BIBLID 0254-4466(2003)21:1 pp. 413-433 21 1 92 6 ** 1 2 * ** 1 41 16 1945 44-46 2 1955.12 54-87 413

414 21 1 3 4 Tängri Tängri Qaghan 5 6 7 8 3 1996.3 4 170-176 177-179 4 1 4 1966.10 11-15 5 1997.10 71-109 6 1996.3 239-251 7 1986.3 341-366 8 1983.1 24-56

415 630 631 801 9 Ilig Qaghan 10 11 12 9 177-178 10 1981.1 3 35 1956.6 193 630 6074 11 3 35 1981.1 2 28 1989.4 14 320 12 193 6074

416 21 1 13 6 630 200 3 2 193 100 73 631 3 646 2 198 96 217 647 198 13 100 5 2000.5 40-41

417 646 14 15 14 1992.4 405-406 15 1987.2 350 3920-3921

418 21 1 16 17 18 19 Tängri Qaghan 20 16 11 17 365-366 18 19 20 144 1491

419 200 630 6 3 2 193 100 73 3 2 646 198 96 217 647 198 221 720 27 725 999 727 999 215 732 215 739 999 221 741 99 999 221 742 98 977 745 999 195 758 217 120 765 137 195 217 223

420 21 1 21 Tängri Qaghan 22 23 Tängri Qaghan 24 Tängri 25 Tängri Qaghan Tängri Qaghan 26 27 28 21 215 1569 22 194 1500 221 757 7076 23 1981.8 967 11373 24 71-109 25 1982.5 63 26 27 tä ri te iri te te älgün te iri 1998.12 136 1993.10 186 Wilhelm Barthold tängri 1984.8 11-12 28 Tängri Qaghan 10 Bilgä Qaghan 11 Tängri Qaghan 12 21 25-26

421 29 Pelliot tängri 30 639 31 641 Batur Bilgä Qaghan Elteris Ilteris Qaghan Tängri Qaghan Sukun 10 13-16 Tängri Qaghan 81-83 101 1993.5 102-106 1985.12 134-144 29 194 1491 214 734 6809 964 30 Pelliot 1962.7 25 31 195 639 6147 638 1994.7 9 729

422 21 1 Köl Bilgä Qaghan ˆ Tägr idä Bolmis Il Itmis Bilgä Qaghan 32 33 Idiken Tängri Qaghan 34 35 36 lha btsan po phrul gyi lha btsan po 37 32 1990.1 127-172 33 220 758 7059 34 226 780 7282 35 222 762 7133 195 1500 36 107 130-131 1997.5 122-126 37 1992.2 95 107

423 Louis XIV Sun King 38 39 38 200 5494 39

424 21 1 646 40 41 42 43 44 40 56-57 41 221 1623 42 221 1625 43 194 1487 81 765 44 27 521

425 45 46 47 48 49 50 221 45 Tängri Qaghan 96 46 1981.1 6 47 1973.7 11 11 48 1981.10 389 49 1978.4 187 50 1970.5 4 223 1989 3 1989.9 21

426 21 1 51 52 53 51 6 83-84 52 1993.8 7 314-337 40 1994.6 58-60 53 1982.6 40-53 1996.10 8-9

427 54 55 56 57 58 54 1953 108 55 1997.3 252 56 1995.2 124-130 57

428 21 1 59 60 61 62 304 308 63 1999.11 5 58 8 1990.3 59 1987 4 1987. 12 2 60 1993 3 1993.9 17 61 3 1 1992.10 51 74-75 62 126 67-73 63 1981.1 101 730

429 64 65 66 64 67-78 65 8 1990.3 47-91 3 1 1992.10 51-94 5 1 1994.10 173-235 7 1 1996.12 191-223 7 1 1996.12 225-279 1 1995.4 1-70 66 1981.1 84 851

430 21 1 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 755 74 67 84 854 68 1930 48 69 1991 3 188 70 6 53 201 664 6343 3 24 71 139 1169 72 1987.7 8 758 73 1994.9 134-135 74 1965 21

431 75 76 Bayan 77 b m m Bayan b zhang btsan ba 78 ba b m b m 79 Qaghan tängri Yami Qaghan Nür kür kara Qaghan 75 127 1121 76 170-174 77 1966 300 78 196 1512 79

432 21 1 80 universal king 630 80 1994.8 153-164

433 The Term Emperor-Tängri Qaghan in the T ang Dynasty Chen-hung Chu Abstract This article focuses on the term Tängri Qaghan used to refer to T ang T ai-tzung. First we look at the particular instances in which this term was used to refer to the emperor. Next, we discuss the types of people to whom the honorific title Tängri Qaghan was applied. Finally, we examine the meaning and significance of the term as applied to the T ang dynasty emperor. Keywords: T ang T ai-tzung, Tängri Qaghan, emperor, Han/Nomad systems, T ang dynasty * Chen-hung Chu is a Ph.D. student in the Department of History at National Chung Cheng University.