24 3 47-61 1 s o c i a l e n t e r p r i s e Baumol and Bowen, 1966; Moore, 1968; Peacock, 1969; Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 Council of Museums I C O M Haag, 1979; Banfield, 1984; Abbing, 2002 I n t e r n a t i o n a l 1 E-mail: mishardo17@gmail.com 47
1998 L o u i s 2 Pierre Althusser A l t h u s s e r, 1971 2005 3 Hans Abbing A b b i n g, 2002 Jesse Helms 1989 N E A Robert Mapplethorpe S o u t h e a s t e r n Center for Contemporary Art N E A N E A Heilbrun and Gray, 2001; Miller and Yùdice, 2002 Antonio Gramsci 2 http://icom.museum/ 2009/08/16 3 http://www.cam.org.tw/big5/about2.htm 2009/08/16 48
c u l t u r a l reproduction P. Bourdieu D i s t i n c t i o n purveyor of truth cultural capital venerated cultural t a s t e a u t h o r i t y Harrison, 1994: 161 1960 G e o rges-henri Riviè re 1980 Bourdieu, 1990; 1998 Sandell, 2002: 19 2002 e m p o w e r m e n t Bourdieu, 1990 A. Darbel high art 1 9 9 1 R. Sandell V. D. Haag 1 979 2002 T. Adam Smith B e n n e t t2 008 49
J. Heilbrun C. M. Gray Heilbrun and G r a y, 2001 A. C. P i g o u imagined communities soft power 1971 e ff i c i e n c y 2 002 e q u i t y e x t e r n a l i t i e s 2008 1994 e x t e r n a l b e n e f i t s Haag, 1979 J. Pick Pick, 1988 W. J. Baumol 1995: 107 W. G. Bowen Baumol and Bowen, 1966 We i l, Heilbrun and Gray, 2001; Throsby, 1995 2001; Travers and Glaister, 2004 J. Myerscough 10 3 M y e r s c o u g h, 1988 DCMS, 2005 Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 Lorente, 1996; Santagata, 2002; 50
M o n t g o m e r y, 2003; Evans, 2005 Guggenheim Museum Tate Modern 4 W. S a n t a g a t a Heilbrun and Gray, 2001; S a n t a g a t a, Abbing, 2002 200 2 Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 A b b i n g, 2002 - E. Hooper- G r e e n h i l l Haag, 1979 ; Abbing, 2002 H o o p e r- Greenhill, 1994 S. E. We i l T h r o s b y, 2001 Weil, 1990 Weil, 1990 Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 4 51
merit goods Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 D Baumol and Bowen, 1966 P 1 cost disease 5 Q 1 d e c r e a s i n g P 2 cost industry Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 Q 2 1 1 A D O C M C P 2 = M C 1. 5 1966 Franz Joseph Haydn 52
equality of opportunity p r i n c i p l e 27 Jürg e n H a b e r m a s Heilbrun and Gray, 2001 N. Merriman 1999 2004 F. We b s t e r Merriman, 1991 House of Commons, 1989; O Hagan, 1995; Bailey et al., 1997, 1998 2008 L. Gibson 2 008 R. H a b e r m a s, L e v i t t2 008 1962 We b s t e r, 1995 1999 2007 2004 Culture and Creativity in 2007 Robert Hewison1 987 DCMS, 2007 1 995 a c c e s s i b i l i t y social inclusion 1999 53
J. D. Harrison 1980 m u s e u m e v e n t s B. Frey Harrison, 1994 F r e y, 1998 E. Baker B a k e r, 1999 2 003 2008 2002 1990 Wi t t l i n, 1970 Y. N. Lin I PA Importance- Performance Analysis of Arts Museum Services b l o c k b u s t e r 54
Lin, 2009 2003 2009 27 2 6 6 2001 e ff e c t i v e l y e ff i c i e n t l y 6 2 6 55
M L A G u i d e s t a r 7 top-down approach b o t t o m - u p C. Scott S c o t t, 2009 Holden, 2004 S c o t t, 2009 7 http://www2.guidestar.org/ 2010/03/1 56
Jenks, C. 1998 Pick, J. 1995 2009 13(3): 11-37 Strinati, D. 2005 2003 15 66-67 Pigou, A. C. 1971 Picard, R. G. 1994 Webster, F. 1999 2001 http://old.npf.org.tw/publication/ec/090/ec-r-090-010.htm 2008 B a e k e r, C. 2004 Abbing, H. 2008 Abbing, H., 2002. Why Are Artists Poor? The Exceptional Economy of the Arts. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press. B a i l e y, S. et al., 1997. Charging for admission to museums and galleries: Arguments and evidence. Museum Management and Curatorship, 16(4): 355-369. Bailey, S. J. and Falconer, P., 1998. Charging for admission to museums and galleries: A framework for analyzing the impact on access. Journal of Cultural Economics, 22: 167-177. Banfield, E. C., 1984. The Democratic Muse. New York: Basic. Barker, E., 1999. Exhibiting the canon: The blockbuster show. In: Barker, E. (Ed.), 1999, Contemporary Cultures of Display, pp. 127-146. The Open University Press. Baumol, W. J. and Bowen, W. G., 1966. Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma. New York : Twentieth Century Fund. Bennett, T., 2008. Cultural capital, social inequality and cultural policy. The International Forum for Cultural Policy and Capitals of Culture, 26th-27th, April. Taipei: National Cultural Association. Bourdieu, P., 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique for the Judgement of Ta s t e. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Bourdieu, P., 1990. Artistic taste and cultural capital. In: Alexander, J. C. and Seidman, S. (Ed.), 1990, Culture and Society: Contemporary Debates, pp. 205-215. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press. Bourdieu, P. and Darbel, A. et al., 1991. The Love of Art: European Art Museums and Their 57
