2001 2,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,, (Dieter Heinzig), ( ), : ,, ( ),, 1950 : ( 1998

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2 2001 2,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,, (Dieter Heinzig), ( ), : ,, ( ),, 1950 : ( ),,,

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15 , ,,,, 1945, ( 2) ,,,,,,, ( 2), ( 2) 1 12,,,,, ( 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 12 ; 1 19, ( 2),, ( 1), 1 30,,,, ,, 1 17, Goncharov, Lewis, Xue Litai, 104 :,, 1978,

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18 CONTENTS pen than to swordwere two striking features in the politics of the Northern Song dynasty and found their ex2 pression even in the Privy Council, the highest state military body. On the statistical basis of the background of the top two executive posts holders in the Privy Council during the Northern Song dynasty the article investi2 gated the transition from the appointment of military generals to the appointment of civilian officials to the two posts. The article further delves into the concrete expressions of the policy of putting military officers under the control of civilian officials in the Privy Council and its negative impacts. Interest Conflicts during the Negotiations on the Sino2Soviet Treaty and Their Solution Shen Zhihua (39) Contradictions between China and the Soviet Union in sovereignty and economic interests found their ex2 pression mainly in the issues of Xinjiang, Mongolia and Northeast China. Stalin made two major concessions during the negotiations. One was his agreement to abolish the old Sino2Soviet treaty and sign a new one under the insistence of Mao Zedong. The other was that the Soviet government agreed to return the Zhong2Chang Railway and the Port of L shun to China due to Zhou Enlaiπs ingenious arrangements to bind together the ques2 tion of Mongolia and that of Northeast China. The solution to these state interest conflicts between the two cou2 ntries put the Sino2Soviet alliance on a solid legal basis and forced Stalin to adjust his Korean Peninsula policy in order to guarantee Soviet interests in Asia and continue his Far East strategy. The Washington System and the Chinese National Revolution : A Ne w Investigation of the Sino2Ameri2 can Relations during the 1920s Wang Lixin (56) In order to avoid possible confrontation among the world powers over China and cope with the ever2grow2 ing nationalist tide in China, the United States put forward a series of policy ideas at the Washington Confer2 ence for the Solution of the China Question, known as the Washington Formula. This formula had a direct ef2 fect on the Chinese national revolution : It was the dissatisfaction of the Chinese radical nationalists with the formula that contributed to the great revolution in China. The national revolution in China prompted the Ameri2 can government to make important adjustments to its China policy and shattered the principle of consensus among all the powers within the Washington System, finally leading to the collapse of the Washington System. Britain and the Establishment ofrule of la w for Sino2Western Trade at the Treaty Ports bet ween the Two Opium Wars Wang Licheng (69) During the period between the two opium wars, Britain cooperated at first with the Qing government in suppressing smuggling under the consular customs procedure. Then it rescinded its treaty obligation in this re2 gard and finally usurped the administration of Chinese customs to initiate the transformation of Chinese customs and legalize the opium trade. Their aim was to establish an order ofrule of law to protect its interests at the treaty ports and ensure free trade under the conditions of privileges accorded to it by the unequal treaties. The Qing government failed to adapt to the new conditions and handed over its government functions in connection with the rule of law to the British, finally becoming dependent on the foreign powers under the illusion ofap2 189

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