Master Thesis Graduate Institute of Mainland China Studies National Sun Yat-Sen University AdvisorPh.D. Tse-kang Leng PRC Environmental Diplomacy in the Post Cold-War Era Participation in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Graduate StudentYung-ching Lo July2002
2002.9.12
i
Abstract As ecological deterioration getting worse and worse, the degree from global environment problem threat human life is more and more striking, and brings the rise of environmental diplomacy and global environmental politics. The PRC has wide territory, numerous population, and abundant natural resource, however after twenty years of modernizing, result in environment crisis. Since 1989, the PRC being forced to enhance her attention and participation in international environmental protection field by the pressure from domestic and foreign factors. The purpose of this thesis is to realize the details about the development of the PRC environmental diplomacy during the post cold-war era. The author try to combine domestic and international approaches, and use regime theory to analyze the actions of the PRC. The findings as follows: 1. The PRC make their objectives (ex : gain financial and technical assistance, improve the domestic environmental protection ability, modify her international image, etc. ) come true by holding the principles, including secure sovereignty, the unequal responsibilities between developed and developing countries, and developed countries should bare the major responsibilities of global environment problems. 2. The decision-making about the policy guide participation in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change origins from the result of the bargaining between bureaucracies. Besides, climate regime can change the options of environmental and science agencies, but the effect doesn t show in ultimate decisions. 3. Although the PRC still fear participation in regime will let her sovereignty invaded and economic potential repressed, try to make long-term plans and make capital of foreign firms to improve her environmental protection abilities. Keywords : environmental diplomacy, international regime theory, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, PRC ii
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31 Shen, Longhai and Liu Lujun, Energy Development and Environmental Protection : Dual Challenges for China, Energy and Environment Vol.2, No.41991, p.320. 32 Kenneth Lieberthal and Michael Oksenberg, Policy Making in China : Leaders, Structure, and Process op. cit., p.102. 33 Christoffersen, Gaye, China s Comprehensive Energy Policy, in Robinson, Thomas W. ed, The Foreign Relations of China s Environmental Policy op. cit., p.41, 45, 50. 34 1979~1993 116.1 182.6 18.3% 15.9% Thomson, Elspeth, Reforming China s Coal Industry, The China Quarterly No.47, September, 1996, p.730. 35 Martinot, Eric World Bank Energy Projects in China : Influences on Environmental Protection, Energy PolicyVol.292001, p.587. 69
36 2001 7 24 7 37 Qu, Geping, China s Dual Thrust Energy Strategy : Economic Development and Environmental Protection, Energy PolicyVol.20, No.6June, 1992, p.504. 38 11 70
39 Pamela, Baldinger, China s Green Markets, The China Business Review Vol.27, Issue 2 Washington, Mar/Apr, 2000, p.46. 40 Calder, Kent E., Asian s Empty Tank, Foreign AffairsVol.75, No.2March/April, 1996 ; Walker, Martin, China and the New Era of Resource Security, World PolicyVol.8 No.1Spring, 1996. 41 11 42 New York Times 10 April 1999. 71
Build-Operate-Transfer, BOT 43 Martinot, Eric World Bank Energy Projects in China : Influences on Environmental Protection, op. cit., p.581. 44 Ibid. 45 Pharr, Susan J. and Wan Ming, Yen for the Earth : Japan s Pro-active China Environment Policy, in McElroy, Nielsen, and Lydon eds, Energizing China : Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic GrowthNewton, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998, p.605. 46 42 47 New York Times 7 November 1994 and 21 February 1995. 72
28% 15~20% 2000~4000 1/2 600 80% 90% 7 145 48 36 49 World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies : China s Environment in the New Century op. cit., p.104. 50 U.S. News and World Report 8 Sep 1996. 51 Daniel Burstein and Aren Keijzer, Big Dragon China s FutureNew York : Simon & Schuster, 1998, p.86. 52 World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies : China s Environment in the New Century op. cit., pp.17-22. 53 Ibid, p.34. 73
