日本就業狀況的變化 %[1] () % 3.8%60 [1] [2,3] ( ) % 21.4% 19.7% 17.7% ()() , Vol.30

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1 綜論 1,2,* 1 3 ( (4) ) 前言 * 17 [email protected] ( ) , Vol.30, No.4 301

2 日本就業狀況的變化 %[1] () % 3.8%60 [1] [2,3] ( ) % 21.4% 19.7% 17.7% ()() , Vol.30, No.4

3 10.3% 13.3% 12.1% 11.5% () (non-regular s t a f f)(p a r t- time workers)(dispatched workers from temporary labour agency) (contract, entrusted employees or other) % [4,5] [1] (working poor) [6] /100, /100, (50/100,000)[7] ()15 ( () , Vol.30, No.4 303

4 ( )[5,8] 0.9 [9,10] 日本過勞職災認定爭議的緣起與發展 [11] (Uehata Tetsunojo) 17 [12] (The National Defense Counsel for Victims of Karoshi) 110 [12] ( karoshi.jp/index.html) ( ) 1961 [11] , Vol.30, No.4

5 / (Uehata Tetsunojo) / /2 () () 1996/ / /9 ICD-10 F0-F /9 () 2001/12 (2001 ) () (1)(2) (3) 2002/2 2003/ / / /4 2009/ [12] , Vol.30, No.4 305

6 2011, Vol.30, No () [11,13,14] (2001 ) [11,13,15] 2001 (1) (2) (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1996 () [11] [16] ( ) ( 16 ) 14777% %[14] (Uchino Kenichi) 2002

7 [15,17] (Takano Hiroshi) 2005 [15,18] 日本過勞職災認定個案之統計狀況 [19,20] (Wo r k e r s Compensation Insurance Act) 5 [21] ( roudou.html) , % 13 19% () 1 ( / ) 100% 2 (/ ) 100% , Vol.30, No.4 307

8 % % % (20 30%) 70 27%[21] (95%)50 59 (40%) (26%) (25%) 10052% % (76%)30 39 (33%) (21%)(28%) 10030% 36% [22-24] (International Labour Organization) 1,950,000 [25]( 98/102005)(92// ) (20/102008) (5.3// )[26] 1 ( / ) 100% 2 (/ ) 100% , Vol.30, No.4

9 (2002 ) ( ) 1 < ~ < ~ < ~ < (2003~2009 ) ( ) 1 () 2 専従 (2008~2009 ) <60 60~79 80~99 100~ ~ ~ (%) (%) , , , , (95.0) (5.0) (4.1) (16.2) (28.9) (39.6) (11.2) (15.6) (10.8) (26.3) (17.6) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) (6.2) (0.8) (15.1) (14.5) (16.2) (11.3) (10.1) (7.7) (24.8) (11.9) (3.3) (0.4) (5.7) (37.3) (26.7) (11.8) (7.5) (6.3) (4.3) , , , , (76.0) (24.0) (24.4) (33.4) (22.3) (15.3) (4.6) (20.6) (10.6) (9.3) (14.3) (6.9) (10.7) (5.4) (4.8) (0.6) (16.8) (27.7) (10.8) (15.8) (10.3) (7.9) (7.8) (18.0) (1.7) (22.9) (4.6) (6.8) (10.9) (8.7) (4.2) (5.8) (36.2) 2011, Vol.30, No.4 309

10 [5] 日本政府針對職場過勞問題的預防策略 ( ) (Comprehensive Program for the Prevention of Health Impairment Due to Overwork) () 100 [2,27] [5,15,28] 日本經驗對台灣的啟示 [11,15,18] , Vol.30, No.4

11 (2008) (2009) (2008) (2009) () 2 86, , , , , , , , , , , , ,583 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( /)x 100,000 2 (ICD-10) I01-I02.0, I05-I09, I20-I25, I27, I30-I52 3 (ICD-10) I60-I69 4 (ICD-10) X60-X84 Y87.0 ( ) ( gov.tw/) ( ) ( ) 2008 (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) , Vol.30, No.4 311

12 ( ) ( ) 1980 (psychosocial hazards at work) [29-32] 致謝 ( N S C H MY3 NSC H MY3) (Professor Paul Jobin) , Vol.30, No.4

