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Transcription

1 SSM Publicness and Economic Inequality in Contemporary Japan SSM

2 SSM Publicness and Economic Inequality in Contemporary Japan SSM

3

4 -i-

5 SSM -ii-

6 SSM SSM SSM SSM iii-

7 SSM SSM SSM SSM Taiwan Social Change Survey, 2005: Social Stratification and Social Mobility in Three Countries, User Guide and Codebook February, ,700 5,910 25, ,600 55, ,580 29,400 8,820 38,220 32,700 9,810 42, ,400 80, , iv-

8 SSM 1985 SSM SSM -v-

9 vi-

10 - vii-

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12 The 2005 SSM Research Series/ Volume 7 Publicness and Economic Inequality in Contemporary Japan Edited by Gaku Doba CONTENTS Preface to the 2005 SSM Research Series Preface to Volume 7 1 Egalitarian Choice and Market Economy: Twisted Impact of Socio-economic Status on Political Choice Yuriko Saito 1 2 Income Evaluations and Social Stratification Hiroshi Kanbayashi 25 3 Justness and Satisfaction of Income Hiroshi Hamada and Atsushi Ishida 45 4 Inequality of Income and Aggregation of Subjective Well-being: A Simulation Analysis by Using SSM 2005 Dataset Atsushi Ishida 57 5 Relations the Inclination to Competition and Social Stratum: The Structure of the Inclination to Competition of Economical Unblessed People Kenji Iijima 71 6 Factors Leading People to Recognize Social Unequal and Class Division: Who Realizes Class Division More? Kaoru Sato 89 7 What Type of Awareness toward Foreigner is Held in Japan? Using Diversity Orientation and Unfairness Shigemi Ohtsuki Vote Attitude and Social Consciousness: Voter Habitus in Developed Democracy Society Hirosi Takada The Transitions of Party Support: A Time-Series Comparison between 1995 and 2005 Yukihiro Yoneda ix-

13 10 Comparative Research on Nonpartisan Voters between Japan and Korea Shunsuke Tanabe Transformation of Welfare State and the Challenge to the Public Yasuhiko Hikichi Civic Participation and Social Stratification in Japan: Focusing on the Participatory Inequality and Political Attitudes Norihiro Nihei Trust in Others, Consideration for the Poor, Discontent, and Anomie: Social Stratification and the Attitudes which Sustain Social Cooperation Hisataka Kobayashi The Structure of the Sense of Economic Inequality in Contemporary Japan Gaku Doba 233 Appendix x-

14 (2001) - 1 -

15 ISJP Kluegel et al., Harvey2005=

16 4 2 =31.69(P<0.001)=

17 2 2a =0.284(p<0.000) =0.354(p<0.000) =-0.083(P<0.017) - 4 -

18 X Y 2b 25.3%6.5% 19.7%9.0%

19 SSM 95 SSM *95 SSM2005SSM 6-6 -

20

21 5 4 2 (4)=109.58P<0.000=

22 0.253(P<0.000) 0.213(P<0.009)

23 % % %

24 4.1 x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2 x i y i x 1 x 2 y 2-11-

25

26 X A X A x 1 x 2 X A A X A A A Adda 2004=2006: =2007 X Y -13-

27

28 (A)(B) B A A -15-

29 1 2 1 c d -16-

30 a) b) c) d) e) d) -17-

31 -18-

32 8a 8b ** **

33 8a 8b logL= ,P< Kluegel and Smith,

34 -21-

35 IT 100 Adda, Jacques La mondialisation de l conomie: 1. Gense, 6 e dition, Repres / Edition La Dcouverte. (=2006 ) Harvey, David A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford University Press. (=2007 ) Kluegel, James R., Mason, David S. and Bernd Wegener (ed.) Social Justice and Political Change: Public Opinion in Capitalist and Post-Communist States, Walter de Gruyter. Kluegel, James R. and Eliot R. Smith Beliefs about Inequality: Americans' Views of What is and What Ought to be. Aldine de Gruyter

