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1 直播专题 ( 一 ) 定语从句及其翻译 ( 一 ) 定语从句基础知识 1. 定义 : 在复合句中通常修饰名词, 代词的从句 2. 先行词 : 通常是被修饰的名词或代词 3. 引导词 : 关系代词 :who, whom, whose, which, that,etc. 关系副词 :when,where, why ( 二 ) 先行词的表现形式? 先行词 ( 四种面具之一 ): 1. 一个词 ( 名词或代词 ) Even when homeless individuals manage to find a that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.(2006 完形填空 ) A. lodging B. shelter C. dwelling D. house 先行词 ( 四种面具之二 ): 2. 一个短语 Many life s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. (1995 年阅读第三篇 ) 先行词 ( 四种面具之三 ): 3. 一个分句 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004 年英译汉 ) 先行词 ( 四种面具之四 ): 4. 一个完整的句子 He arrived one hour later, which annoyed his girlfriend very much. 练习 Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and 1 / 11

2 emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others. (2003 完形填空 ) A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance ( 三 ) 关系词关系代词的用法关系代词指代所作成分是否可省略 that 人或物作主语宾语或表语做宾语和表语可省略 which 物作主语宾语做宾语可省略 who 人作主语, 宾语做宾语可省略 whom 人作宾语可省略 whose 人或物作定语, 相当于先行词的所有格不可省略指人的关系代词 who whom whose 1. Armchairs greatly benefit the disabled who can t move freely on their own. 2. Mary is the girl (whom) we met last night. 3. I ve got a friend whose brother is a dancer. 指物的关系代词 that, which, whose 1. The keys that/which were on this table are missing now. 2. I bought a book yesterday whose cover (the cover of which) is red. 3. The president, in whose university Mr. Wang worked, is an American Chinese. 特别提醒 : 1. 定语从句的时态独立 2. 当关系代词在从句中充当主语时, 从句的谓语动词必须与先行词的人称和数保持一致 He is one of the students who from the USA. He is the only one of the students who from the USA. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that is not 2 / 11

3 fully understood. ( 改错 ) 3. Whose 后面必须接一个名词连用, 不能单独使用 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. (2000 年阅读第四篇 ) 关系副词的用法关系副词指代所做成分是否可省略 when 时间状语否 where 地点状语否 why 原因状语否 1. By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. (1998 完型 ) 2. The factory where I work is going to close down. 3. Is there any reason why you want to leave now? ( 四 ) 带有插入语的定语从句这些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个主谓结构, 如 I know, they believe, he claimed, they assume 等这些主谓结构多为表达个人主观观点的结构, 它们紧跟在关系代词后面, 不影响定语从句的原来结构, 因而并非构成定语从句的主谓句 What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. (1998 阅读第二篇 ) ( 五 )Which 与 that 的区别只宜用 that, 不宜用 which 的情形 1. 先行被 only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 及序数词, 最高级形容词修饰或本身是序数词和最高级形容词 That is the most effective measure that is used against pollution. 2. 主句已有疑问词 who 或 which Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting? 3 / 11

4 3. 先行词既有人又有物 The story and people (that) he has mentioned in his book are from reality. 4. 先行词是 much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the only 等代词 You should hand in all (that) you have. 宜用 which, 不用 that 的情形 : 1. 紧跟介词之后充当宾语的关系代词 They are all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs. (2005 年七选五 ) 2. 在非限定性定语从句中, 不用 that 引导定语从句 ( 六 ) 介词 + 关系代词介词的选择方法 : 1 看主句的先行词 2 看从句的谓语或形容词的搭配 3 先行词和谓语的搭配综合看 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. (2003 年英译汉 ) The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in favor of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on 介词 + 关系代词专题复习 It s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. (2003 年阅读 ) I am sending you an inquiry, to which your prompt attention is highly appreciated. 4 / 11

5 We assume that the meanings of these underwater sounds are similar to those with which we are familiar on land. 练习 Living in the central Australia desert has its problems, obtaining water is not the least. (94 年语法 ) A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, could go penniless by next year.(97 年语法 ) A. the larger one B. the larger of which C. the largest one D. the largest of which ( 七 ) 如何区分 when 引导的定语从句和时间状语从句? when 引导定语从句时,when 前面必然有表示时间的名词, 即先行词若 when 引导时间状语从句, 则其前面往往没有表示时间的名词在翻译 when 引导定语从句时 when 的翻译比较灵活 The near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and , when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. (2002 年阅读第三篇 ) ( 八 ) 如何区分 where 引导的定语从句和地点状语从句? where 引导定语从句时,where 前面必然有表示地点的名词, 即先行词若 where 前边没有被修饰的名词, 则视为地点状语从句 When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operation is established where time lose due to injuries is kept at a minimum. 需要注意的是 : 只有定语从句中的 where 才能转换成介词 +which 的结构, 而地点状语从句的 where 不能 Would you please put the book where it belongs? 5 / 11

