050 2009 6 Abstract There is no doubt that Taiwan s post war economic record has been phenomenal. However, the question of how to explain its growth h

2009 6 49-93 * ** The China Factor in Taiwan s Economic Miracle by Wan-wen CHU Keywords: Taiwan s economic development, China factor, division system, Chinese nationalism 2008 11 25 2009 4 15 Received: November 25, 2008; in revised form: April 14, 2009. * NSC-93-2415-H-001-004 2008/9/27-28 ** 115 128 E-mail: wwchu@gate.sinica.edu.tw

050 2009 6 Abstract There is no doubt that Taiwan s post war economic record has been phenomenal. However, the question of how to explain its growth has been a controversial topic in Taiwan, often mired in partisan politics. The dominant discourse in the last two decades contributes Taiwan s economic miracle to either the Japanese colonial legacy, or the American intervention, or the diligence of the populace, but not to the effort of the ruling Nationalist government. The ruling KMT party was instead accused of building up its oligarchical party-state capitalism for its own purposes. This paper shows

051 that this discourse cannot explain the growth record. The afore-mentioned explanatory factors are necessary but not sufficient conditions for development. Developing economies need to have strong active forces to promote development, usually motivated by nationalism to fend off foreign economic dominance. Taiwan s post war development was promoted by the Nationalist government, and its motivation came from the Chinese nationalism forged during the century-long Chinese struggle against foreign imperialism since the Opium War. It is necessary to look at the issue from a historical perspective, so as to understand the past and the present, and to find direction for future development.

052 2009 6 1 1 1991 1995

053 2 Amsden 2001, 2007 2 2007

054 2009 6 3 4 3 2003 4 Dore 1990 Eckert 2000

055 1940 7 5 1945 2.2 1946 6 凃 7 凃 5 Ho 1978 1974 200-201 凃 1991/1975 6 1946 7 1985 凃 1991/1975 2003a,b

056 2009 6 8 9 1949 8 Jacoby 1966 1985 9 Hayter 1971 Aid as Imperialism

057 10 11 12 13 1946 10 Barrett 1988 Winckler and Greenhalgh, eds., 1988 1950 11 Schurmann 1974 1949 the China lobby 12 Cullather 1996 13 Amsden 2007 1980

058 2009 6 14 1949 14 1989

059 15 15 2008 2009

060 2009 6 1949 1 2 1 10 60 1 14

061 Stiglitz 16 17 16 Stiglitz 2002: 81 17 1952 1992 71-91

062 2009 6 18 19 1949 1949 20 18 2005 62 19 1992 73 20 2007, 2009 Stiglitz 2002

063 21 22 399 19 23 21 Ho 1978: 86-88 1929 1941 91.5 1974 200-201 22 2005 10 1992: 90 23 1992: 25

064 2009 6 24 1950 1950 245 7229 1953 264 13175 25 1958 1954 26 27 28 24 2005 25 1954 26 Taiwan Statistical Data Book 27 2009 28 1995

065 29 1949 1949 6 1952 1965 30 29 30 Cullather 1996: 1.

066 2009 6 31 32 1920 33 31 1953 2009 32 1950 1993 2007 33 1991 1998 1988 2004 2005 1988 Kirby 1984, 1990

067 34 1932 35 36 37 34 1935 35 2005 56 36 Kirby 1984. 37 1992 1928

068 2009 6 38 39 1948 40 1952 Kirby 1990 38 2009 39 1991 2005 40 1988

069 41 42 43 41 1989: 67, 89 42 43 2008

070 2009 6 1 2 3 1949

071 44 45 46 1950 44 1953 1953/7/1 1988 193 45 2009 46 1988 36 1963

072 2009 6 47 1953 5 48 49 50 47 1988 11-12, 111-114 1964 48 1985:7-9 49 1988 373 50

073 51 1955 52 53 : 355-379 51 1988 373 52 1995:43-49 1987 53 1964

074 2009 6 54 55 56 54 1988 28 55 2008 56 1954, 1959 1954 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1959

