3 : 1931,,,,,,,,,, :,, 1927, 1949, 1931,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 05CZS014, (2002 ), :, 2004,, :, :, 1995 5, 136 1931, 2004 1 23
2006 2, 1931 11 7, 12,,, :,, :,,,,,, 11 17,, :,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,, 11 18, : ( ) (, ), ( ),, 11 20,, : :, [] :, ( ) :, : :, 1931 11 12, 4, ( ), 1931 11 12, 19, ( ) 12, 1931 11 17, :, 2004, 352, 1931 11 18, : 1,, 20013548, 1931 11 28,,, 05897 8, 1931 11 18, : 24
,,,, ( ),, (),,,,, 11 22, :,,,, ;,, ;, 24,,,,,,, (11 24 ),,,,,,,,!,,,?,, (12 4 ),,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, [ ], ;,,,,,!,, (12 8 ),, ;,,,,, 12 5,,,, 12, 1931 11 20, 362 363, 1931 11 29,, ( ),, 21/ 0480, 1931 11 22,12, 393 12, 1931 11 24, 413, 1931 11 24, 20,, 1931 12 4,12, 440 441, 1931 12 8, 20, 25
2006 2,,,,,, :,,,,,, 7, :,, :, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,, :, :,,,, 12 10,,,, 11, :,, :, ( ),,,,, :, ;,,,! 12,, :,! :, :, (),, 1931 12 6, :, :, 1991, 505, 1931 12 9,: 1,, 20014198, 1931 12 5,,, 1931 12 7,,, 21/ 0535 7 12, 1931 12 7, 446 447 12, 1931 12 7, 447, 1931 12 11,12, 455, 1931 12 11, 20,, 20, 1931 12 11 12, 1931 12 12, 457 26, :,,!
,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,, 12 15,,,,, : (, ),, : ;, ;,,,,, :,, 8 49,,, 10,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1931 12 12, 20, :2, :, 1978, 159 160, 1931 12 6,,, 1931 12 6,, 1931 12 16, 1 4 12, 1931 12 15, 460 8, 1931 12 6 ; :, :, 1976, 460, 1931 12 16,,, 1931 12 19,12, 470 27
2006 2,,, 1930,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1931 7, :,, 8 18,,, :,,,,,,,,, :, (),,,,,,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,, :, gλυ,, :,,,, gλϖ,, 1931 12 19,12, 474 :, 45, :, 1964, 230 :,12, :, 1961, 143 ; : 241, 1931 7 21, 59,, 04 0216,8 34, 1931 8 31,, 8 9 : : :, 1978, 1931 12 19,12, 474, 1931 12 19,12, 474 475, 1931 12 19,12, 470 gλυ, 1931 9 29,12, 107 gλϖ, 1931 12 29,12, 512 28, 48, :, 1981,, 84, :, 1982 ; :, 57, :
: 12 22, 24,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, ;,, (,, ) 12 16,,,,,, :,,,,,, 16,, ( )?:, 18,,,, 12 22,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1931 12 22, 5,,,,, 503, 1931 12 16,,, 0011/ 126 12, 1931 12 18, 467, 1931 12 23, 1 4,9 1, 1932 1 1,, 7 29
2006 2, ( ) :, :,,,,,,,,, :, 39, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5, :, : :,,,,,, 60 50,, :,,,,,? :,, :,,,, 1931 12 22,,, 412/ 52 ;, 1931 12 23, 1 3, 1931 12 23,, 1931 12, 2622, 1931 12 24,,, 412/ 52, 1931 12 24,,, 412/ 52, 1931 12 25, 30,, 412/ 52 ;, 41, :,, 412/ 52
,,, :,,, ;,,, 6,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (), (), :,?:,,,,, :,,,,,, :,, :,, 26,,, ( ), ( ),,,, 41, 2630 2625, 1931 12 15, 1997 4, 69, 1931 11 17,,, 60/ 1837 ;, 21/ 1048, 8 43, 1931 11 2,, 7 :,9, :, 1960, 65 :,9, 94 :,23, :, 1962, 229, 1931 12 11,,, 12/ 1437 31
2006 2,, : ; ; ; ;,,, :, ( ),,, :, ;,,, 33 12 28, : (), ; (), ; (),,,,,,,, 1931 12 26,,,,41, 2630, 1931 12 24,,, 412/ 52, 1931 12 27,,, 412/ 52,41, 2630, 41, 2624 2625,41, 2624, : 3, : 32 21/ 0731 0732 ;, 1931 12 26,,, 1994, 47
,,,,,,,,,, 1932 1 4, :, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (1 2 ),, :,,,?,,,,,,,, ; :,, gλυ,,,, 1 9,,,,,, 1932 1 4, 21,, 1932 1 8, 21, 12, 1931 10 1, 122, 1997 4, 70, 1932 1 2,13, 9, 1932 1 2,13, 10, 1932 1 10,,, 60/ 2049, 1932 1 7,13, 20, 1932 1 9, 63,, gλυ 04 0599, 1931 12 25,,, 80/ 2043 33
2006 2 ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,!,!,,,!!,,,, 1,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ,, 1 11, :, gλϖ,,, : ( ) ( ),, 1932 1 9,13, 23,,9 5, 8, 1932 1 13 ; :!!13, 35 37 :, :, 1990, 45 192, 1932 1 1, 2 12, 1932 1 7,13, 19,1932 1 5, 1 3,1932 1 7, 1 3 gλυ, 1932 1 11,,, 12/ 1510 gλϖ, 1932 1 11,,, 34 60/ 2111
,,,,, :, ( ) :,,,,,,,, ;, :,,,, 1931 12 26,,,,,, 1932 1 10,, : () : ; () ; () () (), (),,,,?, :,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : (),,,, :,,,,,, 1932 1 11,,, 60/ 2112, 1931 12 21,,, 21/ 0660, 1931 12 17,,, 12/ 1461, 1931 12 17,,, 21/ 0626 0630, 1931 12 22,,, 49/ 0915, 1931 12 26,,, 80/ 2045, 1932 1 9,,, 1932 1 10,, 35
2006 2,,, :?,, :,,,,, : (),,,,,, 12,, :,, :,, 1932 1 13,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 15,,, 16,,, gλυ,, 1932 1 10,,, 1932 1 10,13, 24, 1932 1 11,,, 1932 1 11,,, 1932 1 12,13, 22 ; 5 :,! 2, 164, 1932 1 15, 1 3, 1932 1 15, 1 3, :, 1997, 95 gλυ, 1932 1 17, 2 3 36 :, 21 : :
