (, 204),, ( 8),,,,,,,,

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National and Provincial Life Tables Derived from China’s 2000 Census Data

National and Provincial Life Tables Derived from China s 2000 Census Data Yong Cai Department of Sociology University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0250 yong.cai@soc.utah.edu Feburay 21, 2005 Data available