36 Egalitarian Choice and Market Economy: Twisted Impact of Socio-economic Status on Political Choice Yuriko Saito Hosei University This paper examines how an individual choice between equality and freedom as the fundamental value of society relates to his/her willingness to accept abolishment of the governmental protection for "the weak in the market". Although it may be expected that such willingness should go hand in hand with the choice of freedom over equality, low class egalitarians preferred mitigation of governmental control over market economy not for the advancement of freedom, but for the reduction of expanding economic inequality. It was explained by the framework that lack of prospect for the improvement of their economic situation induced them to alter their cognitive framework so that they regarded issues that once were treated as the matter of social integration, as "just the matter of business and economy". Keywords: public choice of allocation ideal, expansion of the market, neoliberalism -23-

37

38

39 Adams 1965Jasso and Rossi 1977Jasso 1978 SSM

40 Collett and Furnham SSM A

41 DK DK DK DK DK ) 1 DK DK SSM DK 36.4 DK 20 DK

42 N

43 SSM N 2 N n.s n.s (p<.05) (p<.01) (p<.001) (p<.001) W (p<.001) (p<.001) W W B B B (p<.05) (p<.001) (p<.001) (p<.001)

44 S.D. N t or F S.D. N t or F (p<.001) (p<.01) (p<.001) (p<.001) (p<.001) (p<.001) W (p<.001) (p<.001) W W B B B (p<.001) (p<.001) (p<.001) (p<.001) U -31-

45 U

46 N N OECD Forster and d Ercole OECD 2005 SSM SSM N N

47 N = p< A

48

49 * *** 1.984*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** *** * * ** *** *** *** ** ** * *** ** * *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** R *** 0.297*** N ***:p<.001, **:p<.01,*:p<

50 SSM

51 B B B * *** 2.253*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * ** * * ** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** R *** 0.204*** 0.111*** N ) 100 ***:p<.001, **:p<.01,*:p< U 2 U U -38-

52 SSM A -39-

53 2005 SSM 1991 International Social Justice Project SSM SSM International Social Justice Project1991 Kluegel et.al (1995) -40-

54

55 Adams, J. S Inequity in Social Exchange. in Berkowitz,,L (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press. Collett,Peter., and Adrian Furnham.1995.Social Psychology at Work.Routledge.= Forster, Michael., and M. Mira d Ercole Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries in the Second Half of the 1990s. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers Jasso, Guillermina., and Peter Rossi Distributive Justice and Earned Income. American Sociological Review 42(4): Jasso, Guillermina On the Justice of Earnings: A New Specification of the Justice Evaluation Function. American Journal of Sociology 83(6): Kluegel, James R., David S. Mason and Bernd Wegener(eds.) Social Justice and Political Change: Public Opinion in Capitalist and Post-Communist States. New York: Aldine DeGruyter SSM SSM

56 Income Evaluations and Social Stratification Hiroshi Kanbayashi (Tohoku Gakuin University) In this paper, four types of income evaluations (individual income evaluation, deserved individual income, household income evaluation, deserved household income) are focused: People think their individual or household income is less or much than they need? (income evaluation) and How much do they need?(deserved income). The relationship of these income evaluations and social stratification are examined. Findings are as follows: (1) People tend to think that their own income is less than their need. The less rates are about 60% for individual income and 70% for household income, (2) Thus, average deserved income is higher than actual income, (3) Individual and household deserved income are explained by objective independent variables (age, education, occupation, etc.) moderately. Although the relationship of income evaluations and objective independent variables are weak(especially, individual income evaluation). Keywords: Actual Income, Income Evaluation, Deserved Income, Inequality, Relative Poverty -43-

57

58 2005 SSM 2001 Easterlin 1995, 2001; Frey and Stutzer 2002=2005; Clark and Oswald SSM -45-

59 % A+B A+B A

60 a a 1 %

61 y x y c b x, 1 y c b x b x y c b x b x 2 2 2, b x 3 3, b 2 b2,b F c b1 b2 b *10^(5) *10^(4) 2.325*10^(7) -48-

62 8 W W B B 3 W W W B B W W B B () () ** ** ** ** W 0.058** B 0.040* B 0.043* **

63 W B Argyle 1987=1994; Frey and Stutzer 2002= x y x y x x x -50-

64 M 5 B 1 6 W 1% 5 5 B 10% -51-

65 1 2 3 B Exp(B) B Exp(B) B Exp(B) * * ** ** ** W B B ** ** ** ** ** ** Cox & Snell Nagelkerke V ** 0.173** 0.151** 0.206** 0.120** (A 2 ) (A 2 ) (A 6 ) 10 (A 6 ) 0.096** 0.108** 0.180** 0.112** 0.321** (A 21(1)) -52-

