, ,,, : ( ),,, 1929,, :, 4,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 4,, 13 a b 39,, 116 a b57, 22 b () 4,, 1 a :, ; () : 179, ,, : 01 3 :,, 19

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download ", ,,, : ( ),,, 1929,, :, 4,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 4,, 13 a b 39,, 116 a b57, 22 b () 4,, 1 a :, ; () : 179, ,, : 01 3 :,, 19"

炭窥曹
5 years ago
Views:

,, ;,,,,, 1968,, ( 361005),,,,,,,,, 30,,,,, 6, ( 2 ),,,,,, 5 ;, 200,,, : :,, : 1, 1925, 6 a b

1 ,, ;,,,,, 1968,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 30,,,,, 6, ( 2 ),,,,,, 5 ;, 200,,, : :,, : 1, 1925, 6 a b :, , :, ,,, 1991, , 15 b 16 b 57, 1932, 23 b 24 a : ; 3,, 21 b 190,,,

2 , ,,, : ( ),,, 1929,, :, 4,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 4,, 13 a b 39,, 116 a b57, 22 b () 4,, 1 a :, ; () : 179, ,, : 01 3 :,, 1937, 447,, 2003, , :, / /,, 1915, 20, 114 :, ;, 174, : (,1981) (,1999), (, 2005) :,, 1982 ; :,, 1996, ; :, ; :,, 1998, ; :,, 2004, ,, 1989 ; ; 191

3 :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1956, :, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 1965,,,, 1995 ;,, 1999 :, Pierre2Etienne Will, Clear W ater versus M ud d y W ater : T he Zheng2B ai I rri gation S ystem of S haanx i Envi roment and S ociet y in Chinese History. Camgridge University Press, 1998, pp :,,, 1999, 4, Mark Elvin (), I nt roduction. Edited by Mark Elvin, etc. J a panese S tudies on the History of,, 1995, :, 201, 1956, 23 35, :,, 1974, 4 9 :, 16 1,44 3, 1961, 61 88, ( 192 Province in the L ater2i m perial Period. Edited by Mark Elvin & Liu Tsπui2jung. Sediments of Time : W ater Cont rol in China : A Selected B ibliog raphy. The Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. With Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for Unesco, The Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1994, pp : ,, 1957,, 6,, 1993, ; : g g g, (1957 ) (1958 ) ; : ),,, ; :, 39 1, 1980,

4 , :, ; (), ; () () ( ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1949 :, ;, ;, :, 13 9, 1965, ; :, ; :,, ( ), 1996, ; : g g ƒ g,,, 1995, :, : :, , ; 4, () 1, ; 8,14 b :(),, 12 a () 3, 193

5 2006 4,,,, 1 ( %) ( %) / :, ; ;,,, , ; ( ),, ( ),,, 522, 384 () 1,,, 38312,, , 60 %, 10 % ; 300 5, 113 %, %,,, ;, : :, :, ,, 194

6 ,,? (),, 1949, 200,, 60, 6, 240, , 6 (6 ) ; , 616?,,,,,, ;,, 30 :,, 1934,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, (),,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :, ;,,?,,,,, ,, 161 3, 22 a ; 1,, 10 b, :, 293, ,,, : 01 5, :1, 9 a ; 3, 14b :,, 18 a,, :, 135 ; :,

7 2006 4,, ;,,,,?,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, (467 ), ( 9 ), 10 ( ) : 10, 2 50, ; 10, , , 50, 10 4 ; 10, 20, 328,, 10 2, 10,, ;,,,, : : / , , :, 289 () ; (133 ), :, :,19; :,

8 ( ),,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, () ;,,,,, (),,, ( ),,, 3,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, ,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 14 a, :, :,

9 :, 11 6,,,,,,,? 1924,,,,,,,,, 40,,,, (),,,,, 20 30,,,,, 30, ( ), : 500, (), 115, , , ,,,, , ,, ,,,, 5 8, %, %, % :, :, 21 39, 118 a :, :, , :,, 1987, ( 29 ),, 1932 (220 ), 27 36, 198

