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202 19 2 1 25-220?-194 2 188-141 157-141 3 56-88 75-88 4 5 1 1983 26-27 31 11 4 1936 1007-1063 1980 1985 60 3 1989.9 527-577 2 1984 53 3 145-86 59 1959 2095 4 398-445 75 1965 2431 5 233-297 372-451 31

203 6 7 8 9 1959 865 6 162-223 221-223 1987 27 7 39 988 8 53-54 538-541 544 9 552

204 19 2 10 11 12 13 14-184 15 16 866 10?-219 54 11 31 867 12 13 265-316 2 1984 1 117 31 865 867 14 31 866 15 8 264 16 31 867

205 17 18 19 75 2432 8 263 17 8 263 18 528 19 8 263 8 263 75 2432-2433 191 194

206 19 2 20 21 22 23 191 24 25 26 20 868 2 118 21 528 22 23 1019-1086 1976 60 1929 24 31 867 25 26 31 867

207 27 28 29 27 11 1966 10 26 3 28 31 867 29 190?-199 6 207 60 1927 194 31 865?-192 192?-198?-197 6 182 195 199 197 6 209 1 14

208 19 2 30 31 32 33 63 2040 5 490 30 200 29 192 31 867 31 31 868 32 55 1292 33

209 34 1. -194-194 -212 35 2. 3. 34 35 31 867

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211 200 40 41 42 40 553 3 254 534-536 41 553 42 38 967

212 19 2 43 44 1. 45 2. 46 3. 47 4. -240 48 5. -228 49 6. 50 7. 51 8. -240 52 9. 53 10. 54 11. 55 43 10 753 44 45 10 765 46 47 5 494 36 943 48 41 1011 49 41 1013 50 41 1015 51 42 1019 52 43 1043 53 45 1082 54 1083 55 1086

213 12. 56 13. -222 57 14. 58 15. 59 16. 60 17. -231 61 18. 62 19. 63 64 176-220 56 57 1089 58 59 37 957 60 32 882 61 43 1045 62 63 5 499 64 31 869 32 882-883 45 1083?-234 1081?-222 38 966

214 19 2 65 66 67 68 69 65 32 885-886 66 37 957 67 68 24 69 5 492 37 957

215 70 71 72 155-220 40 995 43 1045 18 213 19 214 70-251 45 1071 1089 71 31 868 10 765 72 16 17

216 19 2 73 181-234 74 75 19 1988 131 32 881 37 958 32 883 1236-1283 31 869 43 1043 553 73 35 917 74-202 265-316 28 75-208 32 876 39 980 176-192 1977 222-223 42 4 1959 85-102

217 13 208 76 77 78 79 76 40 998 180-192 77 39 979 78 31 868 79 178

218 19 2 80 80 75 2438 55

219 Great Indigenous Clans and Outsiders: The Authority Basis of the Lius Pak-sheung Ng Abstract Among those political adventurers who had established their regimes in Yi Prefecture, Liu Yan and Liu Zhang are widely regarded as losers without being able to deal with great indigenous clans appropriately, thus causing a series of political fiascoes during their rule. This paper attempts to give them a proper place in history by reconstructing the way they set up and maintained their rule. At the initial stage, Liu Yan adopted a suppression policy by putting enormous effort in recruiting Yellow Turban remnants, the tribe of Qing Qiang, and refugees from the eastern prefectures as an authority basis to fight against the challenge from indigenous clans. Due to the fact that indigenous clans largely manipulated the popular feeling toward the regime, their support was still indispensable to political stability while suppression could only drive them to start all forms of antagonistic actions against the authorities. After the rebellion in 200, Liu Zhang deeply realized how important indigenous clans were to a smooth and successful administration. Liu Zhang then had his policy changed drastically by seeking support from indigenous clans. His new policy signifies the fact that ousting local clans from the government was an unrealistic act to rulers so long as they wanted to insure * Pak-sheung Ng is affiliated with the Chinese Civilisation Centre at City University of Hong Kong.

220 19 2 political stability and continuity. Although the Liu authority enjoyed a long period of peace and stability, the arrogance and excessive deeds committed by indigenous clans were so unbearable that Liu Zhang gradually developed the mentality of playing the game of check-and-balance by taking in outsiders. Under these circumstances Liu Bei, together with his military force, was welcomed with the expectation to hold the indigenous clans in check. As a result, the political situation in Yi Prefecture was changed dramatically. Keywords: great indigenous clans, Yi Prefecture, Liu Yan, Liu Zhang, Eastern Han dynasty