Graduate Institute of Entomology National Taiwan University Master s Thesis Dr. Wu, Wen-Jer Comparison of ant community composition on the ground of two types of habitat in Fushan experimental forest Pan, Chein-An January, 2002 1
2000 8 2001 7 5 30 53 45 31 2
Abstract For comparing the ant community composition the ant species were sampled by pitfall traps quantitatively from two different habitats, the forest and an artificial open area among Fushan experimental forest, from August 2000 to July 2001. Overall, 5 subfamilies, 31 genera and 53 species of ants were collected. Forty-five species were collected on the ground of the open area, while only 31 species were collected on forest floor. The species richness and abundance of the ant were higher in the open area, and Shannon coefficient of diversity and evenness were similar between two habitats. The species assemblage of the ant was analyzed by functional group method. The ratio of two functional groups, the competition group and disturbance group, was higher in the open area suggested that the effect of artificial removal of original plantation was similar to the effect of natural formation of treefall gaps, which may increase disturbance and available resources. Lower similarity of ant community composition were found between two sampling plots with more distance, but the ant community composition were not evidently different between these two habitats. 3
... i...iii... iv... v... 1... 3... 3... 5... 8... 12... 15... 15... 16 ( )... 16 ( )... 17 1.... 17 4
2.... 19... 20... 21... 22... 23... 23... 25... 27... 29... 33... 34... 34... 34... 36... 36... 38... 45... 56 5
2000 8 2001 7...23 2000 8 2001 7...26 2000 8 2001 7...27 2000 8 2001 7...32 6
...16...17...18 2000 8 2001 7...26 2000 8 2001 7...28 2000 8 2001 7...29 2000 8 2001 7...30 2000 8 2001 7...31 2000 8 2001 7...33 7
...45...46...47...48...52 8
(Insecta) (Hymenoptera) (Vespoidea) (Formicidae) 10,000 (Bolton, 1995a, b) (bioindicator) (Majer, 1983) 9
(pitfall trap) 10
(Insecta) (Hymenoptera) (Vespoidea) (Formicidae) 250 8 72 ( ) (caste) (generation) ( ) ( ) (Michener, 1969) (division of labor) 11
(temporal caste) (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990; Robinson, 1992) (Wilson, 1971) (plasticity) (Robinson, 1992) (Calabi and Traniello, 1989) (Wilson, 1984) (Gordon, 1989) (superorganism) (Wilson, 1971) 12
30 % 75 % 100 800 (Beck, 1971) (Papua New Guinea) 2.6 59 172 (Wilson, 1959) 2500 m 2 27 87 (Andersen, 1983) (Nash et al., 2000) (abundance) (diversity) (opportunist) Acromyrmex Atta (leaf cutting ant) 13
(Dacetonini) (Collembola) (harvesting ant) (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990) (trophic level) (Dryer and Letourneau, 1999) (Abe and Darlingtion, 1985; Darlington, 1985; Higashi and Ito, 1989; Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990; Leponce et al., 1999) (Eggleton et al., 1995, 1996) 14
Leprogenys Processionalis (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990) (symbiosis) (Homoptera) (Lepidoptera) (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990) (Acacia sphaerocephala) (Pseudomyrmex) (Carolina) (Argentine ant, Linepithema humile) (regeneration) (Christian, 2001) 15
(mineralization) (Pêtal, 1998) (hydraulic properties) (Wang et al., 1996) (condition) (resource) Andersen (1995) Hölldobler and Wilson (1990) (temperature-humidity envelope) ( ) Levings (1983) Barro Colorado Island 16
(extrafloral nectaries) (Blüthgen et al., 2000) (Perfecto and Snelling, 1995) (competition) (Andersen, 1995) 17
(Argentine ant, Linepithema humile) (Fire ant, Solenopsis invicta) (Way et al., 1997; Human and Gordon, 1999; Sanders and Gordon, 2000) (Wilson, 1971) (Oklahoma) (ant lion) (Gotelli, 1996) (Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990) Aenictus (army ant) (Hirosawa et al., 2000) 18
(disturbance) (White and Pickett, 1985) Northern Chihuahuan Desert Conomyrma insana Pogonomyrmex desertorum (Nash et al., 2000) Chaco (Bestelmeyer and Wiens, 1996) (North Carolina) species assemblage (Peck et al., 1998) Roth and Perfecto (1994) (Shannon s diversity index) (evenness) 19
(bioindicator) ( Majer, 1983; De Bruyn, 1993; Andersen, 1997; King et al., 1998; Nash et al., 1998) Majer (1983) Wang et al. (2000) (functional groups) Andersen (1995) (competition) (stress) (disturbance) 20
Andersen (1995) 7 Dominate Dolichoderinae Generalized Myrmicinae Opportunists Dominate Dolichoderinae Dominate Dolichoderinae ( ) Dominate Dolichoderinae Opportunists (species inventory) Delabie et al. (2000) Winkler sacks Berlease funnel 17 Wang et al. (2001) 21
