(Statistics). (Descriptive Statistics). (Inferential Statistics) (Inductive Statistics)
( ) t ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t-
( ) ( ) ( )? ( ) ( )? ( ) )?( t ) ( )? ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )? ( ) ( ) ( )? ( )?( t ) )? ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t z t t z Rank Sum ANOVA K-S ANOVA Sign Wilcoxon McNemar Cocohran Q ANOVA ANOVA ANCOVA MANCOVA 4
VCD CD.. 3. 4. 5... 3. 4. 5. 3 A B C D..... (). 3. 3... 3. 4. 5
.. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.... 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.. 6
... 3. 4. 5.... ( 4 ) 3. 4. ( ) 5... 3. 6... 7.. (). 3. 8.. 5. 6-3. -5 4. 6-3 5. -35 6. 36 7
a a a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a b b b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b c_ c_ c_3 c_4 c_5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = = ( ) c c3 c4 c5 3 4 5 8
d6 6 d7 7 d8 8 e9 =a+a+a3+a4 e3 =a5+a6+a7 e3 =a8+a9+a f3 =b+b+b3+b4 f33 =b5+b6+b7 f34 =b8+b9+b 9
( ) ( )) ( ). (central tendency)- (mean) ( median) ( mode) (quartiles). (dispersion)- ( standard deviation) ( variance) (range) (interquartile range). ( )
65 55.% 55.% 35 45.%.% 3.% () 33.33% 33.33% 4 46.67% 8.% 6.%.% 3.% 5 7.33% 7.33% 6-5 6.67% 4.% -5 8 6.67% 5.67% 6-3 66.% 7.67% 3-35 47 5.67% 88.33% 36 35.67%.% 3.% Excel Word
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. ( ) 4
3. OLAP : : 5
4. c_ c_ c_3 c_4 c_5 $c Group $C (Value tabulated = ) Pct of Pct of Dichotomy label Name Count Responses Cases C_ 45 9. 49.3 C_ 93 5.5 65.6 C_3 36 7.9 46.3 C_4 4.6 37.8 C_5 73.8 58.8 ------- ----- ----- Total responses 758. 57.8 6 missing cases; 94 valid cases 6
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(Reliability Analysis) Cronbach α(cronbach, 95) α = n Var( xi ) n i= n n Var( xi ) i=. Cuieford (965).7 < α.35 α.7 α.35. Nunnally (967) α.5 3. 4. ( ). (a~c5) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 99. N of Items = 9 Alpha =.86 8
. (a~b) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 3. N of Items = Alpha =.83 3. (a~a) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 3. N of Items = Alpha =.859 4. (b~b) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 3. N of Items = Alpha =.89 5. (c~c5) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 99. N of Items = 9 Alpha =.35 9
6. c_~c_5) 7. (a~b,c,c3,c4) ****** Method (space saver) will be used for this analysis ****** R E L I A B I L I T Y A N A L Y S I S - S C A L E (A L P H A) Reliability Coefficients N of Cases = 99. N of Items = 7 Alpha =.3
(Chi-Square Test) H H : ependent) : indepdent) p α, H p < α, H p α χ χ = r c i= j= ( O ij Eˆ ij ) Eˆ ij f ( χ ) χ k m χ α χ
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T (One Sample T test) T f ( x) / / _ * µ = µ * x L x U x t = X µ S X ( ) H H : µ = µ : µ µ α, H < α, H T 4
6 H H : µ = 6 : µ 6 65 H H : µ 65 : µ < 65 5
3.6 H H : µ : µ p p.6 >.6 6
T (Independent Sample T test) X X µ : µ : σ : σ : n µ µ : n X, X, L, X n X, X, L, X n X : X : S : S : X X :µ µ t = ( X X ) ( µ µ S X X ) : : ( ) ( ) H H : µ = µ : µ µ H H : µ µ : µ µ = α, H < α, H T 7
: H H : µ : µ µ µ = H H : µ : µ µ µ < 8
3 H H : p : p p p > 9
T (Pair- Sample T test) M N n X X X M X N X M X n X M X N X X X M X n D= X X M M N D D N D= X X M n D M D n t = D µ D S D n H H : µ : µ D D = p α, H p < α, H T 3
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(One-Way ANOVA) ( ) H µ = µ = µ 3 = µ H µ µ µ µ 3 F f ( F ) F v,v F α F MSTR F = MSE 3
: : ( ) ( ) H : µ = µ =... = µ k H : µ,µ,...,µ k p α, H p < α, H ( Post Hoc Scheffe Duncan) 33
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4 (Correlation) - r xy ) Y X XY XY S S S y x xy Y Y X X Y Y X X r = = = ) ( ) ( ) )( ( xy Y X XY Y X Y X Y Y X X XY Y X E Y X E σ σ σ σ σ µ µ σ µ σ µ ρ = = = ) )( ( Y X ρ= Y X ρ= -.8 Y X ρ=.8 Y X ρ= Y X ρ= - Y X ρ=
- = - - << = << =.7 <.3 <.7 < <.3 H H : ρ = : ρ p α, p < α, H H (pearson ) 4
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(Linear regression) Y$ = $ α + $ βx 4 Y 8 6 4 X 3 4 5 : : H H : βi = : β i ( ) ( ) p α, p < α, H H 46
f ( Y X i ) Y EYX ( ) = α + βx i i EY ( ) EY ( ) EY ( 3 ) X X X 3 X Yi = α + βx i + εi i =, L, n ˆ ( X X )( Y Y ) Σxy β = = ˆ α = Y ˆ βx ( X X ) Σx R R SSR SSE = = = SST SST β ˆ β β ~ t SY / X x α n ( Yˆ Y ) ( Y Y ) Σe = Σ( Y Y ) S Y/ X $ α α X n x ~ t n 47
Y Y i = + E( Y ) = α + βx + γz E (Y i ) Y i ε i =Y i - E (Y i ) Z ( X i, Z i ) X Y i = α + β X + β X + L+ β X + ε i i k ki i ˆ β ˆ γ z xy xz x z ( xz) = x zy zx x z ( xz = ) zy xy $ α = Y $ βx $ γz R n ( Y $ i Y ) i= = n ( Y i Y ) i= = SSR SST R = n i= ˆ ( Yi Yi ) / n k = n ( Y Y ) n i= i n i= n i= e y i i n n k 48
Y=.458 ( ) 5(X = 5 ) ` Y=.458 (5) = 6.9 R =.397 49
Y= =.395 +.6 ( ) (X = ) Y= =.395 +.6 () = 4.7 R =.94 5
3 (bb b) Y= 7.366( ) + 7.94 (b3) -89.649 (b5) +4.333 (b) 6 b33b54 b5 873 Y=7.366(6) + 7.94 (3) -89.649 (4) +4.333 (5) = 873. R =.45 5
(Factor Analysis). ( ). Comrey (973) 3 3. Gorsuch 4..3 KMO : b~b 5
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