(),2000. 1 ACADEMICS IN CHINA NO. 1.Jan. 2000 () Ξ ( ), ; ; H058 A 1002Ο1698 (2000) 01Ο0100Ο24,;,,,, (),,,, : a. / / b. / / /,(b),, :,,,,,,,, Ξ :, 100
(),,, : a. b. / :/ / 70 2 3000,,,?,, ;,,, (b), (topic),,, (rhythm), (metrics), (stress), (strongοweak) (prosody), ( ),,,, / /,,,,, ( 1 ),/,,,,,,,,, ( 2 ),,,,,,,,/, 3? 3,?,,,,,?, 3, 2 + 1, ( ),,,, : 1, 2 101
2000. 1,, ( ),,,?, :,, :,,, ( chao,1986 :432),,,,, ΟV,,VΟ,PP, (, ),, V1 NPV2 NP V1,V2,,,:? A : :,; B : :,V NP P NP ; C : : V1 NP1V2 NP2 V1, V2 ( ), :,( adjunct), VP1VP2VP1, V1 V P VP2,VP2, : A : WH V V WH B : V (NP) PP PP V (NP) C : V NP P NP,,,, ( N V ),, X,,, V,,,, ( VP ),V, VP VP 102
(), NP V, 1 ) NP V,V V NP, VP, V NP V, VP,,, :,;, :,, :,,,,,(Prosodic phonology ), :,,,,,,,Zwicky(1986), (), (), ( ),,,(, ), Ο,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 103
2000. 1,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 + 1, 1 + 2,: 1 + 2 2 + 1, 2 + 1 1 + 2, 1 + 2 2 + 1?, 1 + 2 2 + 1, 1 + 2 2 + 1 :,,,,,, 1 + 2,, 2 + 1 2 + 1 1 + 2 3 ( 2 + 1 ) 2 + 1, 2 + 1,3?,, 104
() : 2 + 1( ), 2 + 1 ( ),,,,, : 1 + 2 2 + 1,, 2 + 1 1 + 2, 2 + 1 1 + 2 2 + 1,,? 2 + 1?,,,,?! () ;,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :????????,,,,, Ο, Ο,,,, :,, ;,,,, :,: ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) : ( ),, 105
2000. 1,,, ;,;,, 1,,,,,,, :,,,, (), :,,,, (, ),, :, :,(), :( ),? : :,?,?,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,?,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1, 106
(),,, ;,,,,,,,:,?,, (Labov) (Use the Present to Explain the Past), ( ),, ( ),,,,, ( ) ( ) 3. 1,,,,,,,, () (), ( ) ( ),,,,,,, (),,, ( ),ΟV ; VP, NP VP NP V NP,, V NP,,,,, NP V NP, V NP,, V,,:,,,,,,,, :,, V, V NP,, V?,,, 107
2000. 1,,,,,,, ( ),,(, Kuhn (1996) (preοparadigm) ),,? :,,,, (), ()?,, ;,,, : a. b. 3 c.,(a), (b),, NP V pro : () NP V pro, ( ) ; () NP V pro,(, ), NP V pro,,, ( ),,, NP V pro, : a. () ( ) b. ( ) ( ), NP V pro,, NP V pro, NP V pro,,,,,,,,, : a. 3 b. 3 c. 3?,, 108
(),,,, : a., b. c.,: ; :, : a. b. c. (),, NP V,,,,,,, :, :,,,,: :( ),,,, NP V,,,?,,,,, (),, ;, :,,,,,,, 3. 2 109
2000. 1,, ( Theory of Universal Grammar),, ( Theory of Variation and Change),,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,: /, / /, /?, 110
() : A : B : C :,,, / / / /,,,,,,,,,,,,, VVV,, + / + /, V VV,: V, VV V VV, V VP,,,,,,,,,,,: ( ),,,, ( Government and Binding Theory),,,,,, 4. 1,,,,: 111
2000. 1, moveο ( ),,?!,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, (landing. position),,,,,,,,, (DS = ;SS = ) : The enemy will destroy the city NP Aux V NP DS 1 2 3 4 SS 4 2 + be 3 + en 0 by + 1,, eat () be Οen be eatοen, : be eatοen be, Οen be eatοen,: be eatοen 112
(), ( ),,,be eatοen,,, () :,,,,, : was eaten ( The mouse was eaten),, (, ), (module),,,,, 4. 2, (Argument Structure) ( ThetaΟRole) ( Projection Principle) ( ThetaΟcriterion) XΟ ( bar Structure) (CaseΟTheory) (Binding Thoery) (Binding Principle) 4. 2. 1. XΟ, :,,,, :, (argument), (argument structure),,, ( Projection Princi2 ple) : ( ) ( ),,, 113