54 Ross Lester, The Politics of Environmental Policy in the People s Republic of China, op. cit., p. 628. 55 Ross Lester, Environmental Policy in ChinaBloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press, 1988, pp.141-2. 74
56 57 1999 54 58 2001 2002 90 75
59 U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, The Fading of Chinese Environmental Secrecy Hong Kong: American Consulate General, 23 March 1998, paragraphs 13-17. 60 1996 8 13 1 61 Hertsgaard, Mark, Our Real China Problem, Atlantic MonthlyNov 1997. 62 Elizabeth Economy, China Confronts the Challenge of Globalization : Implications for Domestic Cohesion and International Cooperation, op. cit., p.21. 63 2002 107-108 64 Kenneth Lieberthal, China s Governing System and Its Impact on Environmental Policy Implementation, China Environment Series 1Woodrow Wilson International Center, p.4 Available at http://ecsp.si.edu/china.htm. 76
65 270-279 66 91-92 67 153-168 77
78
68 Beijing Review, 23 June 1972, p.8 ; Lester Ross, Environmental Policy in China op cit., p.137. 69 Robert O. Keohane, Peter M. Haas and Marc A. Levy, The Effectiveness of Institutional Environmental Institutions, in P.M Haas, R.O. Keohane and M.A. Levy eds., Institutions of the Earth : Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection(Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, 1994), p.16. 1999 10 27 8 1997 195 70 1999 10 27 8 71 China DailyApril 1, 1998A1 72 66 79
73 1998 11 13 74 Samuel S. Kim, Environmental Security in Chinese Global Policy, in Thomas Robinson, ed., The Foreign Relations of China s Environmental Policy, op. cit., p.118. 80
75 Ibid, pp.118-9. 76 ()( 1995 ) 77 1993 132 81
78 1996 7 14 1 79 1996 7 19 1 80 China DailyDec 16, 1995A1 81 WCED 1989 349 82 1991 6 19 1 82
83 21 1994 2 83
84 1999 5 1 85 2000 6 7 1 86 <http://www.zhb.gov.cn/international> 84
87 14 88 1996 11 26 89 7 1996 6 5 <http://web3.peopledaily.com.cn/gq/e/newfiles/a1170.html>. 85
90 91 1982-1997 1997 92 <http://sd.erl.itri.org.tw/ncsd/chinese/glbtrend/mainland> 86
87
88
89
93 2000 6 7 1 94 1999~2002 2000 94 95 96 1986 39-46 90
97 1986 492-502 98 1993 56-57 99 1997 3 6-75 91
100 1998 6 97-98 92
101 Beijing Review, July 8-14, 1991, p.11. 102 James C. Clad, Some Observations on Asia, Environmental Politicies and the Emergence of New Political Constituencies in Thomas Robinson, ed., The Foreign Relations of China s Environmental Policy, op. cit., p.88. 103 60 139 104 90 95 105 China EPA Head Discusses Challenges, Priorities, An October 1999 report from U.S. Embassy Beijing. 106 Environmental Objectives and Investment Requirements for China s 10 th Five-Year Plan, A November 2000 report from U.S. Embassy Beijing. 93
94
95
107 Guanli Lu and Kathleen Walsh, The Foreign Relations of China s Environmental Policy, in Thomas Robinson, ed., The Foreign Relations of China s Environmental Policy,Washington DC : American Enterprise Institute, 1992, p.4. 108 2001 3 237 96
109 ISO14000 192-194 110 191 111 2001 7 8 211997 4000 1998 2% 7% 4500 2000 5430 2000 573 97
98
112 David M. Lampton, Policy Implementation in the People s Republic of China Berkeley, CA:University of California Press, 1987Kenneth Lieberthal and Michael Oksenberg, Policy Making in China:Leaders, Structures, and Process Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1988 Kenneth G. Lieberthal and David M. Lampton eds., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China Berkeley, CA:University of California Press, 1992. 113 / 1999 133-36 99
114 Morton H. Haperin and Arnold Kanter, Introduction/The Bureaucratic Perspective : A Preliminary Framework, in Morton H. Haperin and Arnold Kanter eds, Readings in American Foreign Policy : A Bureaucratic Perspective(Boston : Little, Brown and Company, 1973), p.7. 115 Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1971, p.255 ; 295. 116 Flemming Christiansen & Shirin M. Rai 1997 26-27 117 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD), Climate Change Policy Initiatives-1995/96 Update, Vol. II Selected Non-IEA Countries, 1996, p.45. 118 Kenneth Lieberthal and Michael Oksenberg, Policy Making in China : Leaders, Structures, and Process op. cit., p.3. 100