22
30 km 16 km 1097.9 ha 400 m 1400 m (1419 m) 1.1 18.2 7 24.0 1 11.9 4067 mm 96 % RH (1993~1999 ) 23
1000 m 3 ( ) a. b. a. b. Fig. 1. Fushan experimental forest. a. area divisions; b. artificial installations. ( ) 4 50 ml ( 2.3 11.3 cm) 25 ml 95 1 m 24
( ) 7 1m 1m ( ) Fig. 2. Sampling design. 1. (Special use plant area, S) 40 m 120 m 25
4 4 16 ( ) 1-1 ~ 4-4 W S (S W ) Fig. 3. Sampling area map (S: Open area; W: Forest). 26
2. (First watershed area, W) 54 3 m 100 m 1 40~60 m W1 W12 12 (Shannon s diversity index, H ) (eveness, E) 1 pi i H' = n i= 1 p i ln p i 1 27
2 S E H ln S =. 2 Andersen (1995) 3 3 1. Stress group Strumigenys solifontis 2. Competition group Oligomyrmex oni 3. Disturbance group 28
Monomorium chienese 3 3 250 3 3 (linear regression) (Correlation Coefficient) 29
(1-1~4-4) (W1~W12) Bray-Curtis Cluster Analysis (Pielou, 1984) log(n+1) 30
53 5 30 (Myrmicinae) 35 66 % (Ponerinae) 10 (19 %) (Formicinae) 5 (10 %) (Dolichoderinae) 2 (4 %) (Aenictinae) 1 (2 %) (Pachyconera luteipe) (Pheidole noda) 2000 8 2001 7 (S) (W) Table 1. Ant species, abundance and functional group captured by pitfall trap on the ground of open area (S) and forest floor (W) in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001 Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name S W Total Functional group* MYRMICINAE Aphaenogsters gracilento 0 73 73 C Aphaenogsters caperatus 0 2 2 C Aphaenogsters tipuna 31 2 33 R Aphaenogsters isthmus 0 15 15 St Aphaenogsters lepida 1 0 1 R Aphaenogsters cruciatus 0 5 5 C Cadiocondyla monticola 1 0 1 C Cadiocondyla wroughtonii 1 0 1 C Kyidris mutica 30 0 30 C Leptothorax cerius 1 0 1 R Monomorium chinense 535 1 536 R Monomorium intrudens 6 1 7 St Monomorium caecus 14 1 15 St Myrmecina taiwana 35 0 35 C 31
( ) Table 1. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name S W Total Functional group* Oligomyrmex sauteri 294 12 306 St Oligomyrmex oni 1 0 1 C Pheidole noda 1818 1 1819 St Pheidole rinae tipuna 69 0 69 St Pheidole fustis 0 0 0 C Pheidole pieli 182 169 351 R Pheidole ernsti 1 0 1 St Pheidole inocula 2 1 3 C Pheidologeton yanoi 109 170 279 R Pristomyrmex pungens 61 0 61 R Rhaopalomsatix sp.1 6 0 6 St Smithistruma leptothix 4 0 4 C Strumigenys solifontis 17 0 17 St Strumigenys hispida 1 4 5 St Strumigenys fomosensis 2 0 2 St Tetramorium pacificum 26 1 27 St Tetramorium nipponense 19 6 25 C Vollenhovia acanthinus 2 0 2 C Vollenhovia formosae 1 0 1 C Vollenhovia galvus 3 1 4 St PONERINAE Crytopone taivanensis 167 1 168 C Gnamptogenys taivanensis 1 1 2 St Leptogenys kitteli 255 42 297 St Leptogenys confucii 12 7 19 St Odontomachus monticola 24 9 33 St Pachyconera luteipe 1774 429 2203 R Pachyconera javanus 408 127 535 St Pachyconera chinensis 3 0 3 R Pachyconera darwinii 0 1 1 St Ponera alisana 1 0 1 St FORMICINAE Camponotus sp.1 1 7 8 C Formica japonica 305 0 305 R Lasius talpa 4 1 5 St Paratrechina flavipes 51 18 69 R Pseudolasius binghami taivanae 5 0 5 St DOLICHODERINAE Tapanoma melanocephalum 24 0 24 R Technomyrmex albipes 0 3 3 St AENICTINAE Aenictus sp. 1 0 1 1 C Total 6308 1113 7421 *C: Competition group; D: Disturbance group; St: Stress group. 32
( ) 45 31 23 ( ) ( ) 5 (Pachyconera luteipe) (Pachyconera javanus) 3 ( ) 33
2000 8 2001 7 Table 2. The number of ant species, mean individuals per trap, Shannon Habitat coefficient of diversity and evenness captured from pitfall trap on the ground of open area and forest floor in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001 Number of species Mean individuals per trap Shannon s diversity index, H Evenness, E Ground of open area 45 394.25 ± 122.33 2.189 0.575 Forest floor 31 92.75 ± 53.54 1.960 0.571 Total 53 2.291 0.577 Accumulated number of species Number of pitfall trap 2000 8 2001 7 (S) (W) Fig. 4. The species accumulation curve over the number of pitfall trap captured on the ground of open area (S) and forest floor (W) in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001. 34
2000 8 2001 7 Table 3. The dominant ant species captured from pitfall trap on the ground of open area and forest floor in Fushan experimental forest and their abundance percentage during August, 2000 to July, 2001 Rank Ground of Open Area Abundance (%) Forest Floor Abundance (%) 1 Pheidole noda 28.82 Pachyconera luteipe 38.54 2 Pachyconera luteipe 28.12 Pheidologeton yanoi 15.27 3 Monomorium chinense 8.48 Pheidole pieli 15.18 4 Pachyconera javanus 6.47 Pachyconera javanus 11.41 5 Formica japonica 4.84 Aphaenogsters gracilento 6.56 Others 26.68 Others 13.03 ( ) 3 8 2 ( a.) ( b.) 35