66 J A C J f ( A, C) f f f 0, 0 AC A C justice evaluation Jasso 1978, 1980, 1999 J 1 A C J 2 A log log C -53-

67 ** 0.219** ** 0.330** 0.152** 0.153** ** 0.222** Vignettes 4 Extremely Underpaid +4 Extremely Overpaid 9 Jasso and Rossi

68 1 2 3 () () () ** 0.064* 0.112** ** 0.084** W W 0.109** W 0.094** B B 0.116** B 0.097** B B 0.098** B 0.072* 0.064** 0.119** 0.093** 0.057** 0.112** 0.082** ** 0.084* 0.220** 0.203** 0.215** SSM Bruno S. Frey, and Alois Stutzer Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-being. Princeton University Press. = (), (). Clark, E. Andrew, and Andrew J. Oswald Satisfaction and Comparison Income. Journal of Public Economics. 61: Easterlin, Richard A Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 27(1): Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory. The Economic Journal. 111:

69 (2): Jasso, Guillermina On the Justice of Earnings: A New Specification of the Justice Evaluation Function. American Journal of Sociology. 83(6): A New Theory of Distributive Justice. American Sociological Review. 45: How much Injustice is there in the World? Two New Justice Indexes. American Sociological Review. 64: Jasso, Guillermina, and Peter H. Rossi Distributive Justice and Earned Income. American Sociological Review. 42(4): Justness and Satisfaction of Income Hiroshi Hamada Kwansei Gakuin University Atsushi Ishida Japan Society for the Promotion of Science In this paper, we focus on the feeling of justness of income and the just income a person deserves to have, and their relevance to socio-economic status and other consciousness, by using SSM 2005 data. First, we survey the basic properties of these variables. Next, we attempt to examine a hypothesis that the gap between a person s objective situation and an aspiration level determines his or her consciousness of life, especially the feeling about an income. As a result of analysis, the following findings are revealed. First, the just income that a person deserves to have can be expressed by a linear function of his or her actual income. Second, being a non-regular employee and being a female decrease a level of just income. Third, the correlation between a degree of satisfaction of income and the composite variables defined by a gap between actual income and just income is greater than that of the satisfaction of income and actual income. Keywords: just income, feeling of justness of income, income satisfaction -56-

70 2005 SSM SSM 61.1% % SSM 95 80% %

71 DK/NA % 62.5% 1.2 SSM Veenhoven 1984 subjective well-being % Diener et al. 1999; Diener and Biswas-Diener 2002; Frey and Stutzer Frey and Stutzer %

72 J. Roemer , SSM

73 W W B B SSM w y b w ay (1) (1) 0 b 11 2 dw b w dy y b y w 1979 y

74 3 r w f r (y) r i y ri w y w 4 ri y y f x ) f ( x ) (2) ri ri r ( ri r ri y y,, y ) ri ( 1 n y y,, y ) ( 1 n G( 1 n n y) y i y 2 j G( ) 2 2n i1 j1 n n 1 y y i y j (3) 2n i1 j1 W W H. Sidgwick A. C. Pegou ri 3 4 y max y min yri max{min{[ yri fr ( xri ) fr ( xri )], y max }, ymin} (2) -61-

75 t ( 0 t 1) t 0. 5 i y i t ( 0 t 1) i t( ) i i i t ( y ) / y i y y i i i t( y ) t 1 y i y i 3 n i1 i y n i1 (1 t) (1 t) { y t( y i n i n 1 i i1 i i i y t y t i )} n i n 1 y i1 i i y i n y i1 i t 0 y 0 0 i y y i i t( yi ) t y y i 2 i 0-62-

76 5 / y t ij i i y y i j y t( y ) { y t( y )} i i (1 t)( y y ) (1 t) y y i j j j i j (3) 1 G( y) 2 2n n n i1 j1 1 (1 t) 2 2n y y n i n i1 j1 j y y i j (1 t) G( y) t 4.1 w y ln( w) ln( y 1) exp{ } 0 exp{ } B B i / xi 1 Average Rate Progression Musgrave and Thin N = 4965 = 0.006**exp{} = 3.490***R 2 =

