BIBLID 0254-4466(2002)20:1 pp. 339-367 20 1 91 6 Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778 * 339

340 20 1 1 1854-1921 1881-1973 Dante Germino 1 2 1979 Marianne Bastid- Bruguière 1990 1991 6 1995 2 1995 2 1998 5

341 2 Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970 3 Jacob L. Talmon 2 Dante Germino, Machiavelli to Marx: Modern Western Political Thought (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 179. 3 1981 243

342 20 1 4 1. 2. 3. sovereign general will 5 4 Jacob L. Talmon, The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Secker & Warburg, 1952), pp. 1-2. 5 40-42

343 6 Ernest Barker, 1874-1960 7 8 6 42-43 7 Ernest Barker, Introduction, in E. Barker (ed.), Social Contract: Locke, Hume, Rousseau (London: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 33-34. 8 Talmon, The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy, pp. 44-45.

344 20 1 9 George Kateb John Plamenatz Alfred Cobban John W. Chapman G. D. H. Cole justice good society natural liberty moral liberty moral autonomy fair play distributive justice 10 forced to be free 9 47 10 George Kateb, Aspects of Rousseau s Political Thought, in Political Science Quarterly, vol. 76, no. 4 (Dec., 1961), pp. 520-528.

345 11 12 There is no general will unless the people wills the good 1. 2. 13 J. S. Mill individuality morally acceptable sphere 14 11 534-536 12 533-534 13 G.D.H. Cole (ed.), Introduction, The Social Contract and Discourses (London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1973), p. 43. 14 Kateb, Aspects of Rousseau s Political Thought, p. 543.

346 20 1 1914 2 15 1906 15 1986 614

347 16 E. Jenks 17 18 Thomas Hobbes John Locke 19 20 16 1249 17 1267-1268 18 1260-1261 19 1082 20 133

348 20 1 21 22 23 1914 21 1291 22 241-242 23 1305-1308

349 24 25 1. 2. 3. Thomas H. Huxley 26 27 24 333 25 334 26 337 27

350 20 1 28 29 30 31 32 33 28 29 30 31 338-339 32 339 33

351 34 34 338

352 20 1 35 1905 1907 University of Edinburgh 36 35 2000 73 36 1907 1908 1907 1981 142 1907 1995 6

353 37 38 39 40 41 1914 compromise 42 37 38 85-87 39 40 68-70 41 104-106 42 14 3 1999 70-84

354 20 1 1914 5 43 44 45 46 43 19-20 44 21-22 45 23 46 24

355 47 48 49 Jeremy Bentham Herbert Spencer 47 25 48 26 49

356 20 1 50 51 52 53 50 28-29 51 30 52 32 53

357 54 54 33-34

55 358 20 1 56 57 55 1980 32 56 1979 233 57 33

359 dilemma 58 59 60 58 32 59 general will 60 39

360 20 1 legislators compromise 61 62 63 61 1301 62 406 63 185

361 64 65 66 67 64 127 65 337 66 512-515 67 308

362 20 1 68 69 70 68 54-56 82-84 69 472 70 189

363 71 72 73 74 71 7 72 433-436 73 253 74 635

364 20 1

365

366 20 1 Yan Fu and Zhang Shizhao: An Ideological Debate on Rousseau s Social Contract Kai-yin Lam Abstract This article attempts to elucidate the political and academic significance of an ideological debate between Yan Fu and Zhang Shizhao, two distinguished thinkers and foremost exponents of liberalism in modern China, on Rousseau s Social Contract in the early Republican years. Yan and Zhang were both modern Chinese intellectuals influenced and nurtured by the political theories of 19 th -century British classical liberalism. Both of them favoured a political reform with steady and slow progress and agreed that the ultimate goal of such reform was to achieve democratic constitutionalism and human rights. However, their political views were distinctly different in the early Republican years when China was undergoing the transition from autocratic monarchism to republican constitutionalism. Such divergence is clearly displayed in their debate on the political principles put forward by Rousseau s Social Contract. Politically, the acts of Yuan Shikai before and after his restoration of monarchy brought about the debate between Yan and Zhang. Academically, the debate tentatively fostered among modern Chinese intellectuals an understanding of the nature of Rousseau s political * Kai-yin Lam is an associate professor in the Department of History at Hong Kong Baptist University.

367 thought. The conventional understanding of Rousseau s thoughts involving the democracy-totalitarianism dichotomy is also well mirrored in the debate. Keywords: Yan Fu, Zhang Shizhao, Rousseau, Social Contract, liberalism in modern China