1, 1 2, (1., 250014 ; 2., 110032) : 20 ( 1900 1911) ( 1912 1911), ( 1949 1999), 1949, 20 : ; ; :R283 :A :100121528 (2000) 0120033226 The Revie w of Development of Chinese Herbal Processing WAN G Qi 1, SUN LiLi 1, J IA Tian Zhu 2 ( S handong Instit ute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Meteria Medica, Jinan, 250014) Abstract Objective : Review the development of Chinese cutting processing in the different periods of the twen2 tiet h cent uty. Method : Summarizds generally and individually t he references on t he classic Chinese herbs pro2 cessing technology in t he recent a cent ury by means of reviewing summarily,describing individually and listing. Result : All the references were divided into three periods as follow,the using term (the Ching Dynast1900 1911) ;the stopping term ( R O China1912 1949) ;the developing term ( P. R. China1949 1999). Reviewed systematically and importantly t he develop ment of f he processing of Chinese t raditional medicine by six different scientific fields as follow,t he teaching of Chinese t raditional medicine processing ; t he cutting production ; t he e2 quipment of processing ;the research on processing ;the books on processing and the scientific meeting on pro2 cessing. Conclusion : Reviewes generally and systematically t he develop ment for t he processing technology of Chindse t raditional medicine in twentiet h cent ury. Key words Twentuth Centuty ; The Processing of Chinese Traditional Medicine ; Development ; Review,,,,,,,, 21, 20 (19001911) :1999210206 : (1935),,,,1963, 10 10, 4 100 20 (1953),,,1982 4 (1951),,,,1977, 8 21 : ( 79 ) : (024) 86237412 :110032 33
, 1907 ( ) [1 ] 10, (19121948) 1914, 1925 : ( ) 1929 12 :, 1930 ; ; 3 17 3 17,15 132,, [2 ] 30 1912 50,() (), ; 1917 ( ),,,1928,1931 1937, 165,1938 6,, 22 1949 27 [1, ] 34
1935 [3 ],, (19491999),1952, 304,9311 %1953 7,60 [1 ],,,, 1, ; ; 1. 1,,, 80 90, 1. 2 50, 1979 170 1985 ; 200 ; 1996,,1988 195 35
, ( [ 1994 ]20 ) 358,115,45 (),12, 6 9 1. 3, 2 50,1955 ;,,, 1985 2 62 44 :,,,,,,,,, 3 1 [4 3. 1 ], [5 ] GQ 1A, [6 ] [7 13 ] SGP 100, 95 %,, 70 % [8 ] XY 1 2mm, [9 ] 380kg 3. 2, ; ; [10 ] XQ Y 500, ( ) ; [11 ], [12 ] Q Y 1 350400kg [13 ], [14 ] [15 ] [16 ] YZ [17 ] DCS [18, ], [19, ] ZJ 36
[20 ] YHW806A, 5090 %, 13. 585. 1 % ;,, [21 ] 3. 3 [22 ] [23 ] [24 ], JDO 3 100L6/ 4/ 2 [25 ] [26 ] [27 ] [28 ] [29 ], [30 ] P 1 [31 P 2 ] 3. 4,, [32 ], 1 2 3 4 1 20 ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ) DCS CY YHW - 800A GZS - 0. 5 XY - 1 XD - 3B ZQ120Z XY - 80 72-1 SID - 220 XQ Y - 500 KW - 80 GQ - 3 ( ) ZDQ - 3 SJ - 250 37
