[ ]1001-5558 (2006) 04-0124 - 48 [ ],,,,,,,, 2005,, [] ; ; [] C924. 4 [] A,,,,,, 120, 2005 260 1951, 1965, 2006 4 ( 51 ) N. W. Ethno2National Studies 2006. No. 4 ( Total No. 51)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2004, ( ),,,, 1.,,,,,, ( Hu, 2004),, (), ( Fischer, 2005) ( ), 20 80 1987, (, 1997 : 1), 1988 1992,,,, 1986 1987 (, 1989),(, 1990), (, 1996), (1997) 1991 China Quarterly, 125
, 301 19972002,, 700,,,, (, 1999),,,,, 2002 (Andrew Martin Fischer) : ( Poverty by Design : the Economics of Discrimination in Tibet) 2004 : ( State Growth and Social Exclusion in Tibet : Chal2 lenges of Recent Economic Growth), 2004,, : (Urban Fault Lines in Shangri - La : Population and Economic Foundations of Inter - ethnic Con2 flict in the Tibetan Areas of Western China, 2004) : - ( Close Encounters of an Inner Asian Kind : Tibetan - Muslim co - existence and conflict in Tibet : past and present, 2005), (primordialism) (instrumentalism ) (constructivism),,,, (),,,,, ( Fischer, 2005),,, 2004,,,, ( ), ( Hu, 2004),,,, ;,,,,,, 126
,,,,,,,,, ( Emily Ting Yeh) : ( Taming the Tibetan Landscape : Chinese Development and the Transformation of Agricul2 ture, 2003),,, 2. 1988,,,,,,, 2005,,,, 2005 (, 2004 : 4 5) 2005 7 9, 2005 9 40,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) : (1) ( ), () ; (2) ( ) ( ) ; (3), ( ) ( ), 2005 6 8,,, 12,, (),,,,, 127
,,, : (1) :,, ; (2) :,, ; (3) :,, 1 2 3 1 2005 9 10, 20 2005,, (), 20 6, 6 (), 10, 3 3,, : (1),, 148 3 (1 2 ; 3 ), 3 177 (2) 700 (3) ( ) ( ) 174 (4) 128 (5) 180 (6) 1 2005 2005 6 8, 40,,,, 128
1 ( 3 ) 210 2 1470,,, 129
3 1 2005 () ( %) 210 14. 3 ( ) 68 4. 6 5 0. 3 12 0. 8 25 1. 7 93 6. 3 91 6. 2 ( ) 44 3. 0 220 15. 0 249 17. 0 ( ) 140 9. 5, 128 8. 7 16 1. 1 ( ) 24 1. 6 5 0. 3 9 0. 6 39 2. 7 15 1. 0 21 1. 4 12 0. 8 1467 100. 0 130
, : (1) :,,,,,, 1988, (2) :,, () (3) : 1992,, 13 210,, (4) :, 1992,,,,, :?????????, 1. ( ) 1951 114. 09,2002 255. 44 1964 120. 87,2002 244. 92,96 %2002 266. 88 131
, (), () 25 %, 64 % (2) 2 ( ) (km 2 ) ( ) (/ km 2 ) 8 2. 95 40. 95 13. 88 11 8. 69 58. 22 6. 70 12 7. 96 31. 78 3. 99 18 18. 20 64. 14 3. 52 10 37. 68 0. 94 0. 02 7 30. 50 7. 66 0. 25 7 11. 70 15. 01 1. 28 73 120. 00 255. 44 2. 13 : (2003 ),, 1985 2002 18,, 1. 96 % 1. 95 % (3) 3 19852002 1985 ( %) 1995 ( %) 2000 ( %) 2002 ( %) ( %) 32. 39 35. 66 40. 37 40. 95 1. 31 46. 39 49. 72 57. 33 58. 22 1. 27 26. 10 28. 30 31. 53 31. 78 1. 10 49. 98 55. 38 63. 03 64. 14 1. 40 26. 58 29. 95 36. 28 37. 68 1. 96 5. 41 6. 13 7. 14 7. 66 1. 95 12. 63 12. 91 14. 38 15. 01 0. 96 199. 48 218. 05 250. 33 255. 44 1. 38 :2002 : (1) (122, 47 %) ; (2) ( 78, 30 %) ; (31, 12 %) ; 8. 3 2. (3) (4) (22, 8. 8 %), 1978 2002,,, 1990, 26. 38, 7. 17 % ; 10. 64,4. 85 %12 %,1982 9. 5 %,2. 5,1990 (26. 23 %) 1999 13. 8 %,2000 14 %,2002 14. 5 % 132