101 119 www.cma.gov.cn
120 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for Collaboration Washington DC, 1992, p.40-41. 121 Ibid. 122 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for Collaboration op. cit., p. 51. 102
123 Summary Articles for the CMA Climate Consultancy and Committee Meeting in Beijing, China, April 23-26, 1997. 124 R.D. Perlack, M. Russell and Z. Shen, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China, Global Environmental Change, Vol.3, No.1, March 1993, pp.78-100. 125 1991 142 103
126 Abigail R. Jahiel, The Organization of Environmental Protection in China, The China Quarterly, Dec 1998, p.761. 127 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for Collaboration op. cit., p.50. 128 1992 1 8-10 104
105
129 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for Collaboration, op. cit., pp.35-6. 106
107
130 Bergesen, Helge Ole, The Credibility of Science in International Resource Management, in Andresen, Steinar and Willy Ostreng eds., International Resources Management : the Role of Science and PoliticsNew York : Belhaven Press, 1989, p.124. 108
131 Paeson, Edward A., Protecting the Ozone Layer, in Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy eds., op. cit., pp.27-74. 132 Peter Haas, Saving the Mediterranean: the Politics of International Environmental Cooperation op. cit. 133 Carol Lee Hamrin and Suisheng Zhao, Decision-making in Deng s China, Armonk, New York : M.E. Sharpe, 1995, p.109. 109
134 Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China:Leaders,Structure,and Processes, op cit., pp.23. 110
1 World Resources Institute, World Resources 1994-95New York : Oxford Un iversity Press, 1994, pp.6166 and World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies : China s Environment in the New Century Washington D.C. : World Bank, 1997, p.46. 2 Summary Report prepared by a joint study team from NEPA, SPC, UNDP, and World Bank, China Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions ControlWashington D.C. : World Bank, 1994, p.22. 3 Nielsen, Cgris P. and Michael B. McElroy, Introduction and Overview in McElroy, Michael B., Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon eds, Energizing China : Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic GrowthNewton, MA : Harvard University Press, 1998, pp.20-2. 111
4 1998 5 29 37 2001.4.29A4 112
5 Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, The International Reaearch Enterprise and Global Environmental Change, in John Vogler and Mark F. Imber eds., The Environment and International Relations London and New York : Routledge, 1996, p.181. 6 Daniel Bodansky, Prologue to the Climate Change Convention, in Irving M. Mintzer and J. A. Leonard eds., Negotiating Climate Change : The Inside Story of the Rio ConventionCambridge University Press, 1994,pp. 47-8. 7 Chandrashekhar Dasgupta, The Climate Change Negotiations, in Irving M. Mintzer and J.A. Leonard eds., Nogotiating Climate Change : The Inside Story of the Rio Convention, op. cit, p.130. 113
8 UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53, 1988. 9 Daniel Bodansky, Prologue to the Climate Change Convention, in Irving M. Mintzer and J.A. Leonard eds., Nogotiating Climate Change : The Inside Story of the Rio Convention op. cit, p.52. 10 Ibid. 11 Daniel Bodansky, Prologue to the Climate Change Convention, in Irving M. Mintzer and J.A. Leonard eds., Nogotiating Climate Change : The Inside Story of the Rio Convention op. cit., pp.57-9. 12 Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, The International Reaearch Enterprise and Global Environmental Change, op. cit., pp.190-2. 13 Ibid, p.60. 114
14 The State Science and Technology Commission, No.5 Blue Book of Science and Technology of ChinaBeijing : China Meteorological Press, 1990, p.2 15 Ibid, p.53. 16 1989 5 40 20 500 Elizabeth Economy, Chinese Policy-Making and Global Climate Change: Two Front Diplomacy and the International Community, in Elizabeth Economy and Miranda Schreurs ed., The Internationalization of Environmental Protection Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.24. 115
17 18 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for Collaboration Washington D.C., 1992, p.45. 19 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for Collaboration op. cit., p.39. 20 1995 2 21 1 116