4 4. 1 ;, ;, 6 9 4. 1. 1, 50 501 509, 14, 523 ; 4. 1. 2, 50, 70 ; [33 ] 70,, [34 ],,, [35 ],, [36 ] ; 80 [37 ],, [38 ],,, [39 ], ;, ;, 38
,,, 4. 2, 50 60 ;70 ;80 ;90,,, 6 7 8 4. 2. 1 41 [45 ], [43 ] [44 ], [46 ] 2030 % 1617 %, 50 ] [47 30. 7 %, [4851 ] 4. 22 %12. 41 % [53 ], [54 ] 3 % [55 ], 50 % 57 ], [56 [5860 ] [60,61 ] 3. 16 %, 0. 050. 07 %,,N -, [62, ],,,,, 20 %, [63 ] ; 4. 2. 2 60 88. 19 % 50 % 80 % 50 % 2 [64,65 ], 39
,,, 5 10 30 [66 ] [67 ] [68 ] [69 ] 2 ( %) ( %) 0. 5335 0. 4175 2. 585 2. 055 57. 14 47. 09 11. 89 8. 39 22. 70 13. 25 48. 29 25. 96 5. 33 4. 85 8. 73 4. 61 4. 47 2. 32 1mm, 12mm, 23mm 3 6mm 16 23 % [70 ] [71 ], [72 0. 1mm, 1. 5cm, 4060s, ], [73, ] [74,23mm ] [75 ] [76 13mm ],,0. 5mm [77 ] 1980 1992,, ; 500,, 1993, 400 [78 ] [79 510min, 30min, 11. 5mm,80, ] 23mm 99. 91 % ; 56mm 85. 22 % 23mm [80 ] 4. 2. 3, 50 50 :,40, 4. 2. 3. 1,, 80,100,120,140 1h 120, 40
120 [8183 ],100 5h [84 ] 1. 5kg/ cm 2, 50 90min ( ) (, 1 ) [85 ] [86,115,6h ],120,15kg/ cm 2,2h [87 ] 115,0. 7gk/ cm 2 2h 4h [88 ] 4d,,,,80kg, 130L, 5h, 0. 15MPa [99 ], (127,0. 15MPa) 3h [90 ] [91 ] 270 270 1. 15 %, 290 0. 49 % 270 [92 ],,, [93 ] ; [94 ], [95 ] [96, ], [97 ] ; 110,2h [98 ] [99 ] ; [100, ] [101 ],115,10min,127, 103 100min,, ] 120, 2h [102 [104 ], 1. 31. 5gk/ cm 2 [105 2h ] 120,260,300, 300600,750, KAl [106 ] (SO 4 ) 2, K 2 SO 4 Al 2 O 3 SO 3,180 260 [107 ] 2cm,g10mm, 240, 3h ; KAl ( SO 4 ) 2 ( P < 0. 05) [108 ] [109 ] 450 3. 5h 10 % (100g, 40ml),, [110 ],450 [111, 90min ( := 100 :30), 9 ] [112 5 %, 90, 10min ],,,130150,20min ;,170190,20min [113 ],230,11min [114 ],150 [115 ] [116 23mm,255260, 9min ] ; [117 ] 6h [118 119 32h 64h ] (100kg, 40kg), 2h,70 121 ] [120 41
[122 ] [123, 17. 30 1. 85 %, 3. 69 0. 11h, 126. 50 2. 55 ] 180 23min 8095, 2 [124 90100, 5min ] 20min,, 60min [125 ] 101. 3kPa, [126 3min ] 80,45min [127 ] : 160180, 20min [128 ], 10kg,, 30min, 130,, 10 %, 130 120 40min ] [129 [131 8090 / min,160 10min ],,90,2 ( 10 %), [132 ] 134 ] [133 : 250 10min, 190g 210 136 ], 250,8min, [135 [137, 70 %,, ],3 %Na 2 CO 3 2h 7 [138 ] [139 ] ; 56h, [140 ] ;, 210,10min [141 ] ;,126, 0. 5h [142 ] ;, 30 %,25 %, 12min [143 ] ;, : 1cm, 170, 8min, : 1cm, 180, 14min [144 ] 4. 2. 3. 2 : 242 1. 52 % [92 250, 1. 46 %, 270, 1. 15 % ] 35. 57 % 16. 67 % 62. 10 % [145 ] 1. 59 %, 0. 49 % ; 1. 56 %, 0. 87 % C 2 - OCH 3 C 3 - OCH 3 [146 ] 4 - [147 ] 12,, 16 4 1. 47. 9 %, 23 6, [148,150 ] 50min 60min 19. 6 % 40. 2 % ; 3. 84 %, 6. 82 % ; 5. 80 %, 10. 84 % [149 ], 3 42