? gλυ,,, 1 17,,,,, : (, ),,,,, :,,,,, 18, :,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gλϖ, 1924,,,,,, 1932 1 1 5,,, 1932 1 17, :, 1990, 401, 1932 1 17,13, 52, 1932 1 18, 1 3, 1932 1 18, 1 3, 1932 1 17,13, 53 13, 1932 1 18, 54 :, 1932 1 18, :, 1990, 822, 1932 1 18, 1 3 13, 1932 1 19, 56 gλυ, 1932 1 19,13, 59 60 gλϖ, 1932 1 14,,, 61/ 0296 37
2006 2, (),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20, 21,,,,,,,,, 22,, :,,,,, 24,,,, :,,?, : :!,,,, :?,, 25 :,,, gλυ,,, :,, 8, 1932, 1 1 5 9, 1932, 1 24 3, 1932 1 18, :, 1992, 563, :, 1934, 644 645, 1932 1 22,,, 60/ 1953 :, :, 1992, 163 13, 1932 1 22, 66 67 ; 2, 165,, 13, 1932 1 24, 71 72,1932125,,, 413/ 1 gλυ, 1932 1 27, 1 3 38
:,,,,,,,,, 26, :,,,,, :, 28,, :,, 9,,, :,, :,,,, 10,,,,,,, 1 29,, :, ;,, 11 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1932 1 26, 403 404 13, 1932 1 23, 69 13, 1932 1 26, 81, 1932 1 27, 63,, 04 0627 13, 1932 1 28, 87 25, 1932 1 28,,, 001 1/ 127, 1932 1 28,,, 41 3/ 1 26, 1932 1 29,,, 001 1/ 127 39
2006 2,,,,,,,,,, 2 1, :,,,,, :,,,, 1 31, :,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,, 3 1,,,,, ;, 14,,,, :,,,,, 200433 ( : ), 1932 2 1,: 1,, 21032549, 1932 3 10,,, 1932 1 31, 5,, 1932 2 2,: 1,, 21032548, 1932 3 10,, 42 44, 1932 3, 14 303, 1932 3 14,, 40, 0011/ 127
CONTENTS Research A rticles An Examination of the Central Soviet Areaπs Military Strategies in the Fifth Countersiege : A Case Study of the Guangchang Battle Huang Dao xuan (3) The Central Soviet Areaπs military strategies have always been blamed for having caused it s failure in t he Fift h Countersiege, and t he Guangchang Battle is f requently cited as an example of wrong decision2making. However, if we examine t he historical conditions, background and sit ua2 tion of the Fift h Countersiege, which lasted for a year and saw great changes in strategic consid2 eratio ns, we will find t hat t he formulatio n and implementatio n of t he CPCπs military stategies were determined by various factors, and t he shift to defensive war f rom the war of movement was more t han a matter of decison2makersπ will. Chiangπs Resignation as the Cha irman of the Nationalist Government and His Return to Power J in Yilin (23) In early 1931, differences aro se between Chiang Kai2shek and Hu Hanmin concerning t he is2 sues surrounding t he Interim Constitution, which led to a new round of split s in t he Nationalist Party and gave rise to t he Nanjing2Guangdong confrontation. The sudden out break of t he Sep2 tember 18 Incident forced the opposing parties to be reconciled with each ot her. The situation de2 veloped in such a manner t hat Chiang was forced to relinquish power. That was t he second fall in his political career. However, he ret urned to power after only six weeks. In t he earlier Hu Han2 min2wang J ingwei collaboratio n against Chiang Kai2shek and t he later Chiang2Wang collabo ratio n against Hu, t he factions in t he Nationalist Party, particularly at high levels, underwent anot her re2organization. The element s of t he power shift inside the Nationalist Party were rat her com2 plex. Chiang, Wang and Hu interacted and compromised wit h each ot her for t heir own p urposes. From Confrontation to Negotiation : the South2west Organizations and the Central Government bef ore and after the Fujian Incident L uo Min (41) The problem of t he Sout h2west Organizations presented it self as t he largest obstacle to t he central governmentπs unification policy in t he 1930s. The conf rontation between the Sout h2west organizations and t he central government was in fact an extension of t he Nanjing2Guangdong con2 f rontation in 1931. The invasion of foreign forces after t he Fujian Incident gave rise to calls for u2 nificatio n to save t he natio n. In t hese circumstances, t he so ut hwestern regio n and t he cent ral government tried to end t heir conf rontation t hrough negotiation, impelled by internal factors in t he case of t he Sout h2west organizaions and by the campaign to support Hu Hanmin and over2 t hrow Wang Jingwei wit hin t he Nanjing government. However, t hese effort s led nowhere. After t he Fujian Incident was settled, t he situation wit h regard to separatism remained t he same, de2 spite t he central governmentπs attempt to seize t his opport une moment to p ush forward unifica2 tion. However, t he South2west organizations lost it s moral foundation alt hough it temporarily succeeded in safeguarding it s own power. 190