,,,, 2002 4 4 2002 ( ) ( ) ( %) 40. 95 14. 17 34. 60 58. 22 2. 86 4. 91 31. 78 1. 20 3. 78 64. 14 4. 29 6. 69 37. 68 2. 38 6. 32 7. 66 0. 93 12. 14 15. 01 2. 61 17. 39 255. 44 28. 44 11. 13 : (2003 ), 3. 1990, 95. 46 %,3. 7 %,0. 14 %, 35 0. 7 %2000, 92. 76 %,6. 06 %,0. 34 %, 35 0. 84 % 2. 7, 2. 9, 0. 2 ( 5),,,, 1.,,, ( ), ( ),, (1990 50 %, 30. 5 % ; 37 % ), 1996 : 117 1990 50 %, 2000 48. 3 % 133
5 19852000 : 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 1,994,808 2,180,520 2,355,540 2,453,869 2,477,195 2,620,000 1,909,693 2,095,561 2,268,749 2,361,619 2,388,009 2,421,856 70,932 67,407 67,772 73,841 70,145 72,122 1,529 2,269 2,357 1,848 2,098 2,132 2,036 2,325 2,690 3,064 2,796 2,856 6,445 7,463 8,084 8,327 8,420 8,471 871 1,260 1,092 1,075 1,084 1,024 72 79 118 47 83 104 227 378 394 275 292 430 31 50 31 44 48 50 80 32 21 34 35 32 62 15 23 109 42 41 90 116 150 165 162 151 81 168 171 191 190 213 36 173 61 67 114 61 12 7 5 10 13 15 6 10 4 95 4 10 42 70 82 95 117 89 21 36 35 42 46 39 1,403 1,819 2,131 1,848 2,060 2,152 1,097 1,248 1,494 1,407 1,397 1,395 42 34 76 57 40 98 : (19852000 ), 2. 1959,,, ( ) 5 6, 3 4, 2, 1952 3 ( ), 1959 3 1964, 1964 2004 ( 6) 1964 2004 3 4 1974 1984 1984, 1981 3. 05, (, 1996 : 127) 20 90,,,,, 134
, ( ) 1984 1994, 4,430 8,515,40 1994 1998 2,896 2,948,,, 1994 2004 2,165, 3,695 6 19642004 () () 1964 10,262 7,111 3,079 72 39,363 28,601 10,492 270 1974 9,595 6,771 2,762 62 32,763 20,244 12,337 182 1984 9,924 6,639 3,205 80 32,128 19,191 12,500 437 1994 14,554 11,029 3,419 106 40,643 27,278 12,800 565 1999 14,950 11,309 3,524 117 43,071 26,902 13,382 784 2004 17,115 13,325 3,674 116 46,730 29,284 14,710 736 : (19642004 ) 3., 1982 1990 2000 1990, 32,131,30,960,1,556 ; 111,619 2000,71,942,66,316,5,626 ; 223,001 (,1992,2003) 1990 2000,39,811,4. 6 %,2. 7 %, 5 %, 1959, (1965 ),, 1990, 68. 9 %,28. 8 %,2. 4 %, 53 2. 3 %(,1992 :38) 2000,62. 9 %,1990 6 ;34. 34 %,1990 5 ;1. 98 %,1990 0. 5 (7),1990 2000, 2 1 6 4, 2 1,,, 1985 2003, 13,576, 97 %,0. 97 %(2003 ), 2. 42 % (1998 ) 135
7 1990 2000 () 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 96,431 140,387 47,677 67,226 48,754 73,161 40,387 76,581 26,720 45,744 13,667 30,837 2,351 4,429 1,528 3,008 823 1,421 : (1990 2000 ) 9 (2004 470 ),, 58 8 19852003 () 1985 32,509 31,656 87 748 18 1986 32,687 31,834 76 769 8 1987 33,170 32,312 75 776 7 1988 35,224 34,338 76 797 13 1989 36,934 36,045 77 801 11 1990 38,095 37,179 67 842 7 1991 39,071 38,167 65 832 7 1992 39,882 38,959 67 851 5 1993 39,995 39,082 54 851 8 1994 40,643 39,710 77 848 8 1995 41,085 40,162 49 865 9 1996 40,597 39,696 51 842 8 1997 40,676 39,782 49 839 6 1998 42,786 41,573 162 1,037 14 1999 43,071 41,836 196 889 150 2000 43,366 42,296 90 863 117 2001 44,142 43,230 84 824 4 2002 44,793 43,931 51 809 2 2003 46,085 447,69 451 864 1 : (2004 ) 40, :, 1990 95. 46 %,2000 92. 76 %, 20 1990 2000, 1990 3. 7 %,2000 6. 06 %,1990 0. 14 %0. 34 % 136