3 ( %) ( %) ( %) 5. 22 2. 16 43. 00 41. 00 6. 70 17. 46 4. 92 30. 20 38. 63 8. 90 4 1, 2, Rs 1 Rs 2 ( ) (malony) Rb 1 Rb 2 RC Rd ; S - R - ; : ; ; S - R - ; ;, B ;, r -, 0. 15 %0. 08 % 0. 13 %0. 12 %, 13. 35 16. 49 20. 04 10. 40 24. [151 6 % 152 ] 4. 16 %, 2. 28 % 1. 03 % 0. 69 % [153 ] 2. 12 % 2. 11 %, 1. 65 %, 1. 04 %, 0. 47 % [154 ] 0. 40 %, 0. 150 %, 0. 101 %, 0. 069 % [155 ], 2/ 5 2/ 5 [156 ],, > > ( ) > > 2. 7, - 6-4. 5 4. 1 2. 7 3. 4, 1. 9 2. 8 (SRS) [157 4 ] [158 ] 18 %, 50 % 80 % HPLC 0. 540. 67 %,d - [159 2. 223. 00 % 160 ] p H = 3. 4, [161 ] d -, 30h 6h 50 % 30 %, 0. 5h, 62. 5 % ; 2h, 35. 7 % ; 4h, 11. 8 % 30h, 15 % [160 ] [162 ] 80 % [163 ], 100 % 25. 06 % 49 % 22. 66 % [164 ], 10 43
[165 20 % 0. 54 %0. 53 % ] [166 ], 18. 69 % [167 ] 169 3, ] [168 50 % [170 ], > > > > 40 %, [171 90 % ], TLC 1. 31 %, [172 0. 263 % ] 19, 26 16, [173 1 40 d - > > ] 5 > > > ; > > >,d - 0. 63 % > > [174 ] 50 % 90 % 70 % [175 ] 7 30 % [176, 6, ], [177 ], 70 %,210,270nm,230mm [178 ], 4 5 [179 ], 4 ( %) 0. 710 0. 650 0. 710 0. 539 0. 555 22. 00 22. 58 23. 98 43. 81 44. 41 42. 44 5. 93 6. 18 25. 06 22. 66 2. 483 2. 264 3. 540 3. 380 0. 355 0. 380 0. 350 0. 730 45. 70 44. 57 43. 750 44
5 50 % 100 % 100 %( %) 6. 7895 91. 79 1. 6382 1. 67 7. 0470 102. 43 2. 6666 4. 25 7. 0045 2. 4452 7. 8670 100. 38 2. 6561 4. 61 7. 5450 2. 5066 7. 5986 2. 5280 46. 55 46. 49 41. 04 5. 036 24. 88 27. 64 1. 56 8. 57 4. 2. 3. 3, [180 ] [181 ] [182 ] [183 ], [184 ],, [185 ] [186 ] [187 ] [188 ], [189 1 5 ] [190 ; ] ; ; [191 ] [192 ] [193 ], [194 ] [195 ], [196 ] [197 ] [198 ] [199 ] [200 ] [201 ] [202 ] [203 ] [204 ] 5 5 [205, ] 3 [206 ] 4 [207 ] [208 ] 45
[209 ] 4. 2. 3. 4,80, [210 ],, 1. 6 % [211 ] [212 ] [213 ] 60 6h, (C 27 H 30 O 6 ) 1015 % ; 23 % [214 ], [215 max282nm ] ( G 19 H 17 N 30 ), 0. 20 % [216 ] 10. 0 % 7. 0 % [217 ] [218 20 % 6 ] [219 0. 06 % ] [220, ], ; [221 ] [227 ] 6. 0 % ; 2. 3 % 0. 40 % ; 0. 01 % 0. 2 % [216 ] KAl (SO 4 ) 2 95. 0 % [223 ] [224 5 -, 0. 20. 3 % ] TLC, HPLC 25. 0 % 21. 0 % ; 1. 00 % ( ml/ g) 0. 90 %(ml/ g) ; (C 9 H 13 O 2 N) 0. 060 %, 0. 042 % [225 ] 1. 0 % [226 ], [227 ] 8 % 12 % [228 ] 10 0. 16340. 9627 % 0. 20000. 4648 %, [229, ] 12, 50 %,,, 83 % [232 ] 2. 1886. 879 %, [230 ] 0. 0001. 319 % 10, 4. 5410. 05 %, [231 4. 4917. 58 % 18. 5923. 34 % 0. 2450. 475 % ] [233 ], 13 6. 66011. 272 % 0. 375 46