a. b. Number of species Percentage (%) 2000 8 2001 7 (S) (W) a. b. (St C D ) Fig. 5. a. The species number and b. the ratio of functional groups composition captured by pitfall trap on the ground of open area (S) and forest floor (W) in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001. (St: Stress group; C: Competition group; D: Disturbance group) 36
12 2000 8~10 2000 11 2001 5 2001 6 ( ) 2000 8~10 2~3 ( ) Individuals per trap 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 2000 8 2001 7 (S) Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 (W) Fig. 6. Monthly change in the mean individuals per pitfall trap on the ground of open area (S) and forest floor (W) in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001. Month Jun-01 Jul-01 S W 37
35 30 Number of species 25 20 15 10 5 S W T 0 Aug-00 Sep-00 Oct-00 Nov-00 Dec-00 Jan-01 Feb-01 Mar-01 Apr-01 May-01 Jun-01 Jul-01 Month 2000 8 2001 7 (S) (W) Fig. 7. Monthly change in the number of ant species captured from pitfall trap on the ground of open area (S); forest floor (W) and sum of both habitats (T) in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001. 2000 1 (13.3 ) 2001 7 (24.2 ) ( a.) 88.3 % 98.96 % ( b.) 2001 5 7 470 mm 2000 11 330 mm ( c.) 38
a. Temperature ( ) b. Relative humidity (%) c. Precipitation (mm) Month 2000 8 2001 7 a. b. c. Fig. 8. The weather condition of a. temperature; b. relative humidity; c. precipitation during the period of sampling by pitfall trap in Fushan experimental forest from August, 2000 to July, 2001 each month. 39
3 0.7 ( ) 2000 8 2001 7 Table 4. The correlation coefficient between the monthly change of ant abundance captured from pitfall trap in Fushan experimental forest and the monthly change of temperature, relative humidity and precipitation during August, 2000 to July, 2001 Correlation Coefficient Temperature Relative Humidity Precipitation 0.71941-0.54981-0.25623 p 0.0084 0.064 0.4215 40
Pielou (1984) Bray-Curtis Cluster Analysis (1-1 ~ 4-4) (similarity) 65 % (W1 ~ W12) 50 ~ 65 % ( ) 2000 8 2001 7 (1-1 ~ 4-4 W1 ~ W12 ) Fig. 9. Dendrogram of similarity between sampling plots captured from pitfall trap in Fushan experimental forest during August, 2000 to July, 2001 (1-1 ~ 4-4: sampling plots on the ground of open area; W1 ~ W12: sampling plots on the forest floor) 41
( ) ( ) 6 7 (Campontus) (Protanilla) Majer (1983) 1 km 42
(Majer, 1983; Roth and Perfecto, 1994; Perfecto and Snelling, 1995) Feener and Schupp (1998) (treefall gaps) (Fetcher et al., 1985; Denslow, 1987) (Schupp and Feener, 1991) (Levings, 1983; Torres, 1984; Hölldobler and Wilson, 1990) 43
(3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4) (>75%) 50 % Majer et al. (1997) 25 ~ 45 m 44
45
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Appendix 1. Profiles of three ant functional groups in Australia (Modified from Andersen, 1995) Functional groups * Dominate Dolichoderinae Generalized Myrmicinae Competivity Stress Disturbance tolerance tolerance Note ++ - Equal to arbor + + - Equal to shrub Opportunists - + + Equal to grass * Still including Subordinate Camponotini; Climate specialists; Cryptic species; Specialist predators, to discriminate secondary habitat characteristics. 53
Appendix 2. Functional group discriminance of ants in Taiwan Attribute St Stress Group C Competition Group D Disturbance Group Colony Size Small Variable Large Queen Number Monogyny Monogyny or Polygyny Polygyny Soldier Caste None Few species Most species Territorial Exclusiveness Low High High Feeding Type Oilgophagus Oilgophagus or Monophagus Polyphagus Foraging Strategies Solitary or Large group or Solitary or (Serching) Small group Territoriality Territoriality Foraging Strategies (Retrieve) Solitary or Small group Territoriality or Large Group Retrieve Daily Diurnal or Nocturnal Diurnal Diurnal or Nocturnal Swarming Period Fixed Fixed Unfixed Tolerance to Extreme Temperature and Humidity High Low Low Colony Productivity Low High Low Settlement Ability High Low High Special Case Parasitism, Army Ant, Ant-eater Vagabond 54
(1997 ~ 2000) Appendix 3. Comparison of the result in this study and in the past investigation in Fushan (1997~2000) Category Present study Number of taxon Past study Capture (%) Subfamily 5 7 71.43 Genus 30 39 76.92 Species 53 93 56.99 55