77 W W B B W W B B = * = = * exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 120 R 2 = N = 283 R 2 = N = 65 = ** = ** = exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 188 R 2 = N = 221 R 2 = N = 86 = * = *** = ** exp{}= *** exp{}= exp{}= R 2 = N = 154 R 2 = N = 196 R 2 = N = 73 = * = ** = exp{}= exp{}= exp{}= ** R 2 = N = 123 R 2 = N = 179 R 2 = N = 79 = ** = exp{}= *** exp{}= ** R 2 = N = 50 R 2 = N = 51 = = = 0.081*** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 35 R 2 = N = 50 R 2 = N = 266 = = = exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 145 R 2 = N = 151 R 2 = N = 20 = = = exp{}= 3.591*** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 280 R 2 = N = 345 R 2 = N = 79 = = = exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 41 R 2 = N = 88 R 2 = N = 29 = = *** = exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 80 R 2 = N = 232 R 2 = N = 92 = = *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 41 R 2 = N = 39 = ** = = exp{}= *** exp{}= *** exp{}= *** R 2 = N = 235 R 2 = N = 338 R 2 = N = 418 *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10, + p < exp{ } 1-64-

78 W w = y ^(0.060) w = y ^(0.035) w = y ^(0.084) W w = y ^(0.074) w = y ^(0.088) w = B w = y ^(0.071) w = y ^(0.187) w = y ^(0.206) B w = y ^ (0.137) w = y ^(0.150) w = w = y ^(0.073) w = y ^(0.087) w = w = y ^(0.051) w = y ^(0.081) W w = y ^(0.026) w = w = W w = w = w = y ^(0.072) B w = w = y ^(0.058) w = B w = y ^(0.052) w = y ^(0.079) w = w = w = y ^(0.131) w = y ^(0.032) w = w = W W B B % 62.04% 6 t t t t t 7 4 t -65-

79 W S.D t t 5 t Kalmjn and Veenhoven 2005, Veenhoven 2005 t t 0. 4 t W S.D t t % 60.34% t t

80 4.2 w y z ln( w) ln( y 1) 2 ln( z 1 0 1) W w = y^(0.060) w = y^(0.034) w = y^(0.117) W w = y^(0.057) z^(0.037) w = y^(0.073) w = B w = y^(0.057) z^(0.023) w = x^(0.177) w = y^(0.199) B w = y^(0.121) w= x^(0.143) w = y^(0.100) z^(0.03) w = y^(0.067) z^(0.028) w = x^(0.087) w = w = x^(0.053) w = y^(0.07) z^(0.021) W w = y^(0.043) w = z^(0.014) w = W w = y^(0.024) z^(0.010) w = y^(0.037) z^(0.041) w = y^(0.085) z^(0.025) B w = w = w = z^(0.087) B w = z^(0.026) w = y^(0.093) z^(0.038) w = z^(0.039) w = w = y^(0.116) w = z^(0.073) w = y^(0.017) z^(0.056) w = y^(0.02) z^(0.039) % 59.83%t

81 W S.D t t (%) 4 3 % % t t t t t

82 SSM Diener, Ed, and Robert Biswas-Diener Will Money Increase Subjective Well-Being?: A Literature Review and Guide to Needed Research. Social Indicators Research. 57(2): Diener, Ed, Eunkook M. Suh, Richard E. Lucas, and Heidi L. Smith Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological Bulletin. 125(2): Frey, Bruno S., and Alois Stutzer Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-being. Princeton: Princeton University Press (3):