[234 0. 550 % ] 8 0. 04 % [235 ] 4. 2. 3. 5, ( ) 83 ] [236 81 [237 ], C 8 ; ; C 14 C 8 - OH, (lipo2alkaloid) [238 ] 270, [92 ] [148 ] 110 [133 ], [134 ] [239 ] 240 ] [115 ;, 2/ 5 2/ 3 95 % 242 ] 4 [241 156 190 230 230 [243 244 ] 190 [245 200 ], 247 ] [246 [248 ],, 10min 30min [249 250 ] ; [250 ] 47
[251 ] Ca [252 ] [253 ],,d - [254 ] 4. 2. 3. 6,, 3g 5g 10g, 30g 1, 7 87, 64,73. 5 % 23,26. 5 % ; 5 1015g 1, [182 ] 20 [255 ],64 75mg,8, 64,78. 1 % 8 [256 ] 258, ] [257 118 ; 32 90. 93 % [259 260 ] 43 75 0. 4 2. 5 [261 ] 6 20 1 1981 2 1983 3 1985 4 1987 5 1988 6 1988 7 1989 8 1989 9 1990 10 1990 11 1990 12 1991 13 1991 14 1992 15 1992 16 1993 17 1993 18 1993 19 1993 20 1994 48
21 22 1994 1994 23 1995 24 1995 25 1995 26 1995 27 1995 28 1996 29 1996 30 1996 31 1996 32 1996 33 1997 34 1997 36 1997 37 1997 38 1997 39 1997 40 1997 41 1997 42 1997 43 1997 44 1997 45 1997 46 1997 47 1997 48 1997 49 1997 50 1997 51 1997 52 1997 53 1997 54 1997 55 1997 56 1997 57 1997 58 1997 59 1997 60 1998 61 1998 7 20 1 1980 2 YT 1981 3 CY 1981 4 1984 49
5 1984 6 1984 7 1986 8 1986 9 ZS 500-2 800-3 1987 10 DC - 50 1989 11 1989 12 ZQ120-2 1991 13 1991 14 1991 15 1991 16 1991 17 1991 18 1991 19 1991 20 1991 21 1991 22 1991 23 1991 24 1991 25 1991 26 1991 27 1991 28 1991 29 1991 30 1992 31 1996 32 1996 33 1996 34 1998 35 1999 8 20 1 1986 2 1988 3 1992 4 1992 5 1993 5,,50, 25 4, 2, (1990 ) 654 14, 1988 554 9, 1963 1990 4,, 50
1995,,,, 40, 226, 501 160 176,, : ; ; ; ; ( ) 460 ( ) 385, 140 95 %, 217 ( ) ;, 6,9 9 20 1 1935 2 1957 3 ( ) 1958 4 1961 5 1962 6 1963 7 1963 8 1965 9 1971 10 ( ) 1972 11 1973 12 ( ) 1980 13 1980 14 1981 15 1983 16 1983 17 ( ) 1984 18 1984 19 1984 20 ( ) 1985 21 1985 22 ( ) 1986 51
23 ( ) 1986 24 1987 25 1987 26 1988 27 1988 28 ( ) 1988 29 ( ) 1989 30 1991 31 1991 32 1991 33 1991 34 1992 35 1992 36 1992 37 1992 38 1993 39 1993 40 1994 41 1994 42 1996 43 ( ) 1996 44 1996 45 1998 46 1998 47 1999 6 10 10 20 1979 4 1982 5 1985 1982 9 1984 5 1984 10 1984 6 1985 4 1986 5 1987 10 1987 1 1987 11 1987 7 1987 12 1988 11 1989 5 1990 6 1990 11 1990 8 1992 9 1994 7 1996 5 1996 9 1996 12 1997 11 1998 10 6. 1,1979 52
1982 1984 1985, 30 1982 1984 334 1990, 1987 1998 1000, 6. 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 25 ( ) ( ),,50 3000,,,,,,, 20,,, 60, 70 80,,,,, 90 50 20,,21,,,, : [ 1 ]. (, ) [ M ]. :,1987. 1-6. 53
