1995 11 1
81 T. Parsons patternmaintenance integration goal attainment adaptation L. Althusser state appa- ratus 84 2
1989 197-198 84a 1989 3
1. 4 2. 2-3 3. 3-4 1984 82 5% 400 10% 350 82 4
81 1989 203 84 5
84b 80 164 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 6
83 7
70 183 1,028 1989 335 12% 30% 1989 81 1987 333 28.5% 354 36.2% 185 44.3% 80% 39,798 218,902 179,104 8
79 80 79 256 84% 41.7% 92% 80 1. 2. 3. 9
1991a 2.06 1.67 80 10% 1991a 10 12 1991 263-264 1984 741 10
84 84 52% 11
12 29% 81% 46% 37% 83 80 81
1990 83 50.1% 87.3% 64.1% 1991b 81 15.3% 40% 48.9% 1995 237 59,064 1068 1.8% 12,106 20% 13
1989 228-229 1989 244-245 1. 2. 3. 4. 1984 175 14
0.8% 4.2% 9.9% 83 15
Holmes Group Professional Development School 84 126 83 84 129 16
1. 2. 3. 4. 17
69,000 4,200 73,000 13 1989 5. 6. 83 1. K. M. Zeichner academic tradition social efficiency tradition developmentalist tradition social reconstructionist tradition Zeichner 1993 Liston & Zeichner 1991 18
Cruickshank 1987 reflective teaching humanistic personalized Zeichner Zeichner 1993 81 84 2. 19
3. external examiner system 82 National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education NCATE NCATE 84 188 4. 20
84 licensed teachers articled teachers alternative certification PGCE 82 84 Roth & Pipho 1990 Roth & Pipho 1990 84 84 4 21
5. 84 84 84 127 6. 22
81 84a 23
84b 84 11 2-4 1990 1989 1991 1990 79 33 3 43-56 81 1-74 1989 3 5-13 84 36 143-188 81 83 1984 1949-1982 83 1991a 1949-1989 1991b 84 81 83 84 80 141-162 82 24
241-262 80 163-184 81 82 83 84 81 359-408 84 1984 1949-1981 83 84 84 1989 84 84 1-28 84 25
449-473 84 183-212 81 339-348 1987 9 55-58 82 84 1989 4 130-131 Cruickshank, D. 1987. Reflective teaching. Reston, VA: Association of Teacher Educators. Feiman-Nemser, S.(1990). Teacher preparation: Structural and concept alternatives. In W. R. Houston (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education. New York: MacMillan. Liston, D. & Zeichner, K. M. (1991). Teacher education and the social conditions of schooling. New York: Routledge. Roth, R. A. & Pipho, C. (1990). Teacher education standards. In W. R. Houston (Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education. New York: MacMillan. Zeichner, K. M. (1993). Traditions of practice in US. preservice teacher education programs. Teaching & Teacher Education, 9, 1, 1-13. 26