: 1943 1,,,,,,, :, ;,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 84,,,,
: ;,,,,,, 1942 1 1, 26,,, 10, :,!,, 7 4, :,,,,, 1942 10 9,,,,, :, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1943 1 11,,,, 1 14, :, : 5 (), :, 2002, 9 :5 (), 132,1942 10 11, 2,1942 11 6, :, :, 1983, 995 996 85
2008 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 14, :,,,,,,, :,?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,1943 1 14, 2 :, :, 1068 1069 :,39 1, 1943 3, 3, 1943 1 14, 2, 1943 1 16, 2 :, 1943 1 17, 2 86
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, :,,, 1 12,,,,,!, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 29, : :, 1943 1 21, 3 1, ( :, 2002, 803 804 ),,,, 1943 1 12, 2 87
2008 4 ;,,,,,,, 2 3, :,,,, 2 4,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, (), (),,,,,,,,,, :,,?, 1942 10,, 10 13,,,,,, 1943 1 29, 1, 1943 2 4, 1, 1943 2 5, 1,, :,, 88,,, (:??, 1943 8 1, 1 ),
,,,, :,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1942 10 13, : 5 (4), :, 1985, 238 240 89
2008 4,,,,,,, :,,,,, :, ;,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,?, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90, :5, :, 1987, 208,,,
,,,, :,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,??,,,??,,,,, 1943 1 25, :,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,, :, :, 1943 3 110, 71 72 73, :,,,,?(:, 1943 7 21, 3 ),,, 185, 199 :5 (), 268, 195 196 91
2008 4,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :?,,, 2 8,, :,,,, :, :,,,, :,,,,,,, :, 1943 7 21, 1, 1943 2 9, 3 :,5 32, 1943 3 25, 1, :,5 33, 1943 4 1, 1 92
,,,,, 1943 3, 3 24 :,,,,,, 3 30, :,,,,,,,, 4 9 :,,,,,, 4 5, :,, 4 8 :, ( ), (),,,,,,,,, : ( ), ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 1943 3 24, :, 1990,,, 1943 3 30, 1943 4 9,,, 1943 4 5, :, 2001,, 1943 4 8, :, 1991 93
2008 4 4 9, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 18,,,, :,, (,,,, ),,,,,,,? :,,,, :,,,,,,,, 10 7, :,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1986, 244 245,, 1943 4 18, 1943 4 22, :, 1991, 355 :5 (), 409 94 :,,,,
:, 9,, :,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,, :,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,, 4 22, : (, ),,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 13, :, 7 19, :, 5000,,,,, 15000, 7 21,,,,,,, : :,, 1944 5 1, 1944 9 28 :, :,1993,434, :, :, 1996, 427 428, 458, 458 459 95
2008 4,,,,, :,, :,,, 8 25, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 8,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 8 24,,, ;, : :,? :?, : :, 1943 7 21, 4, 191, 1943 7 21, 4 :5 (), 363 364 3, :, 1996, 57, 96,,
(), () (),, :,,,,, :,, 8 25,,,, : (!),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :! :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1945 4, : : ;,,, 1943 8 24, 1 (, 467 ),,, 1943 8 25, 1,,, 1943 7 21, 4 :??, 1943 8 1, 1 1937 9, :, ; ;, :, 1984, 77 :, :, : 97
2008 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 30, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 100006 ( : ), 1995, 17, 124 :, 1943 7 30, 3, 53, 481 98
HISTORICAL RESEARCH NO14, 2008 minister Yan Huiqing successf ully guided p ublic opinio n. In so doing, he saved t he Beijing government from t he passive state it had fallen into as a result of t he issue of direct negotiation, and made skilf ul use of p ublic opinion as a support for official diplomacy. He was t hus able to t hrow off J apanπs strong demands for direct negotiation and to pass the issue to t he Washington Co nference for discussio n. The Nobodies Who Changed History : Debate over the Composition Questions in the Entrance Examination of Tsinghua University in 1932 L UO Zhitian (71) Changes to t he form of Tsinghua U niversityπs 1932 entrance examination stirred up debate. Later discussio ns of t hese debates usually focused o n t he co uplet " part of t he examinatio n, alt hough the debate within society at t he time also involved the essay2writing question, which was equally hotly debated. In the course of t his debate, p rotest s" f ro m examinees and t he general p ublic were f ully co nsidered by t he univer sit y aut horities, and had direct effect s o n undergraduate admissions in t hat year, as well as on t he composition questions in t he next yearπs exam. In t his regard, t he p rotest s may be said to have been highly effective. The universit y examinatio n ceased to be merely a qualif ying test to select successf ul candidates, but instead became a topic for p ublic discussion that was it self subject to scrutiny. In ot her words, it became a p ublic expression subject to review and judgment by society. At t he same time, readersπletters in t he newspapers and related debates also reveal an aspect of t he ethos and t hought of t he times. Chiang Kai2shekπs Statements on Chinaπs Destiny" and the Slogans of the Communist and the Nationalist Parties D EN G Ye (84) In J anuary 1943, China signed new equal treaties wit h Britain and America, in name at least ending it s status as a semi2colony. Independence had been one of t he major t hemes of t he Chinese revolution in modern times ; now, t his goal had been achieved by t he Nationalist s. Seizing on t he p ropaganda significance of t he event, Chiang Kai2shek p ublished Chi naπs Desti ny. The cent ral idea of t he boo k was to replace t he questio n of natio nal equalit y bet ween China, Britain and America wit h t he question of political choice between t he Nationalist s and t he Communist s. Two slogans emerged in China on t he t hesis of Chinaπs destiny" : one was t here would be no China without t he Nationalist Party ;" and t he ot her, there would be no China wit hout the Communist Part y. " The t wo slogans highlighted t he class relatio ns bet ween t he Co mmunist and t he Natio nalist Parties even t ho ugh t he Natio nal U nited Fro nt against J apanese Aggressio n co ntinued. The Return of the Chinese Changchun Rail way and Its Impact on Sino2Soviet Relations ZHAN G Shengfa (99) Negotiatio ns o n t he ret urn of t he Changchun Railway to China t raver sed a difficult pat h. During t he War of Liberation (194621949), as Chinaπs political sit uation changed rapidly, leaders of t he Co mmunist Parties of China and t he All2U nio n Co mmunist Part y ( Bol shevik ) held tentative discussio ns over Soviet p rivileges in Nort heast China, including t he Chinese Changchun Railway. During Mao Zedo ngπs visit to Mo scow at t he t urn of 1949 and 1950, China and t he Soviet U nion signed agreement s on a series of issues including t he Changchun Railway. During t he negotiatio ns, t he Soviet U nio n agreed to t he ret urn of t he railway mainly because it badly needed China as an ally to deal wit h it s own Cold War dilemmas. Stalin believed China co uld become such an ally. It was in particular Chinaπs performance in t he Korean War t hat proved it was a reliable ally and finally resulted in t he ret urn of the railway. In t he long run, t his weakened t he Soviet influence on Chinaπs economy as a whole, and diminished the influence of the Soviet railway management model o n Chinaπs management of it s railroad system. It al so eliminated a source of f riction in the two countriesπ economic cooperation and gradually eroded Soviet migr society in Nort heast China. The Role Dilemma of the Catholic Church in the Modern West : From the Perspective of Cognitive Differences among Sub2cultures C H EN Wenhai (122) In t he course of Western Europeπs transformation from a medieval to a modern society, t he Cat holic church launched a movement aimed at p rotecting t he fait h" to save it self. However, it 191