6 Would you please put the book to which it belongs? 注意 :Where 引导的定语从句的先行词也可以不是地点, 而是含有地点意义的名词, 比如 case, situation, point 等 Speech has to be triggered and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, the mother recognizes the cues and the signals in the child s crying, smiling, and responds to them. A. when B. which C. why D. where. ( 九 )whereby 关系副词 whereby 在考研阅读理解中时常出现, 它的意思相当于 by which 或 through which, 即表示介词, 凭这个 The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (2006 年英译汉 ) ( 十 )Than 1. than 可做关系代词引导定语从句, 在从句中一般做主语 ( 也可做宾语 ) 2. than 前面的主句需要有形容词比较级形式 3. 比较级所修饰的名词即为先行词 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today. (1995 年语法 ) A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed ( 十一 ) 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句有些句子, 用限定性定语从句还是非跟定性定语从句则体现了不同的含义. 1.He has two sisters who are working in the city. 2.He has two sisters, who are working in the city. ( 十二 ) 分隔定语从句 6 / 11

7 1. Time has gone when we were subject to foreign humiliation. 2. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English. 3. He laughs best who laughs last. 4. All is not gold that glitters. 真题例句 : The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. ( 十三 ) 定语从句的状语化功能 1. 这项工作由计算机很快就作完了, 而若是用手工则需要很长时间 The work was done very fast on a computer, which would otherwise take a long time by hand. 2.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist. 如果认为理性认识可以不从感性认识得来, 他就是一个唯心论者 3.Don't leave small things on the floor or table which a baby can put in its mouth. 不要把小东西放在地板或桌面上, 因为小孩可能会放进嘴里吃掉的 4. 这就是美国, 人人都热爱足球, 因此市场十分发达 Such is America, where everyone loves basketball, and where the market is well developed. ( 十四 ) 定语从句的翻译技巧 : 1) 前置法当一个限定性定语从句结构和意义较为简单, 或是较为简短时, 我们把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带的的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句 We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them. 真题例句 7 / 11

8 03 年翻译题 61 题 : Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 98 年 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 练习 Try to translate: He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 2) 单独成句当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂, 意义较为繁杂的时候, 如果把它翻译在其修饰的先行词的后面的话, 会显得定语太过于臃肿和复杂, 而无法让评卷老师看的清清楚楚, 明明白白所以这个时候我们要把定语从句单独翻译出来, 放置于原来它所修饰的词的后面当定语单独成句也就是我们经常所说的后置法 1 重复先行词 We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged. I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. 练习 Try to translate: You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect. 8 / 11

9 2 用代词代替先行词 Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area. 3 省略先行词 They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly. He received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. night. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the 真题例句 : 2003 年 64) Tylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society 年 Text 4 Hofstadter says our country s educational system is in the grips of people who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise. 3) 融合法把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句, 定语从句译成谓语这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句, 尤其是 there be 句型中 There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. There are many people who are interested in the new invention. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 9 / 11

10 2006 年 Text 2 And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway s Cottage, Shakespeare s birthplace and the other sights. 4) 状译法 ( 将隐藏逻辑译出, 表达为某种形式的状语 ) 1. 译成时间状语 A driver who is driving the bus mustn t talk with others or be absent-minded. 2. 译成原因状语 He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable. 3. 译成条件状语 families. People become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their 4. 译成目的状语 He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter. 5. 译成让步状语从句 He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for. 6. 译成表示结果的分句 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country. 7. 译成表示转折的分句 She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 真题例句 : 2003 年 Text 2 Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. 10 / 11

11 小结 : 课后练习 : 将下列句子翻译成中文 1 We are studying a language which is the most widely used in the world. 2 He is much more experienced than his brother, who can only do some simple work. 3 I m not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give, or have a theoretical knowledge of that proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizens, such as you or we. 4 The president said at a news conference dominated by questions on yesterday s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of its long-held superiority in the House. 11 / 11

emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments ar

emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments ar 直播专题 (1) 定语从句及其翻译 ( 一 ) 定语从句基础知识 1. 定义 : 在复合句中通常修饰名词, 代词的从句 2. 先行词 : 通常是被修饰的名词或代词 3. 引导词 : 关系代词 :who, whom, whose, which, that,etc. 关系副词 :when,where,