13 (Japan Occupational Safety and Health Resource Center) 參考文獻 1. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. Longterm trends in employment status. Available at: lngindex.htm. Accessed February 25, [In Japanese] 2. Iwasaki K, Takahashi M, Nakata A. Health problems due to long working hours in Japan: working hours, workers compensation (Karoshi) and preventive measures. Ind Health 2006;44: Ogura K. Long working hours in Japan. Jpn Econ 2009;36: Kanai A. Karoshi (Work to Death) in Japan. J Bus Ethics 2008;84: Kondo N, Oh J. Suicide and karoshi (death from overwork) during the recent economic crises in Japan: the impacts, mechanisms and political responses. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64: Yuasa M. Han Hinkon. Hsiao CM Compiled. Taipei: Good Morning Press, [In Chinese] 7. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Japan Statistical Year Book 2011: Death Rate by Cause of Death. Tokyo: Ministry of Inter Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau, Director-General for Policy Planning & Statistical Research and Training Institute, Kaga M, Takeshima T, Matsumoto T. Suicide and its prevention in Japan. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2009;11(Suppl 1):S Inoue K, Tanii H, Kaiya H, et al. The correlation between unemployment and suicide rates in Japan between 1978 and Leg Med (Tokyo) 2007;9: Chang SS, Gunnell D, Sterne JA, Lu TH, Cheng AT. Was the economic crisis responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A timetrend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Soc Sci Med 2009;68: Yang YP. A study on the formation and development of the system for recognizing KAROSHI : a comparison of the legal systems between Taiwan and Japan [Dissertation]. Taipei: College of Law, National Taiwan University, [In Chinese: English abstract] 12. Nishiyama K, Johnson JV. Karoshi - death from overwork: occupational health consequences of Japanese production management. Int J Health Serv 1997;27: 臓専検 2001 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. A Report from a Conference on the Standards for Evaluating Neural and Cardiac Disease. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, [In Japanese] (378) Matsumaru A. How to tackle the problems of deaths or suicides due to overwork. JOSHRC Newsletter (Japan) 2010;(378): [In Japanese] 15. Weathers C, North S. Overtime activists take on corporate titans: Toyato, McDonald s and Japan s work hour controversy. Pac Aff 2009;82: rousaihoken04/ html2011/02/25 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. Analyzing standards for evaluating occupational injury compensation related to psychiatric disorders. Av a i l a b l e a t: h t t p://w w w.m h l w.g o.j p/b u n y a/ roudoukijun/rousaihoken04/ html. Accessed February 25, [In Japanese] 17. Jobin P. From musculoskeletal disorders to Karoshi: bad work or overwork? Toyota in France and Japan as an example. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Industrial Risks, Labor and Public Health: An Interdisciplinary Analysis by Social Sciences and Epidemiology, Taipei: College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Weathers C. The rising voice of Japan s community unions. In: Vinken H eds. Civic Engagement in Contemporary Japan. New York: Springer, 2010; Wang CC, Cheng Y, Wang JD, Guo YL. Development of workers' compensation and the current system in 2011, Vol.30, No.4 313

14 Taiwan. Taiwan J Public Health 2009;28:1-15. [In Chinese: English abstract] L i n Y Y, C h e n g Y, Wa n g J D. A n i n t e r n a t i o n a l comparison of workers compensation schemes for occupational injuries and diseases and suggestions for policy reform in Taiwan. Taiwan J Public Health 2009;28: [In Chinese: English abstract] 臓 2r kgm.html2011/02/25 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. Occupational injury compensation during 2009 for patients with neural, cardiac, or psychiatric disorders. Available at: 2r kgm.html. Accessed February 25, [In Japanese] 22. Schulte PA. Characterizing the burden of occupational i n j u r y a n d d i s e a s e. J O c c u p E n v i r o n M e d 2005;47: Concha-Barrientos M, Nelson DI, Fingerhut M, Driscoll T, Leigh J. The global burden due to occupational injury. Am J Ind Med 2005;48: Spreeuwers D, de Boer AG, Verbeek JH, van Dijk FJ. Evaluation of occupational disease surveillance in six EU countries. Occup Med (Lond) 2010;60: Al -Tuwaijri S, Igor F, Ilise F, et al. Beyond Deaths and Injuries: The ILO s Role in Promoting Safe and Healthy Jobs. Geneva: International Labor Office, C h u n g P H, C h e n g Y. R e p o r t i n g s y s t e m s f o r occupational injuries and diseases in Taiwan: conditions and problems. Taiwan J Public Health 2010;29: [In Chinese: English abstract] 27. JICOSH (Japan International Center for Occupational Safety and Health). Industrial Safety and Health Law (Amendments: Law No. 25 of May 31, 2006.) Available at: english/topics/oshlegislation.html#laws. Accessed 02/25/ Chiu CH. The study of dispatch work law in Japan, 2008: drafts and realities. Taiwan Labour Review 2010;2: [In Chinese: English abstract] Wang CW, Cheng Y, Le YS, Hsu JH. An international overview of national surveys for psychosocial hazards at work. Taiwan J Public Health 2010;29: [In Chinese: English abstract] 30. Johnstone R, Quinlan M, McNamara M. OHS inspectors and psychosocial risk factors: evidence from Australia. Saf Sci 2011;49: Lippel K, Vezina M, Cox R. Protection of workers mental health in Quebec: do general duty clauses allow labour inspectors to do their job? Saf Sci 2011;49: Rasmussen MB, Hansen T, Nielsen KT. New tools and strategies for the inspection of the psychosocial w o r k i n g e n v i r o n m e n t: t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e Danish Working Environment Authority. Saf Sci 2011;49: , Vol.30, No.4

15 Disputes and policy responses concerning the hazards of overwork and workers compensation: experiences in Japan and their implications for Taiwan Yawen Cheng 1,2,*, Shiuan-Be Wu 1, Yu-Feng Wong 3 In Taiwan, cases of sudden death linked to overwork are a growing concern. The government has adopted several Japanese regulations and guidelines which concern the recognition of and compensation for work-related injuries and diseases that are due to overwork. Based on the literature and analyses of official statistics from the worker s compensation system in Japan, we examined the development of policies concerning the recognition and prevention of overwork hazards in Japan. Based on this review, we suggest that Taiwan should reduce the barriers for workers compensation by revising the criteria for the recognition of work-related diseases. Regulations concerning working hours and the health management of workers with prolonged working hours should also be improved. In addition, statistics and the related content of workers claims for compensation should be made public. Taiwan should also be aware of and avoid the limitations of the Japanese approach. (Taiwan J Public Health. 2011;30(4): ) Key Words: job stress, occupational injuries and diseases, worker s compensation, prevention, Japan 1 Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu- Zhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 3 Center for Society, Technology and Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C. * Correspondence author. [email protected] Received: Feb 25, 2011 Accepted: May 11, , Vol.30, No.4 315

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