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[ 54 ].,[J ].,1975, (4) :46 48 (190 192). [ 55 ],.,1979, (1) :1. [ 56 ].,,1975. [ 57 ],. [J ].,1987,12 (11) :38. [ 58 ]. [J ].,1990,15 (1) :56 57. [ 59 ],,.,[J ].,1989,12 (4) :29 31. [ 60 ],. [J ].,1987,18 (10) :9. [ 61 ],.,[J ].,1988,4 (4) :49. [ 62 ],. [J ].,1989,11 (10) :20 21. [ 63 ]. [J ].,1990,12 (6) :19 20. [ 64 ],. [J ].,1995,17 (12) :22. [ 65 ],,,. [ M ].,1984,65. [ 66 ],. [J ].,1985,10 (8) :18 19. [ 67 ]. [J ].,1988, (3) :17. [ 68 ],,. [J ].,1988, (11) :20 21. [ 69 ],,,. [J ].,1997,20 (6) :296 297. [ 70 ],. [J ].,1988,11 (4) :37 38. [ 71 ],. [J ].,1989,12 (11) :30 31. [ 72 ]. [J ].,1990,13 (8) :23 24. [ 73 ],. [J ].,1991,14 (8) :26 28. [ 74 ],. [J ].,1995,18 (5) :244 245. [ 75 ]. [J ].,1996,18 (10) :20 22. [ 76 ],. [J ].,1988 (11) 20 21. [ 77 ],,. [J ].,1997,19 (11) :20 22. [ 78 ],. [J ].,1995,17 (12) :22. [ 79 ],. [J ].,1992,14 (7) :21 22. [ 80 ],. [J ].,1983,8 (4) :22 23. [ 81 ],,.,[J ].,1963, (5) :55 60. [ 82 ]. [J ].,1964,10 (9) :432. [ 83 ],,. [J ].,1964, (2) :37 38. [ 84 ],,. [J ].,1980, (2) :32 33. [ 85 ]. [J ].,1974, (3) :21 23. [ 86 ].,1975, (2) :109. [ 87 ],,,. [J ].,1982, (8) :19 21. [ 88 ],,. [J ].,1993,16 (5) :21 23. [ 89 ],. [J ].,1997,19 (5) :19 20. [ 90 ],,. [J ].,1994,19 (4) :220 222. [ 91 ]. [J ].,1986,11 (12) :3 7. [ 92 ].,[J ].,1964,10 (9) :409 411. [ 93 ].. [J ].,1974, (6) :35 37. [ 94 ]. [J ].,1988,11 (6) :28 29. [ 95 ]. [J ].. 1990,12 (8) 17 18. [ 96 ]. [J ].. 1986 (3) :41. [ 97 ]. [J ].. 1991,13 (2) :45. [ 98 ],. [J ].,1991,13 (4) :20 21. [ 99 ],. ( ) [J ].. 1985, (12) :16 17. [ 100 ],. [J ].,1989,9 (6) :276. [ 101 ]. [J ].,1988, (6) :42 43. [ 102 ] [J ].,1975, (3) :26 28. [ 103 ]. [J ].,1975, (9) :461 462. [ 104 ]. [J ].,1958, (7) :653 655. [ 105 ].,[J ].,1977, (6) :43 45 (283 285). 55
[ 106 ],. [J ].,1987, (4) :18 19. [ 107 ],,.,[J ].,1987,22 (8) :454 456. [ 108 ],,. [J ].,1992,15 (12) :32 34. [ 109 ]. [J ].. 1980, (3) :29 30. [ 110 ]. [J ].. 1989,11 (9) :19 20. [ 111 ]. [J ].. 1990,12 (10) :19 20. [ 112 ],,. [J ].. 1996,19 (5) :238 239. [ 113 ]. [J ].,1991,16 (5) :275 278. [ 114 ],,. [J ].,1996,19 (7) :347 349. [ 115 ],. [J ].,1992, (1) :22 23. [ 116 ],,. [J ].,1996,18 (11) :23. [ 117 ],. [J ].,1988, (6) :17 18. [ 118 ],,. [J ].,1985, (11) :14 15. [ 119 ]. [J ].,1993,15 (2) :17 18. [ 120 ],,,. [J ].,1983, (7) :14 15. [ 121 ]. [J ].,1989,12 (5) :25 26. [ 122 ],,. [J ].,1990,15 (9) :19 21. [ 123 ],. [J ].. 