9 (2004 ) () 4,047 4,045 2 0 0 4,590 4,590 0 0 0 2,172 2,172 0 0 0 2,178 2,178 0 0 0 6,691 6,603 31 56 1 5,662 5,640 9 12 1 7,229 6,477 8 744 0 8,659 8,632 8 19 0 1,830 31,827 0 3 0 335 335 0 0 0 601 601 0 0 0 2,736 2,324 412 0 0 46,730 45,424 470 834 2 : (2004 ) 1990 68. 9 %,2000 62. 9 % ; 1990 28. 8 %,2000 34. 34 % ;1990 2. 4 %,2000 1. 98 %,,, 1.?,,, :, Tibet Tibetan,,, ;,, (population swamping),, ( Fisher, 2004 : 1), 5 ( Hu, 2004 : 28) ;,,,,, 1994 137
:,, (),, (, 2004 9 11 ),,,,,,,,, 2000, :, 2001,,, :, 10,, 2001, 2., 2004 6 28 :, :, 5,000 1, 6,, 2004 1,401 ( 350 ), 796 ( ), 87. 8 %2002, 6,510,2003 9,500,2004 12,157,, 2001 5 28 ( 82 ),, 10,,,,, 3. 2004, : 9 10,, 3 1 PVC, PVC,,,,, (, 2004 9 11 ) 2005,, 1994 8 18, 138
, 60 2000, 11,185, 70,00080,000, 170,000 2005,, 52,812, 69,924,,, (5 11 ), 7 10, 11 4 (),,, 10 20 4.,,,,, 2001 2005, 26 (2001 ) 56 (2004 ), 2001, 2001 12,672,10,924,86. 2 % ;1758, 13. 8 % 2001, 26. 38,6. 31,20. 07, 784,44. 59 % ; 55. 1 %, 20,059,31. 7 % ; 43,029, 68. 2 % 2004, 43,048, 569,161, 115,110,,,,, 10,, 2005 9 10, ( ), 6,404 (2005 9 30 ), 40,,,,,,, 2001 60,,, 139
5., 10 20012005 : / () 2001 12,672 263,805 2002 16,626 302,177 2003 30,351 374,337 2004 43,048 569,161 2005 19,629 280,575 : 2005 10 2004, 16,616, 3,596, 13,020 2005, 3,130, 13,524,1999 1. 49,2001 1. 54 ( Hu,2004 :66) 2001,2005 13,524, 20,286, 3 ( + 1 ),40,572 6.,,,,,, 17. 42 /, 16. 6 / 59. 07 /, 126. 47 / 2002,72. 50 / (,2003 :10), 2005 115 / 1. 2005,, 1, 470, 1, 022, 69. 5 %,441,30. 3 %,1120 13. 8 %,2130 140,
0. 5 % 33. 1 %,3140 33. 5 %,4150 14. 0 %,5160, 11 2005 () () ( %) 1120 204 13. 8 2130 487 33. 1 3140 492 33. 5 4150 206 14. 0 5160 41 2. 8 6170 7 0. 5 7180 1 0. 0 32 2. 2 1,470 100. 0 : 2005, 2005 1,470,, (11), 7,420 ( 256 ),2,674,36 %, 4,519,60 % 12, 626, 2005, 12 (2005 ) () () ( %) 1015 3 0. 0 1625 1,101 14. 8 2635 2,786 37. 5 3645 2,253 30. 4 4655 522 7. 0 5665 75 1. 0 6675 4 0. 1 626 8. 4 7,420 100. 0 :, 2140 66 %, 2150 80 %,, 141
, 2. 1,470,990 ( 67. 3 %),275 (18. 7 %),163 (11. 1 %),27 (1. 8 %), 15 (1. 0 %),,,, 2005 9 30, 68. 2 %,23. 9 % (13), 2005,,, 1,470, 897, 573, 39 % 897, 65 (7. 2 %),769 (85. 7 %), 62 (6. 9 %), 2005, 25. 1 %, 235,, (61 ) 163, 169, 11. 5 % 13 (2005 ) () ( %) 4,366 68. 2 1,533 23. 9 352 5. 5 80 29 10 9 7 6 6 3 2 1 6,404 100. 0 142
