2007 4,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ, : 9, :, :,1, , : (), :, :, :, 1984, ; :, :, 1996, :,

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27 CONTENTS Research A rticles Foreign Merchantsπ Trade in Herbal Medicines and Fake Medicaments in Medieval China CH EN Ming (4) During t he Tang and Song Dynasties, trade wit h foreigners prospered along t he Silk Road. Medicinal herbs were o ne of t he major co mmo dities t raded. Foreignersπ discernment in t his respect was legendary. Stories about t hem generally showed t heir professional et hics and personal charm in a good light while overlooking t heir defect s. Driven by t he quest for high profit s, some foreign merchant s made overblown claims for t heir p roduct s, substit uted inferior goo ds, and mixed fake product s wit h real ones, cheating their buyers in terms of t he medicament sπf unction, appearance, color and text ure. In t he Tang and Song dynasties, some Chinese p harmacologist s and literati proposed various means of telling fake medicines from t he real t hing. Such met hods were not only effective in everyday life but also facilitated t he evolution of t he p harmacology of Chinese herbal medicine. Governance of the Eastern Hexi Corridor in the Late Tang Dynasty L I J un (27) In t he fo urt h year of Xianto ng of t he Tang Dynast y ( 863 AD), t he cent ral government appointed a Liangzhou J ied u ( military governor) to control six district s ( z hou) including Liang and Tao. In t he beginning, this position was usually held by the J ied u of Shuofang. However, as t he sit uatio n in t he Hexi Corridor changed, t he Tang government changed t he po sitio n of Liangzhou J iedu to Hexi D u f ang y u ( military commander for defense), and finally to Hexi J ied u. The jurisdiction was also adjusted f rom Longyou to the eastern Hexi Corridor. After t he readjust ment, t he Tang government p rovided effective administ ratio n to t his area t hro ugh t he Liangzhou J iedu. Alt hough it wit hdrew f rom t he position of Liangzhou J ied u, t he Shuofang J ied u remained active in t he local affairs of t he Hexi Corridor in t he late Tang Dynasty. This reflected t he diverse administrative strategies of t he Tang government in t he Hexi Corridor. Cities as Administrative Units and the Development of Urban Systems in the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties HAN Guanghui, L IN Yujun and WAN G Changso ng (42) China wit nessed an urban revolutio n" during t he So ng, Liao, J in and Yuan dynasties, expressed in t he shift f rom t he f angshi pattern (which separated f an g [ residential areas ] f rom s hi [ marketplaces ]) to t he x i an g f an g pattern ( under which cities were divided into several dist rict s [ x i an g ] and sub2dist rict s [ f an g ] and business and residential areas were mixed). Urban space went f rom being closed to opening up. With regard to administrative instit utions, individual cities appeared in the Song Dynasty as administrative unit s, a develop ment marked by t he establishment of the d u x i ang, a specialized administrative government depart ment. Growth in t he number of such cities in t he Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties was marked by the establishment of a variet y of administ rative depart ment s at different level s. On t his basis, a clo sely linked system of cities set out in an orderly manner took shape in t he Jin and Yuan dynasties. Origin and Implications of Zhang Xuechengπs Theory That The Six Classics Are All History" L IU Wei (63) 190 Following the pat h of collation of t he classics, Zhang Xuecheng proposed several t heories,

28 HISTORICAL RESEARCH NO14, 2007 including t he idea t hat t he six art s originated in official rit uals. " These were in fact t he source for his t heory t hat t he six Conf ucian classics are all history" ( ). The p rocess of t he formation and develop ment of this t heory reveal t he richness of it s content : for example, t he value concept s of t he union of D ao ( ) and Qi ( ), of officials and educators, and of governance and teaching t hat derived from such t heories as t he six classics are stories of Zhou officials" and t here were no personal writings in ancient times ;" the advocacy of under standing t he D ao t hro ugh history," interp reted f ro m t he per spective of t he relatio nship bet ween transmission" (shu ) and creation" ( z uo ), t hat arose from debates over approaches to t he classics ; t he conspicuous demand for a professional respect for history" developed in t he course of co mpiling t he S hi J i Kao ( St udy of Historical Records) ; t he awareness derived f ro m t he practical compilation of history, of t he idea of D ao as oneπs mission po ssessed by t he humble chroniclers of old ; and t he belief formed in the quest to understand t he present t hrough t he past, t hat t he classics were bot h trut hf ul records of one generation" and co nstant laws of tens of t housands of generations". Zhangπs new insight s into t he six classics were closely related to his response to t he debates between H an x ue" ( ) and S ong x ue" ( ), and were even more closely connected to his desire to discover what role t he classics should play in t he age in which he lived. Wash Your Face" : Rectif ication of Cadres in the Land Reform HU AN G Dao xuan (89) Land reform in the Liberated Areas during t he t hree2year civil war between t he Communist s and t he Natio nalist s bro ught f undamental changes to Chinaπs t raditio nal social, political and economic order, and posed new challenges to t he ability of t he CPC (Communist Party of China) to direct and co nt rol t he sit uatio n. The rectificatio n of base2level cadres in rural areas was an important link in t he CPCπs respo nse to t his challenge. The desire to establish a democratic government, t he will of t he masses, t he call for clean government and t he practice of grouping people by class in t he rectification movement clearly point to the CPCπs ideals and demands for a new societ y. While revealing it s o ut standing capacit y for co nt rol, t he p rocess and result s of rectification also presented t he CPC as a political force on t he way to holding power. Faced wit h complex social and political issues, t he CPC was still in t he course of building up it s t heoretical foundation and p ractical experience ; gaining an understanding of Chinaπs changing society would be a long2term process. From Provision of Goods to a Wage Hierarchy based on Rank : Changes in the Income Distribution System for Party and Government Off icials at the Time of the Establishment of the Peopleπs Republic of China YAN G Kuiso ng (111) An important change took place in the income distribution system for Party and government officials around 1949 : the egalitarian system of provision of goods was replaced by a strict wage hierarchy based o n administ rative rank and characterized by relatively large differences. This was not o nly oppo sed to CPC t raditio n but was also co nt rary to Marxist tenet s. The degree of inequality in distribution was even greater t han t hat existing under t he Nationalist s and among civil servant s in t he capitalist countries of Europe, America and J apan. Mao was unhappy with such a hierarchical distribution system from t he out set and tried several times to correct it, but he failed to change it just as he had failed to prevent it s initial implementation. Even the Cult ural Revolution did not succeed in changing it. 191

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