83 20(1): Kalmijn, Wim, and Ruut Veenhoven Measuring Inequality of Happiness in Nations: In Search for Proper Statistics. Journal of Happiness Studies. 6: Musgrave, R. A., and Tun Thin Income Tax Progression, The Journal of Political Economy. 56(6): Roemer, John E Theories of Distributive Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press Equality of Opportunity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press Veenhoven, Ruut Conditions of Happiness. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Return of Inequality in Modern Society? Test by Dispersion of Life-satisfaction across Time and Nations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6: Inequality of Income and Aggregation of Subjective Well-being: A Simulation Analysis by Using SSM 2005 Dataset Atsushi Ishida Japan Society for the Promotion of Science This study aims to simulate change in aggregation of subjective well-being by virtual redistribution of income by using SSM 2005 dataset. At first, the reaction function of subjective well-being (life satisfaction score) to the income is presumed from the data according to an individual socio-economic profile. And then, using these reaction functions, change in aggregation of subjective well-being by certain redistribution is estimated. In this article, I apply egalitarian redistribution method so as to analyze the relationship between reducing inequality and aggregation of subjective well-being. As a result of the analysis, two main findings are obtained. First, the effect of egalitarian redistribution of income on aggregation of subjective well-being is limited. Second, taking individual and spouse's income into account, a moderate equalized redistribution contribute to the improvement of aggregation of subjective well-being, but an excessive equalized redistribution reduces such effect. Keywords: redistribution of income, subjective well-being, inequality -70-

84 1-71-

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92 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x12 x13 x x x x x x x x x x x x x

93 -80-

94 -81-

95 -82-

96 -83-

97 ** ** ** ** ** -0.10* -0.39** ** ** ** * * ** 0.27** -0.17** 0.04* 1.00 f1 f2 f3 f4 f ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** 0.18** -0.08** f1 f2 f3 f4 f

98 -85-

99 ,2003=2006,[],1998,,2000,,2000,,1999,,1989,,2001,,2006,1990, pp71-95,1998,(1995 SSM 1995 SSM Vol.7),1990, pp ,1996,(1995 SSM 1995 SSM Vol.7) pp F.A.,1977,: L. W. Milbrath, 1965,Political Participation : How and Why Do People Get Involuved in Politics?Chicago: Rand McNally&Company( L.W. 1976) G.Simmel, 1911, Philosophische Kultur gesammelte Essais M Friedman,1962.Capitalism and Freedom,The University of Chicago Press( ) SSM -86-

100 Relations the Inclination to Competition and Social Stratum: The Structure of the Inclination to Competition of Economical Unblessed People Kenji Iijima MUSASHIGAOKA COLLEGE In this paper I tried to elucidate a structure of the inclination to competition that some people belonging to economical lower stratum have. On analysis, I examined some hypothesis by using the household income as an indicator of economical stratum. Besides, I showed a characteristic of lower stratum in comparison with upper stratum. Keywords: the inclination to competition, an economical stratum, structural equation modeling -87-

101

102

103 SSM

104

105 ) 2)3) 1)2)3) 4)5)

106 1) 162) h ) 2) 3) 4) 5)

107 )2)3) 4)5)6)7)

108

109 -96-

110

111 -98-

112 -99-

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117 -104-

118 Factors Leading People to Recognize Social Unequal and Class Division: Who Realizes Class Division More? Kaoru Sato The University of Tokyo It is possible to say many studies point out growing division of social class in Japan after late 1990s. Based on this common awareness, in this paper, people s sense about the class division is discussed. How closely sense of class division connected to the other awareness such as social unfairness or unequal of opportunities? Based of the SSM data, it is argued in this paper what kinds of factors are connected to this recognition. First, female population is more sensitive for the division than male. Second, most of population has already started to criticize divided society. Third, criticism against the division is widely common both in urban and suburban population. However, in detail, people s opinion is not easily connected to the social condition in their area. For instance, class division is most accepted by satellite city area of metropolitan region. Forth, people s opinion doesn t maintain their consistency. For example, who feels unfairness most is not necessarily claiming unequal of opportunity. Five, claiming unfairness is closely connected to gender and age. Claiming unequal opportunity is connected to gender and region. Acceptance of class division is depending on people s personal history rather than region of residence. It is possible to discuss there exist multiple factors behind people s sense of class division and unfairness. Keywords: class division, unfairness, opportunity, region, change of residence -105-

119

120 4 SSM2005-J % -107-

121 / / 2000, 2001, 2006, , 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2006, , 2006, , 2006,

122 , 2000 SSM , 1997,

123 1 /

124 2005 SSM2005-J A SSM2005-J -111-

125

126

127 % 50.3% % 29.1%19.8% 15.9% SSM

128 % 11.2% -115-

129 % 84.1% 41.4% 31.5% 25.5% % 7.3% 30.6% 22.1% 15% -116-

130 1% 55.2% 56.0% % 64.1%

131

132 / / / (//

133 ((B)) ((A)) : JGSS 52: Xenophobia and the Effect of Education: Determinants of Japanese Attitudes toward Acceptance of Foreigners General Social Survey [5]JGSS SSM SSM 1-23., JGSS-2003 General Social Survey [5]JGSS : :1-15., :

