Ξ :, 1998,,,,,,, :, ( ) ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, 84 Ξ ( ) ( 06Aa KD0006) 2006, ( : 67 %, ) :, :,

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1 Ξ :, 1998,,,,,,, :, ( ) ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, 84 Ξ ( ) ( 06Aa KD0006) 2006, ( :67 %, ) :, :,2003 3

2 ,,, ,, 1998, 40 29, , ; 55 40, 20 % ; 47 %, ,, 2003,,, 1996,, 1998,, 2000,, 2004,, 1998,,,???,,,, (), ( ), : (1), ; (2), ; (3) :, , http :/ / www. chinaorg. cn/ idx/ yw/ / 24/ content _ htm. :, :, 2007, 53 57, ( : :, :, 2003, 2 ) 85

3 2010 2,,,,, (1) ,, (2),,, (3) (government employees),, :, ;,,, () , 1, , , 783, 5 %, ( ) ( %) ( ) ( %) : : ( ), , 1, ,,, : ( ), :, :,

1998 1614 % 2006 2712 %, 1,, 1998 2006, 1998 3215 1, 2006 2814 1 1 1998 2006 : : (1998 2006) ; : (1999 2007), :, 1999 2007,

4 % %, 1,, , , : : ( ) ; : ( ), :, , 1998,,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1998,,, 2, , GDP 9 %, 15 %, 5 %, 2006, GDP 1111 %, 2215 %, 116 %,,,, GDP,

5 GDP : : ( ) ; : ( ), , GDP,,,, (),?,,,,,,, 26 1,, GDP, 39 /,, 20,,,,, 1., ( International Labor Organization) ( General Government Sector Employment) :, :, GDP 20, http :/ / laborsta. ilo. org/. 88

6 , 9 2, 2001, 19 1, , , , , , , , , 30 1,, 9,, : ( ) ; http :/ / laborsta. ilo. org ; ( ) ( ) : ,,,,, 16, ( IMF) 20 50,,, 89

2010 2,, 1998 2005 4,, 1998 2005, 1998 1993 2005 2178, 185, 913 %,,, 14 1, 29 1, 3, GDP,,,, 1998 2005 ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 1998 2005 GDP GDP ( %) ( ) ( ) GDP ( %) 1998 1993 27585 1318 4120 3843 124810 3215

7 2010 2,, ,, , , 185, 913 %,,, 14 1, 29 1, 3, GDP,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) GDP GDP ( %) ( ) ( ) GDP ( %) : U. S. Census Bureau ; The World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, April 2007 ; : ( ) ; : ( ) : ,,,

8 ,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, : (1), 1/ 4 ; (2), ; (3),,,,,,,,,, GDP ( %) : The World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, April 2007., 60 8,, 91

9 2010 2,, GDP ( ),, ( ) GDP 5,,,, GDP, 18 ( ),,,, (),,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; 67 1 ; ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., ( 2 ), ;,, ( ) ( ), 32, 30, :26 1, : ( ), :, 1980, 5 13, : :, :, 2008, :, :, 2002, 250 ; : 92

10 , (609), ;, ( 2581, 9995 ), 113 ;,,,,, 113, (726), ;, 18805, 119 ; (780) , (1006), ;, 1 ;,,, ,, ,,, ,, (1291), ;, 16425, 116 ; gλϖ,, 100 gλω 6. (1391), ; gλξ, 24683, 215 ; gλψ , 160 gλζ , , :, 2005, 300 : ( ), 5 13 ::, :, 448 : ( ), 5 13 ::, 78 : ( ), :, 1980, : ( ), 5 13 ::, :, 696 : ( ), 5 13 gλϖ ::, gλω:, 545 gλξ : ( ), 5 13 gλψ ::, gλζ : ( ),

11 2010 2, 4551, 230,, 1 3,, ( : ) () : / (+ ) : / (+ ) ,,,,,,, 60 1, 25 1, 2005,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?,,, 2006,

(), :,,, 4, 1999 730, 2006 1999 45,, ; 2600, ;, 1999 722 2006 1260,

12 (), :,,, 4, , ,, ; 2600, ;, , 8 75 % : : ( ) 4 : ( ) ; 1., 5,, ,,,,, 95

13 %,, () 17 %,, : ,,,,, : : ( ) 96 1/ 4,,

1998 629 2006 1260, 8 6, 1614 %2712 %,, (),,,,, 1998,??,,, 1., 60 %( ) ( ),,,, 7 2005 : U. S.