Appendix 4. The result of sampling plots on the ground of open area Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Total MYRMICINAE Aphaenogsters gracilento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aphaenogsters caperatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aphaenogsters tipuna 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 1 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 19 Aphaenogsters isthmus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aphaenogsters lepida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Aphaenogsters cruciatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cadiocondyla monticola 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cadiocondyla wroughtonii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Crematogaster laboriosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crematogaster pia taivanae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crematogaster subnuda formasae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kyidris mutica 0 8 1 0 0 3 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 30 Leptothorax cerius 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lordmyrma formosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Monomorium chinense 0 0 0 0 30 4 9 5 68 88 56 44 65 57 90 19 535 Monomorium intrudens 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 Monomorium caecus 0 2 0 2 1 1 2 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 Oligomyrmex sauteri 18 9 34 19 17 10 18 15 25 15 1 17 21 22 18 35 294 Myrmecina taiwana 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 56
( ) Appendix 4. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Total Oligomyrmex oni 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pheidole noda 43 222 49 17 399 118 145 100 84 99 162 121 122 33 22 82 1818 Pheidole rinae tipuna 0 1 1 24 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 69 Pheidole fustis 0 0 0 0 0 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Pheidole pieli 1 9 16 75 5 54 14 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 182 Pheidole ernsti 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pheidole inocula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Pheidologeton yanoi 0 2 0 0 23 30 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 53 0 0 109 Pristomyrmex pungens 0 0 0 0 4 5 29 0 1 14 8 0 0 0 0 0 61 Rhaopalomsatix sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 Smithistruma leptothix 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Strumigenys solifontis 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 4 2 3 2 17 Strumigenys hispida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Strumigenys fomosensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Tetramorium pacificum 1 1 0 0 9 0 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 26 Tetramorium nipponense 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 4 0 3 1 0 1 3 0 0 19 Vollenhovia acanthinus 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Vollenhovia formosae 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Vollenhovia galvus 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 57
( ) Appendix 4. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Total PONERINAE Crytopone taivanensis 0 4 0 0 0 6 87 0 2 4 10 31 6 8 3 6 167 Gnamptogenys taivanensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Leptogenys kitteli 3 15 3 2 31 24 24 14 3 19 33 28 4 40 5 7 255 Leptogenys confucii 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 12 Odontomachus monticola 0 2 16 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Pachyconera luteipe 216 6 3 3 34 34 55 16 279 150 54 43 218 199 364 100 1774 Pachyconera javanus 0 71 52 51 30 50 33 50 4 0 33 30 2 0 2 0 408 Pachyconera chinensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Pachyconera darwinii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ponera alisana 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 FORMICINAE Camponotus sp.1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Formica japonica 7 2 9 1 29 4 1 2 5 13 88 25 12 25 49 33 305 Lasius talpa 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Paratrechina flavipes 1 12 10 4 6 2 3 8 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 51 Polyrjachis sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudolasius binghami taivanae 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 58
( ) Appendix 4. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 Total DOLICHODERINAE Tapanoma melanocephalum 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 7 1 1 3 1 2 4 24 Technomyrmex albipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AENICTINAE Aenictus sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 59