Public. Cambridge: Polity Press. Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2005. Understanding the Future: Museums and 21st Century Life-The Value of Museums, pp. 3. London: DCMS., 2007. Culture and Creativity in 2007. London: DCMS. Evans, G., 2005. Measure for measure: Evaluating the evidence of culture s contribution to regeneration. Urban Studies, 42(5/6): 959-983. Frey, B., 1998. Superstar museums: An economic analysis. Journal of Cultural Economics, 22(203): 13-125. Gibson, L., 2008. In defence of instrumentality. Cultural Trends, 17(4): 247-257. Haag, V. D., 1979. Should the government subsidize the arts? Policy Review, 10: 63-73. Harrison, J. D., 1994. Ideas of museums in the 1990s. Museum Management and Curatorship, 13(2): 160-176. Heilbrun, J. and Gray, C. M., 2001. The Economics of Art and Culture, 2nd ed. UK: Cambridge University Press. Holden, J., 2004. Capturing Cultural Value: Howe Culture Has Become a Tool of Government Policy. London: DEMOS. Hooper-Greenhill, E., 1994. Museums and Their Visitors. London: Routledge. House of Commons, 1989. Certain museums and galleries: Policies on charging for admission, minutes of evidence. Education, Science and Arts Committee, House of Commons, Session 1989-90, 27th June. London: HMSO. Levitt, R., 2008. The political and intellectual landscape of instrumental museum policy. Cultural Trends, 17(4): 223-231. Lin, Y. N., 2009. Importance-performance analysis of the Taipei Fine Arts Museum s service. Museum Management and Curatorship, 24(2): 105-121. Lorente, P. (Ed.), 1996. The Role of Museums and the Arts in the Regeneration of Liverpool. Leicester: University of Leicester. Merriman, N., 1991. Beyond the Glass Case: The Past, the Heritage and the Public in Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press. Miller, T. and Yùdice, G., 2002. Cultural Policy. London: Sage. M o n t g o m e r y, J., 2003. Cultural quarters as mechanisms for urban regeneration. Part 1: Conceptualising cultural quarters. Planning, Practice and Research, 18(4): 293-306. Moore, T., 1968. Reasons for subsidizing american theater. In: Blaug, M. (Ed.), 1968, The Economics of the Arts. London: Martin Robertson. Myerscough, J. et al., 1988. The Economic Importance of the Arts in Britain. London: Policy Studies Institute. O Hagan, W. J., 1995. National museums: To charge or not to charge? Journal of Cultural Economics, 19: 33-47. Peacock, A. T., 1969. Welfare economics and public subsidies to the Arts. I n: Blaug, M. (Ed.), 1976, The Economics of the Arts, pp. 148-174. London: Martin Robertson and Company. Sandell, R. (Ed.), 2002. Museums and the Combating of Social Inequality: Roles, Responsibilities, Resistance. London: Routledge. 58
Santagata, W., 2002. Cultural districts, prooerty rights and sustainable economic growth. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 269(1): 9-23. Scott, C., 2009. Exploring the evidence base for museum value. International Museum Management and Curatorship, 24(3): 195-212. Throsby, D., 2001. Economics and Culture. Cambridge University Press. Travers, T. and Glaister, S., 2004. Valuing Museums: Impact and Innovation among National Museums. UK: National Museum Directors Conference. Weil, S. E., 1990. Rethinking the Museum: And Other Meditations. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Weil, S. E., 1995. A Cabinet of Curiosities: Inquiries into Museums and Their Prospects. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Wittlin, A., 1970. A twelve point program for museum renewal. I n: Anderson, G. (Ed.), 2004, Reinventing the Museum: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Paradigm Shift. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.. 2010 3 29 2010 7 16 59
60
To Subsidize or Not to Subsidize? Reflections and Debates on the Issue of Museum Subsidies Wen-Ling Lin* Abstract The museum of the day is facing financial difficulties due to government grant cuts and decentralization. Most museums need to raise funds for their operation / survival. This paper discusses museum subsidy issue by examining the arguments on both positive and negative sides and rethinks the responsibility and value of museums to the society, so as to ponder how the subsidy mechanism was formed. Finally, the study indicates that a subsidy will help a museum display its public benefit and keep it from financial pressure, so that the museum can concentrate on its functions like research, collection, education and promotion as well as on displaying its cultural diversity. Sound subsidy mechanism and active responses from museums will lead to create dialogues among government, citizen and museum. Keywords: policy of subsidy, cultural policy, museum * Ph D. Student, Graduate School of Art-Culture Policy and Management, National Taiwan University of Arts; E-mail: mishardo17@gmail.com 61
62