6 7 Summary Report prepared by a joint study team from NEPA, SPC, UNDP, and World Bank, China Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control op. cit., p.1. 22 Zhou Xin, Advantage of Climate Changing to Warm, Beijing Review, June 9-15, 1997, pp.18-19. 23 Elizabeth Economy, Chinese Policy-Making and Global Climate Change: Two Front Diplomacy and the International Community, op. cit., p.26. 24 Gan Shijun, China s National Policy Responses to Global Warming paper presented at the American Geophysical Union Western Pacific Regional Meeting, Hong Kong, July 25-29, 1994, p.3. 117
25 Elizabeth Economy, Chinese Policy-Making and Global Climate Change: Two Front Diplomacy and the International Community, op. cit., p.28. 26 Ibid, p.26-27. 27 National Research Council, China and Global Change : Opportunities for CollaborationWashington DC, 1992, p.35-6. 28 29 1. 2. 3. 4. Michel Oksenberg and Elizabeth Economy, China s Accession to and Implementation of International Environmental Accords 1978-95, Asia/Pacific Research Center Working Paper, Stanford University, 1998, p.6. 118
30 31 Economy, Elizabeth, Negotiating the Terrain of Global Climate Change Policy in the Soviet Union and China : Linking International and Domestic PathwaysPh.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, 1994; Elizabeth Economy, Chinese Policy-Making and Global Climate Change: Two Front Diplomacy and the International Community, op. cit. 119
32 Elizabeth Economy, Chinese Policy-Making and Global Climate Change: Two Front Diplomacy and the International Community, op. cit., p.29. 33 Martin Lees, China and the World in the Nineties, Conference Summary Report, Beijing, 25 Jan 1991, pp.30-31. 120
34 Ibid, pp.9-13. 35 Foreign Broadcast Information Service, China Daily Report, 2 Nov 1990, p.1. 36 SSTC, Beijing Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Development, Beijing, 1991. 121
37 38 Daniel Bodansky, Prologue to the Climate Change Convention, in Mintzer Irving M. and J.A. Leonard eds. Negotiating Climate Change : The Inside Story of the Rio Convention op. cit, p.61. 39 Report of the First Session of the INC/FCCC, UN Document A/AC.237/6, March 8, 1991. 122
40 Report of the Second Session of the INC/FCCC, UN Document A/AC.237/9, August 19, 1991. 41 Report of the Third Session of the INC/FCCC, UN Document A/AC.237/12. 123
42 Report of the Fourth Session of the INC/FCCC, UN Document A/AC.237/15, January 29, 1992. 43 Report of the first part of 5 th Session of the INC/FCCC, UN Document A/AC.237/18Part 1March 10, 1992 and Report of the Second Part of the 5 th Session of the INC/FCCC, UN Document A/AC. 237/18Part 2. 44 38, p.35. 45 Ibid. 124
46 Johnston, Alastair Iain, China and International Environmental Institutions : A Decision Rule Analysis, in McElroy, Michael B., Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon eds, Energizing China : Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth op. cit, p.574. 47 Elizabeth Economy and Michel Oksenberg eds., China Joins the World : Progress and Prospects New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1999, p.12. 48 Chayes, Abraham and Charlotte J. Kim, China and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in in McElroy, Michael B., Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon eds, Energizing China : Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth op. cit, p.515. 49 77 77 125
50 Elizabeth Economy, Chinese Policy-Making and Global Climate Change: Two Front Diplomacy and the International Commu nity, op. cit.,p.34. 51 Global Environment Facility, GEF 52 77 Johnston, Alastair Iain, China and International Environmental Institutions : A Decision Rule Analysis, in McElroy, Michael B., Chris P. Nielsen, and Peter Lydon eds, Energizing China : Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth op. cit., p.575. 53 126
54 1970 55 Foreign Broadcast Information Service, China Daily Report, 16 Jan 1991, p.41. 127
56 Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, Volume III Statements Made by Heads of State or Government at the Summit Segment of the Conference, New York : United Nations, 1993A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1, pp.34-38. 57 Ibid, pp.35-36. 128