10 , ,,,, /, /,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, V,, V,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),, ( ),, 2,, 1981, ; 2, 10 a 12 b ; 8, 12 b 14 a :,, :, 228 :,, 1981, :,

11 2006 4, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,, (), 20,,,?,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 4, 12 a 13 a ; 3, 20 a b ;, ;, 1 7 :, ; :,, 1983, :, 13, 1935, 40 b :1, 6 a b :, 1, 10 b 3, 11 b19 a b 1, 12 b ; 1, 200, 9 a

12 ,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,, (),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, (), ;,,,,?,?,, :,,,,,, :, :, :, :, , 5 a ; 1, 12 b :,, 18 a 17 a :, :, :, 276, (),, : 01 4 ; :, :, :, :,

13 2006 4,,?,??,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,, ;,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,, :, :, 24, :, 274 :2, 1924, 13 a, ,, :, 204,, :, :, :,

14 ,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,, : :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, , 9 a :, :, :, ,2 1, 1937 :, 274, ,, , ( ),,, 1994,

15 (),,,,,,,,, (),,, ;,,, ; ( ), (),,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 3,,,, 50, ( ),,,,, :, :, ( ) :,,, 2000,

16 ABSTRACTS transmission of May Fourt h new cult ure wit h his unique artistic style. From t he Anti2J apanese War to t he period of socialist construction, his writing was an individuated practice which at t he same time was struct ured in t he total struct ure of the society and t he times. Literat ure was thus highlighted as a marginalized experience in t he p rocess of modernizatio n. It is helpf ul f ro m a historical perspective to o ur under standing of todayπs mass pop ular cult ure to re2interp ret a literary form produced at a time of pop ularization, to understand t he traditional orientation of it s reception, and to allow a diversity of artistic strategies on t he basis of respecting the indigenous reception. (13) The Standardization of Poetry Writing in the Tang Dynasty Zhang B ow ei 167 Researchers disagree on t he values and stat us of literary criticism in t he Tang Dynasty. This issue calls for more exploration and comprehensive analysis. Poetics in the Tang Dynasty was characterized bystandardization,which emp hasized how to write. In the Tang Dynasty, t he focus of poetics shifted fromwhat to writeto how to write. In this regard, it occupies a place on it s own in Chinese literary history. (14) The Evolution of the Military System in the Tang Dynasty and Social Change in Medieval China Zhang Guogan g 178 In t he Tang and t he Five Dynasties, t he conscription system was gradually replaced by t he mercenary system, which nat urally brought about changes in t he military establishment and t he treatment of soldiers. In t he early Tang Dynasty, much emp hasis was p ut on soldiersπ status and t he economic stat us of t heir families, while in t he late Tang Dynasty recruit sπ mastery of martial art s was stressed. Such changes in Chinese medieval society reflect changes in t he institutions by which the state directly controlled it s subject s. It represented one aspect of the great transition during t he Tang and Song Dynasties. (15) Irrigation, Environment and the Water Community : An Analysis of the Central Guanzhong Region in the Qing Dynasty Chao X i aohon g 190 Water conservancy societies and t heir changes in t he Ming and Qing dynasties were formerly understood in academic st udies as a matter of so2called water communities and t heir breakdown. This was t he subject of heated debate. The concentration of land was taken as t he main factor co nt ributing to t he disintegratio n of water co mmunities. Based o n fieldwork and unofficial literature, t his st udy provides an analysis of irrigation canals and water societies in the central Guanzhong region. In ret hinking and analyzing water community t heory, the aut hor holds t hat relatively scattered land property right s may also lead to disproportionate right s and obligations inside a co mmunit y. Water co mmunities may have bro ken down at different times in different places, rat her than simultaneously in t he late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

曹美秀.pdf

曹美秀.pdf 2006 3 219 256 (1858-1927) (1846-1894) 1 2 3 1 1988 70 2 1998 51 3 5 1991 12 37-219- 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 4 1998 5 1998 6 1988 7 1994 8 1995 725-732 9 1987 170 10 52 11 1994 121 12 2000 51 13