1993,15 (4) :42 43. [ 124 ],,. [J ].,1987,12 (8) :16 18. [ 125 ]. [J ].,1983, (6) :35. [ 126 ],. [J ].,1992,15 (4) :26 28. [ 127 ],,. [J ].,1991,16 (3) :146 147. [ 128 ],,,. [J ].,1995,17 (7) :20 22. [ 129 ],,. [J ].,1994,16 (2) :22 23. [ 130 ],. [J ].,1996,19 (9) :453 454. [ 131 ],. [J ].,1992,14 (7) :21 23. [ 132 ],. [J ].,1990,13 (11) :28 30. [ 133 ],,,. [J ].,1986,11 (7) :22 24. [ 134 ],,,. [J ].,1990,15 (4) :22 25. [ 135 ],. [J ].,1987,12 (6) :22 23. [ 136 ],,,. [J ].,1991,22 (9) :395 397. [ 137 ],,,. [J ].,19924 (8) :21 22. [ 138 ],,. [J ].,1988, (6) :20 21. [ 139 ],. [J ].. 1993,15 (7) :19 21. [ 140 ],,. [J ].,1994,19 (7) :407 409. [ 141 ],,,. [J ].,1995,17 (6) :19 20. [ 142 ],,. [J ].,1996,19 (1) :24. [ 143 ],,,. [J ].,1996,19 (10) :508 510. [ 144 ],,. [J ].,1997,19 (12) :19 22. [ 145 ],,,. [J ].,1983,8 (1) :18 19. [146 ],,,. [J ].,1990,15 (12) : 18 19 (722 723). [ 147 ],,,. [J ].,1993,18 (1) :23 24. [ 148 ],,,. [J ].,1994,19 (10) :598 600. [ 149 ],,.,[J ].,1966, (2) :78. [ 150 ],. 16 13 CNMR,[J ].,1994,29 (1) :44 48. [ 151 ]. [J ].,1979 (1) :32 34. [ 152 ],,. [J ].,1990,13 (5) :27 28. [ 153 ],1960. [ 154 ],,.,[J ].,1980,15 (8) 12. [ 155 ],[J ].,1979, (1) :52 54. [ 156 ],. [J ].,1981,6 (5) :20 23. 56
[ 157 ],,. [J ].,1984, (6) :46 49. [ 158 ],,. [J ].,1984,19 (7) :33 36. [ 159 ],. [J ].,1987,12 (12) :22 24. [ 160 ],. [J ].,1987,12 (12) :22 24. [ 161 ],. [J ].,1989, (3) :37 39. [ 162 ],,. [J ].,1988, (7) :20 21. [ 163 ],[J ].,1988, (3) :34. [ 164 ],. [J ]. ( ),1963, (2) :25 27. [ 165 ]. [J ].,1986, (5) :30. [ 166 ],. [J ].,1991,13 (5) :19. [ 167 ]. [J ].,1988,8 (4) :31 34. [ 168 ],,. [J ].,1988, (9) :18 19. [ 169 ],,. [J ].,1987,18 (4) :9 11. [ 170 ],. [J ].,1988,13 (1) :25 27. [ 171 ],,,. [J ].,1983 (9) :28 29. [ 172 ],,,. [J ].,1991,13 (11) :19 20. [ 173 ],,. HPLC [J ].,1994,17 (9) :28 29. [ 174 ],. 5 [J ].,1995,10 (20) :595 597. [ 175 ],. [J ].,1989,14 (9) :20 21. [ 176 ],,,. [J ].,1989,14 (10) :20 22. [ 177 ],,. [J ].,1991,16 (3) :150 151. [ 178 ],. 1 [J ].,1996,27 (10) :599 601. [ 179 ],,,.,[ M ].,1984,88 89. [ 180 ],,. [J ].,1955, (10) :928 930. [ 181 ],. [J ].,1955, (10) :631 635. [ 182 ]. [J ].,1958, (12) :1168 1172. [ 183 ]. ( ),[J ].,1960, (6) :66 67 (426 427). [ 184 ].,[J ].,1960, (2) :54 55 (126 127). [ 185 ],,[J ].,1977, (7) :38 40 (326 328). [ 186 ],. [J ].,1988, (1) :15. [ 187 ],,,. [J ].,1988, (7) :18 19. [ 188 ],. [J ].,1994, (16) :21 22. [ 189 ],,,. [J ].,1989, (7) :22 23. [ 190 ],,,. [J ].,1993, (5) :20 21. [ 191 ],,,. [J ].,1995, (3) :143 146. [ 192 ],,. [J ].,1991, (2) :29 30. [ 193 ],. [J ].,1991, (2) :16 18. [ 194 ],,. [J ].,1996, (5) :248 251. [ 195 ]. [J ].,1992,14 (12) :20 21. [ 196 ],,,. [J ].,1991, (11) :509 510. [ 197 ],,,. [J ].,1992, (3) :7 9. [ 198 ],,,. LD 50 [J ].,1992,14 (11) :19 20. [ 199 ],,,. [J ].,1993, (5) :251 252. [ 200 ],,,. [J ].,1993,15 (4) :19 21. [ 201 ],. [J ].,1993,15 (9) :421. [ 202 ],,. [J ].,1993,15 (9) :31 32. [ 203 ],,. [J ].,1993, (8) :25 29. [ 204 ],,,. [J ].,1996,17 (7) :17 18. [ 205 ],,,. [J ].,1994,16 (12),17 18. [ 206 ],,,. [J ].,1994, (12) :21 24. [ 207 ],,,. [J ].,1995, (3) :136 139. [ 208 ],,. [J ].,1997, (3) :135 137. 57
[ 209 ],,. [J ].,1997, (4) :223 225. [ 210 ],,. [J ].. 1988,9 (10) :19 20. [ 211 ],,,. [J ].. 1988,9 (12) :16 18. [ 212 ]. [J ].,1987,8 (8) :13. [ 213 ],,. [J ].,1989,14 (6) :22 24. [ 214 ],. [J ].,1990,15 (6) :19 21. [ 215 ]. [J ].,1990,13 (6) :21 22. [ 216 ],. 1990 [ S].,1991,118 195. [ 217 ],,. [J ].,1993,15 (1) :24 25. [ 218 ],. [J ].,1991,13 (4) :20 21. [ 219 ]. [J ].,1993,16 (8) :32 34. [ 220 ],. [J ].,1993,15 (3) :20 22. [ 221 ],. [J ].,1993,18 (9) :532 534. [ 222 ],,. [J ].,1995,20 (11) :665 668. [ 223 ],,. [J ].,1992,15 (12) :32 34. [ 224 ],,. [J ].,1995,26 (1) :13 14. [ 225 ],. [J ].,1996,18 (1) :20 21. [ 226 ],,. [J ].,1996,21 (6) :344 346. [ 227 ],,. [J ].,1997,22 (2) :85 87. [ 228 ],. [J ].,1996,19 (10) :511 513. [ 229 ],,. [J ].,1990,13 (12) :27 29. [ 230 ],,,. [J ].,1991,13 (11) :19 20. [ 231 ],,,. [J ].,1993,16 (12) :23 25. [ 232 ]. [J ].,1994,25 (2) :72 74. [ 233 ],. [J ].,1995,17 (9) :18 19. [ 234 ],,,. [J ].,1996,18 (8) :17. [ 235 ],,. [J ].,1997,19 (10) :22 23. [ 236 ]. 20 [J ].,1962, (7) :450 452. [ 237 ]. [J ].,1964,10 (8) :381. [ 238 ]. [J ].,1986, (6) :37 38. [ 239 ]. [J ].,1988,11 (9) :11 13. [ 240 ],,. [J ].,1997,22 (4) :216 218. [ 241 ]. [J ].,1986,11 (12) :3 7. [ 242 ],,,. [J ].,1983,8 (2) :20 23. [ 243 ],. [J ].,1963, (1) :31 34. [ 244 ],.,1979. [ 245 ],,,. [J ].,1984, (1) :43 45. [ 246 ],. [J ].,1994,19 (9) :541 542. [ 247 ],,,. [J ].,1991,22 (9) :395 397. [ 248 ],. [J ].,1995,20 (7) :408 409. [ 249 ]. [J ].,1973, (2) :31 33 (71 73). [ 250 ]. [ M ].,1992,125. [ 251 ],,,. [J ].,1993,15 (6) :19 20. [ 252 ],. [J ].,1997,22 (12) :729 730. [ 253 ],. [J ]. ( ),1963, (2) :25 27. [ 254 ],,,. [J ].,19924 (8) :21 22. [ 255 ],,,. [J ].,1982, (2) :97. [ 256 ]. [J ].,1959, (6) :577 581. [ 257 ]. [J ].,1988, (6) :31 (271). [ 258 ],. 52 [J ].,1989, (1) :45. [ 259 ],,,. 30 [J ].,1977,5 (10) :502 503. [ 260 ]. [J ].,1991,28 (6) :245. [ 261 ],,,. [J ].,1991, (6) :32 33. 58