2000. 1 ( ),,, ( ), (thematic prop2 erties) :, ; (thetaοcriterion) : ;,:,,,,? XΟ XΟ(XΟbar Schema) A. X Spec, X(Spec = ) B. X Adjt, X(Adjt = ) C. X Comp, X (Comp = ) X, XΟ ( head) X ( XΟ), (semiοphrase) X ( XΟ ),X ΟC :X Comp, X, : ΟB : ΟA :, : X Spec adjt X X x complement,xο : (1) (hierarchical structure) ; (2),,( ) (endocentric construction) XΟ,, 114
(),XΟ, : X Spec adjt X X x complement,x,,: X Spec X adjt X x complement,,,, XΟ,,XΟ :, (inter2 nal argument) (external argument) (Infl XΟ) IP Spec I Spec I VP ( = X ) V V ( = X ) NP, ;, V, ; (VP = S) : VP Spec VP V NP 115
2000. 1 / / / XΟ,, AΟ ( :Argument) A Ο (AΟ AΟ) :, (adjunct) (), (S = VP) (S ) : S SNP V NP,(S),,, : S SS S ( ThetaΟ marked position) ;,,, (Landing position) 4. 2. 2. (CaseΟTheory), (morphological Case),,,: I my me,,, (Case Filter) :, : (1) ; (2),, ( head),, : 116 a b. c. 3
(),, : a.,? b. 3? 1, (Adjacency Condition) :,?,?,, : (( Feng, 1990), ( ),,,, : a. 3 b. 3, :XΟ?!,XΟ XΟ: VP VP V NP NP V V NP NP V ;, XΟ,!,,? : a. JohnΟwa naihuοde BillΟo sasita ΟΟ b. BillΟo JohnΟwa naihuοde sasita c. BillΟo naihuοde JohnΟwa sasita d. JohnΟwa BillΟo naihuοde sasita e. NaihuΟde BillΟo JohnΟwa sasita f. NaihuΟde JohnΟwa BillΟo sasita 1 117
2000. 1,,, (),,,??,,,,,,,,,,,,(?) : a. b., (VP )?,?,,,,,,,,,,3 3,,,, : a. I love her deeply. b. 3 I love deeply her 3, Case,,,, 4. 2. 3. (BindingΟTheory) 118
(),, ( ) ( ) ( ),, : a. b. c. / (a) ; (c) / ; (b), (c) / (b)? (a)? :,,,, : - A : - B : - C : ( Governing Category)?,,,, ( ), ( :SUBJ ECT),,,,, - B:,, / / /, /, - B, / /, /,,- B,/ ( ),, 119
2000. 1 / / /,- B,, /, /, - A :,, (trace) ( Empty Catergory), : A : NPΟtrace (,NPΟ ) B : pro () C : variable ( ) D : PRO () NPΟ : : be VΟen NP :NP i be VΟen t i t trace ( ), t i NP i t i, ( i ) t i NP i NPΟ (pro) : a. pro () b. pro llego (, ) c. pro d. pro llueve ( ) ( PRO) ( ) : a. Mary hopes spro to win b. spro c. spro to err is human d. spro (whοmovement), : a. Who i do you know t i b. i, t i,, ; + Ο ; Ο + ; Ο Ο, ( ) : 120
() A : NPΟ = Ο + B : =+ Ο C : = Ο Ο D : =+ +,,,,, - A, NPΟ,,, - B,,,, 4. 3, ( Tree Adjoining Grammar, TA G), 1, A. Kroch A. Joshi,, :,, + + ; + ; + + +,,,,, (categorial projection) ( ), ( The Minimalist Program) ( TA G), (lexical),, : (1) VP NP VP V NP,,, ;,,,,, 1 TAG,A.Joshi 121
2000. 1,,, (1),,,, ( ) : : ;,,(1),,; () ( ) (2a),(3) : (2) a. 3 (3) b. VP PP VP P NP (3) (1), : (4) VP NP VP PP VP P NP V NP ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) 122
() ( ),,,, (4),(4),,,,,( ) On Chinese Rhyme Syntax FENG ShengΟli : Abstract :This essay gives a synthetic exploration to Chinese Rhyme Syntax, a new branch of linguistics founded by the author. This branch is mainly about the phenomenon and law that rhyme restricts grammar. This paper systematically expounds and proves its study objects, study methods and basic principles, comprehensively shows the theoretical value and academic prospects of this new and developing branch of learn2 ing. Key words : Chinese Rhyme Syntax, Syntax, prosody. 123