14 , 8 6, 1614 %2712 %,, (),,,,, 1998,??,,, 1., 60 %( ) ( ),,,, : U. S. Census Bureau, Government s Division, Federal, State, and Local Government s Public Employment and Payroll Data," http :/ / www. census. gov/ govs/ apes/ historical data html., 2005, 80 % 97

15 2010 2,,,, 7,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, () (),,,,,,,,,,,, 3. ( ) 1998, :, ;,,,,,, :,2006 1, : : 13, :, 2008 ( ), ( )

16 ,,,,,,,,,?,?,,, (), 1. (Adolp h Wagner),,, :,, ;,,,, 30, GDP 9 %, 2.,,, ,, , 219,, 3.,,,,, ( ) :, :, 2005 ; (2007), :,

17 , %45168 %, 4.,, , ,, ,,, ,,,,,, 2002,,, (), 1998,,,, 1998,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2009) (2009) 100 ( )

18 (),,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1994,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101

19 2010 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,, : (1),,,, (2),,, (3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 102

20 empirical eco no met ric research and apply t he met hodolo gy of eco no met ric modeling in a reaso nable way. (6) The Scale of Government Employment and Influential Variables Cheng W enhao L u D a pen g 84 Government employment is the basis of government administration and it s scale has a direct bearing o n government efficiency and social harmo ny. Government rest ruct uring in 1998 effectively curbed inflatio n in t he number of government employees, which remains overall at a safe level and under co nt rol at p resent. However, op timizing t he st ruct ure and f unctio ns of government employment still po ses a huge challenge to t he cent ral government. The issue of government employment is by no means an isolated o ne, but is clo sely related to government rest ruct uring at a deeper level. In a real sense, t he issue of government employment is a microcosm of t he Chinaπs government restruct uring and many of t he underlying problems in t he government system find a co ncent rated reflectio n in t he questio n of government employment. Co nver sely, many of t he real p ro blems in government employment can o nly be f undamentally resolved by government rest ruct uring. (7) The Transformation of Publ ic Finances and the Return to Government Responsibil ity for Funding Public Health Gu X i n 103 In t he 1990s, the responsibility of Chinese p ublic finance for healt hcare f unding weakened, leading to a substantial increase in t he burden of healt h care co st s fo r ordinary people. brought about serious social inequality. From 2003, t his situation started to be reversed as p ublic f unding or government healt h expendit ure in t he broad sense rose as a proportion of Chinaπs total healt h expendit ure, and began to approach and event ually exceed t he average level of developing countries. At t he same time, t he transformation of p ublic finances started to be f ully reflected in t he healt hcare field, in t hat government no lo nger mo nopolized healt h f unding and basic healt hcare service p rovisio n. This Instead, government started to bring into play t he advantages of p ublic f unding and t he met hod of government p urchase of service p rovisio n, mo bilizing social capital in t he healt hcare field and introducing competition into service provision. Government has al so re2allocated healt hcare reso urces, st rengt hening t he basic healt hcare service system and invest ment in basic urban and rural healt hcare insurance. All of t hese measures are specific examples of general t rends in glo bal p ublic management reform and Chinese government restruct uring. The New Medical Reform Program" p ublished in spring 2009 f urt her clarifies t he new principle of p ublic f unding transformation in t he field of healt hcare. It not only indicates a new direction for Chinaπs healt hcare reform, but will also have strong impact on t he harmonious develop ment of Chinaπs economy and society. 222

2007 3,,, ; : ; ;,,,,,, :, ;, : : :, : : : : :

Ξ 2006, :, ;, ;, 2006 11, ;, : Ξ 141 :,2006 12 11 : 2006 3 2007 3,,, ; : ; ;,,,,,, :, ;, : 2006 1 : 2006 2 :, 2006 1 : 2006 4 : 2006 5 : 2006 3 : 2006 3 : 2006 5 142 / 2006, 20 11,1853 1858, 26 :, ;, ;