Appendix 5. The result of sampling plots on forest floor Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 Total MYRMICINAE Aphaenogsters gracilento 0 3 9 1 7 4 0 0 25 1 4 19 73 Aphaenogsters caperatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 Aphaenogsters tipuna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 Aphaenogsters isthmus 0 3 1 0 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 15 Aphaenogsters lepida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aphaenogsters cruciatus 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 Cadiocondyla monticola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cadiocondyla wroughtonii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crematogaster laboriosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crematogaster pia taivanae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crematogaster subnuda formasae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kyidris mutica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Leptothorax cerius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lordmyrma formosa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Monomorium chinense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Monomorium intrudens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Monomorium caecus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Myrmecina taiwana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oligomyrmex sauteri 0 2 0 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 12 60
( ) Appendix 5. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 Total Oligomyrmex oni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pheidole noda 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pheidole rinae tipuna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pheidole fustis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pheidole pieli 0 7 68 20 6 14 50 1 3 0 0 0 169 Pheidole ernsti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pheidole inocula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Pheidologeton yanoi 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 148 170 Pristomyrmex pungens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhaopalomsatix sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Smithistruma leptothix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Strumigenys solifontis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Strumigenys hispida 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 4 Strumigenys fomosensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetramorium pacificum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Tetramorium nipponense 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 6 Vollenhovia acanthinus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vollenhovia formosae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vollenhovia galvus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 61
( ) Appendix 5. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 Total PONERINAE Crytopone taivanensis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Gnamptogenys taivanensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Leptogenys kitteli 2 6 0 18 1 2 0 1 3 3 1 5 42 Leptogenys confucii 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 7 Odontomachus monticola 4 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 9 Pachyconera luteipe 110 4 0 2 12 3 8 56 13 114 52 55 429 Pachyconera javanus 0 24 7 23 10 9 20 2 15 0 11 6 127 Pachyconera chinensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pachyconera darwinii 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ponera alisana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FORMICINAE Camponotus sp.1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 7 Formica japonica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lasius talpa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Paratrechina flavipes 0 2 0 0 0 1 12 0 0 0 1 2 18 Polyrjachis sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudolasius binghami taivanae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62
( ) Appendix 5. (continued) Subfamily Scientific name Chinese name W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 Total DOLICHODERINAE Tapanoma melanocephalum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Technomyrmex albipes 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 AENICTINAE Aenictus sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Total 131 60 87 70 53 40 94 64 70 123 81 240 1113 63
( NSC 89-2621-B-002-048-A10 NSC 89-2621-B-002-021) 64