134 What Type of Awareness toward Foreigner is Held in Japan? Using Diversity Orientation and Unfairness Shigemi Ohtsuki Tokyo Metropolitan University The aim of this paper is to understand what type of awareness is held by the Japanese people toward living with foreigners. Paying attention to diversity orientation and unfairness, awareness toward foreigners are categorized into four types, based on how an individual feels about the foreigners should be treated vs. how he/she sees they are currently treated in the Japanese society. Four categories are as follows: Hoping a diverse society, but evaluate the current society unfair, Hoping a diverse society, and evaluate the current society fair, Hoping an undiversified society, and evaluate the current society fair, and Hoping an undiversified society, but evaluate the current society unfair. Using thessm2005-j data, the following are found. Looking at the ratio of foreign individuals living in the area, it correlated with the awareness of the respondents. That is to say, those who hope for a diverse society consist of the people living in relatively high ratio of foreign residents. Furthermore, hoping an undiversified society, and evaluate the current society fair type consist of the people with low education and with blue-collar jobs. And finally, those who hope for a diverse society, but evaluate the current society unfair consist of the people who are high degreed and who have white-collar jobs. Keywords: foreigners, unfairness, diversity orientation -121-

135

136 Tobit

137 Kenneth A. Bollen SSM A 1 Bruce M. Russett et al. Russet et al., 1964: pp

138 1.2 Dankwart A. Rustow1970 Rustow Rustow, 1970 Rustow GNP GDP Lipset,

139 Schumpeter Schumpeter, 1950, : p Robert A. Dahl SSM

140 SSM 3 4 Huntington1991 Putnam1993 Huntington Huntington, 1991: p. 59Putnam Putnam, 1993: pp SSM

141 SSM GDP

142 Tobit Heckman Tobit X Y Tobit 0 Y * 0 0 Y * 0 * Y X Y Y Y Y * * if 0 (2) * 0 if 0 (3) Y (1) Y * Y X Tobit Y * 2 2 Y * * Y Z (4) Z Y * >0 Y X E Y * [ 0] (5) Heckman 2 E Y E Z * [ 0] [ ] ( Z) /[1 ( Z)] ( Z) (6) -129-

143 6 5 Y X ( Z) (7) Heckman 7 Z-Z 7 7 X Christopher Winship and Robert D. Mare SSM A SSM

144 SSM -131-

145 / Wald p () / N Beta s. e. Wald p () a a a a.. a

146

147

148 Chi square= d.f.=256 GFI=.900 AGFI=.872 RMSEA=

149 Bollen, Kenneth A "Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy." American Sociological Review 45: Dahl, Robert A Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Heckman, James J "Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error." Econometrica 47(1): Lipset, Seymour M "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy." American Political Science Review 53: Maddala, G. S Introduction to Econometrics, Second Edition. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall :. Rustow, Dankwart A "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model." Comparative Politics 2: Putnam, Robert Making Democracy Work. Princeton University Press NTT. Schumpeter, Joseph Alois Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Third Edition :. Winship, Christopher and Robert D. Mare Models for Sample Selection Bias. Annual Review of Sociology, 18: pp Vote Attitude and Social Consciousness: Voter Habitus in Developed Democracy Society Hirosi Takada Sapporo Gakuin University The phenomenon in which declining voting turnout is caused in countries that piled up the democracy age. Declining voting turnout is discussed like the crisis of democracy. However, it depends whether it is a crisis on a social condition of the country. The main analytic targets not a momentary balloting but the vote habitus in the analysis. The causal model of the vote attitude by the following three factors is analyzed.(1)social economy in which it was reflected by individual background, (2)Consideration related to democracy made inside by individual, (3)Macro social and political situation. The following became clear as a result.(1)a social status has a positive influence on voted attitude through social participation.(2)the level of the education has a positive influence on an indirect, voted attitude by urging non-egocentric idea.(3)the cultural capital controls authoritarianism, and improves pluralism. However, these two consideration doesn't have the direct influence in the vote attitude.(4)the social political concern experienced at 20 years old has a positive influence on an individual vote attitude afterwards.(5)the economic growth experienced in youth has a positive influence on the vote attitude by controlling the mindless self-indulgence.(6)these factors are strong results of the still remainder even if the bias of the sample selection is considered. Keywords: Democracy, Vote attitude, Tobit model -136-