075 1951 1952 1951

076 2009 6 10~25 1950 57 1960 58 1950 1955 57 1954 Amsden 2001 58 1970 29-34

077 1960 1970 0.5 8 1950 1950 59 60 59 1959 60 1959

078 2009 6 1950 C.I.F. 戅 SCAP 61 62 61 1950/9/17 114 62 1988: 1

079 63 1988: 48 1945 64 65 66 1942 1948 63 1988 1995:43-49 64 1988: 57 65 1988: 7 1964 66 1993 2005

080 2009 6 1970 1980 67 68 69 67 1993 225 2004/9/9 68 1993 4 69 2004 36

081 70 71 70 Kirby 1990 71 1943 0.04 0.16 1992 114

082 2009 6 72 73 74 1950 1958 72 1989 73 2009 74 Ho 1987

083

084 2009 6 1945-1949 1950 Cumings 1999

085 60 30 30 1949 30 30 20

086 2009 6 developmentalism developmental state 75 Schumpeter 1976 75 Johnson 1982

087

088 2009 6 1980 1980 301

089 76 20 1980 76 2009

090 2009 6 1952 2 1952 1954 1954/4/18 1959 1959/5/26~27 1963 196421 1 1-9 1995 2008 3 69 187-203 1985 1946 1954 1989 4

091 1992 2003a http://ccms.ntu.edu.tw/~ntut019/ ltes/ltes.html. 2003b 1992 2005 1970-73 1988 25 凃 1991/1975 1 1975 1993 1988 2004/9/9 IBM/360 1993 1988 25 1974 177-234 1987 2009 74 1991 2005 1988 31 200482 88-100

092 2009 6 1985 2009 74 2004 1992/1975 2 1975 1991 1932-1949 1998 : 2005 1995 20 1995 8 151-75 2003 2007 65 3 1-33 2008 3 19 1 167-227 2009 1964 9 15 3 41-84 2008 2008/20/23 1989 Amsden, A.H., 2001, The Rise of The Rest : Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amsden, A.H., 2007, Escape from Empire: The Developing World s Journey through Heaven and Hell, Cambridge: MIT Press. Barrett, Richard E., 1988, Autonomy and Diversity in the American State on Taiwan, in E.A. Winckler and Susan Greenhalgh eds., Contending Approaches to the Political Economy of Taiwan, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 1993 Council for Economic Planning and Development, various years, Taiwan Statistical Data Book. Taipei: CEPD. Cullather, Nick, 1996, Fuel for the Good Dragon: The US and Industrial Policy in Taiwan, 1950-1965. Diplomatic History. 20 (1). Cumings, Bruce, 1999, Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations at the End of the Century. Durham: Duke University Press.

093 Dore, Ronald, 1990, Reflections on Culture and Social Change, in Gereffi, G. and D. Wyman (eds.), Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Eckert, Carter, 2000, Korea s Transition to Modernity: A Will to Greatness, in Merle Goldman and Andrew Gordon (eds.), Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 119-154. Hayter, Teresa, 1971, Aid as Imperialism, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Ho, Samuel P.S. 何 保 山, 1978, Economic Development of Taiwan, 1860-1970, Yale University Press. Ho, Samuel P.S., 1987, Economics, Economic Bureaucracy, and Taiwan s Economic Development, Pacific Affairs, 60 (2), 226-247. Jacoby, N., 1966, U.S. Aid to Taiwan, New York: Praeger. Johnson, Chalmers, 1982, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kirby, W.C. 柯 偉 林, 1984, Germany and Republican China, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Kirby, W.C., 1990, Continuity and Change in Modern China: Economic Planning on the Mainland and on Taiwan, 1943-1958, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 24, July, 121-141. Schumpeter, Joseph A., 1976, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, London: Allen and Unwin. Schurmann, Franz, 1974, The Logic of World Power, NY: Pantheon. Stiglitz, J.E., 2002, Globalization and Its Discontents, NY: Norton.