150 SSM1995 SSM Dalton et al Dalton 2000;

151 SSM Cramer's V.206 **.217 **.133 **.109 **.160 **.106 ** **p< Clark & Lipset2001; Hechter2004; Karvonen and Kuhnle

152 % 27.7%

153

154 Houtman 2003; : : SSM

155 : : ; 1990; SSM SSM

156 SSM1995 SSM

157

158 Cramer's V.083 **.053 n.s. Cramer's V.058 n.s..043 n.s. Pearson s R.066 **.050 * Pearson s R n.s..006 n.s Cramer's V.098 **.145 ** Cramer's V.124 **.085 ** Pearson s R.088 **.137 ** Pearson s R.121 **.083 ** Cramer's V.187 **.084 ** Pearson s R.183 **.084 ** Cramer's V.050 n.s..087 ** Pearson s R.005 n.s..078 ** **p<.01, *p<

159 -146-

160

161 % A

162 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** E-04** E E E * * ** ** * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** N LL Cox & Snell R Nagelkerke R **p<.01, *p<

163 ; :

164 SSM 95 SSM SSM SSM SSM

165

166 2 SSM Clark, Terry N., and Seymour Martin Lipset, 2001, the Breakdown of Class Politics: a Debate on Post-Industrial Stratification, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Dalton, Russel J., 2000, The Decline of Party Identifications, in Russel J Dalton and Martin P Wattenberg (Ed.), Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, New York: Oxford University Press: Dalton, Russel, Ian Mcallister and Martin P. Wattenberg, 2000, The Consequence of Partisan Dealignment, in Russel J Dalton and Martin P Wattenberg (Ed.), Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, New York: Oxford University Press: Houtman, Dick, 2003, Class and Politics in contemporary Social Science: Marxism Lite and Its Blind Spot for Culture, New York.: Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 2004,. Hechter, Michael, 2004, From Class to Culture, American Journal of Sociology, 110(2): , 2007,, 2007,, 1996, Karvonen, Lauri and Stein Kuhnle, 2001, Party systems and voter alignments revisited, New York: Routeledge., 2000, 2., 1991,., 2003,90, 2001,., 2006,21: , 2007,, 1985,., 1990, : , 1999,

167 , 2003,., 2005,, 2007, : , 2006,, 2000, 2., 2004,, 1976, The Transitions of Party Support: A Time-Series Comparison between 1995 and 2005 Yukihiro Yoneda Kansai University This study examines how neo-liberal reforms have affected party support in Japan in the last ten years. Using data from SSM 1995 and SSM 2005 survey, and by applying crosstabs and multiple Logistic-Regression models, it has been clarified that Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) supporters have changed in some respects. (1) The positive correlation between economic position and LDP support in 2005 is not stronger than in (2) The significant negative correlation between a preference for distribution policy and support to the LDP has appeared in (3) The positive correlation between life satisfaction and support to the LDP in 2005 is not stronger than in (4) The positive correlation between authoritarianism and support to the LDP in 2005 is weaker than in We discuss the relationship between these changes in the party support and neo-liberal reforms. Key words: Party Support, Neo-Liberal Reforms, Distribution Policy, Authoritarianism -154-

168 55 (Dalton & Wattenberg 2000)

169 % % 7% 49.22% 51.43% (2005 ) -156-

170 Campbell et al

171 1970 () ( 1997) SSM Dogan (Dogan & Pelassy 1981=1983) 1 SSM 1995 AB 56.1% % % % -158-

172 % 2007 NGO New Politics ( 2003) Verva Verva, Nie and Kim 1978=

173

174 IT SSM 2005 SSM ( 16.6 ) 100% 66.0% International Telecommunication Union IT

175 2 28.2% 8.1% 10% 17.8 (2001) ISCO , 1991, 1993, ISCO ISCO SSM p

176 % 47.5% 14.9% 8.5% 65.9% 57.5% % % % % % % 67.7% -163-

177 ISCO % 26.7% ,

178

179

180 Verva Verva et al. 1978= % 13.4% % 37.9% 15.2% 2002=2006: (2005 ) % % 2004 (2005) -167-

181 2001, Verva 1970 (Verva et.al.1978=1981:321)

182 1995 SSM : SSM No Campbell. Angus. Philip E. Converse. Warren E. Miller. and Donald E. Stokes The American Voter. New York: Wiley (= Dalton, Russell J., and Martin P. Wattenberg Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dogan, Mattei & Dominique Pelassy Socilogie politique comparative -Problemes et perspectives. = = SSM International Telecommunication Union ITU Internet Reports 2006:digital.life-Summary. (= : No.564 (= (4): : SSM (=

183 Verba. Sidney. Norman H. Nie & Jae-on Kim Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge University Press. = : :82-90.(= Comparative Research on Nonpartisan Voters between Japan and Korea Shunsuke Tanabe The University of Tokyo In many advanced countries, the party attachments have been declining and the percentage of nonpartisan voters has been over 50. Such situations apply to Japan and (South) Korea. This paper analyzes nonpartisan voters of Japan and Korea and compares those results to consider whether the causes of nonpartisan are common or not. By analyzing the data of Japan and Korea with same model, I find that gender and stratum identification are common factors. Age has strong effect in Japan, but not in Korea. The effect of residence is significant only on Korean data. It is collateral evidence that the effect of age that is the most prominent factor in Japan is not a universal cause but just a historical and local one. Keywords: nonpartisan voters, party approval, Japan-Korea comparison -170-

184 SSM SSM SSM -171-

185 H J.H lean government 1998: NPO -172-

186 welfare pluralism 1998:357J

187 1 3 2 R.A.middle class welfare state for middle class 1998: : :

188 1998: : :

189 J authoritarian populism Britishness Hall

190 SSM 1995 SSM B 2005 SSM A B 40a,c 2005 A 7a,b,c,d2005 A 4a,b,c 5b,c 18b,c,d,e,f 4 95B 40a,c 05A 7a,b 2000 SPSC 4 SPSC SSM 2006:3 SPSC 2006:

191 5 2006: a,b,c Aa Bb Cc a,b,c,d Aa Bb Cc Dd A 3 A v.s.b v.s.c v.s. 4 ACD A v.s.c v.s.d v.s.b v.s. AB AB :

192 AB A 73.4 B A 65.4B A = B 7. =0.111p<

193 SSM A B

194 SSMB 2005SSMA B **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05, (): p<

195 SSM 7 2 B AD 3 = AC BC 4 = F

196 2 4 = b) 18 c) 18 d) 18 e) 3 = b) 5 c) 18 f) 4 F

197 2 =1=0 5 =1= t t R n=1, F=

198 R n=1, F=

199 SSM

200 vol.35, No vol.49, No.3 Hall, Stuart, 1988, The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left, Verso. Transformation of Welfare State and the Challenge to the Public Yasuhiko Hikichi Wako University This paper attempts to empirically clarify social consciousness about the political system to be called "Welfare State" based on data provided by 2005 SSM Survey. First, in advance of data analysis, theoretical arrangement is performed about the evolution of a welfare state theory in advanced nations and the Japanese "welfare society" theory, moreover, the relation of the transformation of a welfare state and social stratification in Japan is sketched on it. Next, the basic analysis and time comparative analysis of the preference attitude to a public policy is performed by SSM Survey data. Finally it is examined that the public consciousness of contemporary Japan which saw from the perspectives of a welfare state and welfare society has what kind of outline, and what kind of factor is specified. Keywords: welfare state, welfare society, Redistribution-Market intention, authoritarianism -187-

201

202 2005 SSM SSM -189-

203 Ehrenberg bürgerliche Gesellschaft ZivilegesellschaftHabermas Cohen & Arato 1994; Salamon & Anheier 1996; Keane SSM SSM Mansbridge1983; Honig ; Calhoun

204 Schlozman et al. 1999: a; 2003b Verba et al NPO NPO

205 Putnam 2000: ; Uslaner 2001,2002 Ehrenberg 1999=2001:314 Verba et al K

206 a R 2 = R 2 =

207 K a

208 1983 Schlozman et al. 1999: : cJGSS SSM