14 (2005 ) () ( %) 369 25. 1 169 11. 5 323 22. 0 88 6. 0 ( ) 521 35. 4 1,470 100 3. 2005,1,470,1,373, 137 (10 %),308 (22. 4 %),628 (45. 7 %),213 (15. 5 %), 87 (6. 3 %) (15),,, 32. 3 %, 35. 3 %, 26 %,20 %, 43. 8 %, 28. 8 %, 11, 3. 31 %,, 15. 3 %, 53. 7 %, 19. 3 %,8. 2 % 15 2005 () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) 32 3. 3 76 32. 3 29 19. 9 0 0. 0 137 10. 0 148 15. 3 83 35. 3 64 43. 8 13 48. 1 308 22. 4 518 53. 7 61 26. 0 42 28. 8 7 25. 9 628 45. 7 187 19. 4 12 5. 1 9 6. 2 5 18. 5 213 15. 5 35 3. 6 2 0. 9 2 1. 4 1 3. 7 40 2. 9 29 3. 0 1 0. 4 0 0. 0 1 3. 7 31 2. 3 16 1. 7 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 16 1. 2 965 100. 0 235 100. 0 146 100. 0 27 100. 0 1,373 100. 0 4.,,, 1,470,964,64. 4 %, 1953 (1 ),19601969 1. 04 %,19701979 143
3. 59 %,1980 1989 30 %, 19901999 44 %, 20002005 22 %, (16), 657, 12 (1. 8 %), 4 135, 3, 2, 2 640, 536 (83. 8 %) (), ; 55 (8. 6 %),, ; 22 (3. 4 %) 130,97 (74. 6 %),21 (16. 2 %), 7 (5. 4 %) (), 16 640 4 12 1 657 1 78 5 1 85 3 2 130 0 135 1 1 0 12 14 645 85 147 14 891 5., 754, 542 (71. 9 %),198 (26. 3 %),, 89 (11. 8 %) ;,66 (8. 9 %) (17) 17,, # % # % # % # % # % % # % 71 12. 0 38 6. 4 404 68. 2 69 11. 7 10 1. 7 592 100. 0 11 18. 0 4 6. 6 27 44. 3 18 29. 5 1 1. 6 61 100. 0 49 54. 4 19 21. 1 18 20. 0 2 2. 2 2 2. 2 90 100. 0 1 9. 1 5 45. 5 4 36. 4 0 0. 0 1 9. 1 11 100. 0 132 17. 5 66 8. 8 453 60. 1 89 11. 8 14 1. 9 754 100. 0,,, 144
,,,,,,,,. 1.,?? 4, 2005, ( ) : 19801988, 1980 (, ), ; 19901999,,5 (19901994 ),5 ; 2000 2005, ( ), 2000 2005 20002005 68. 1 %,2000 (133 ) 1999 (56 ),2005 (311 ) 2004 (154 ) 4,,,,, 2. 4, 145
, 18 2005 18 2005 () ( %) () ( %) 445 30. 3 16 1. 1 357 24. 3 9 0. 6 204 13. 8 9 0. 6 111 7. 6 8 0. 5 57 3. 9 6 0. 4 54 3. 7 5 0. 3 37 2. 5 3 0. 2 21 1. 4 1 0. 1 21 1. 4 18 1. 2 1,470 100. 0,,,,,,,,,1992,,,,,, ( ) 1,470, (30. 3 %) (24. 3 %) (7. 6 %) (3. 9 %) (3. 7 %) (2. 5 %), 13. 8 %, 3.,, 19 12, 70. 7 %,,,, 146
19 () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) 388 62. 5 569 77. 7 957 70. 7 43 6. 9 24 3. 3 67 5. 0 25 4. 0 34 4. 6 59 4. 4 30 4. 8 23 3. 1 53 3. 9 33 5. 3 13 1. 8 46 3. 4 14 2. 3 10 1. 4 24 1. 8 20 3. 2 2 0. 3 22 1. 6 7 1. 1 12 1. 6 19 1. 4 9 1. 4 7 1. 0 16 1. 2 7 1. 1 8 1. 1 15 1. 1 5 0. 8 6 0. 8 11 0. 8 8 1. 3 3 0. 4 11 0. 8 15 2. 4 11 1. 5 26 1. 9 621 100. 0 732 100. 0 1,353 100. 0 :2005 9 20,,, 56 %,,,,,, (21) 15. 6 %,, 67 %, 81. 7 %, 20,, ( 36. 6 %), (15. 1 %) (22) 18. 3 %, ( ) 147
20 () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) 2320 54. 5 1428 3748 56. 1 332 140 472 242 170 412 189 100 289 185 68 253 149 77 226 110 91 201 116 53 169 93 44 137 90 42 132 82 28 110 61 28 89 39 23 62 42 10 52 14 12 26 17 9 26 14 10 24 13 11 24 16 8 24 15 8 23 14 8 22 15 4 19 10 6 16 7 5 12 4 1 5 3 0 3 1 1 2 1 0 1 47 29 76 16 13 29 4,257 100. 0 2,427 100. 0 6,684 100. 0 : 2005 9 148
21 () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) 66 68. 0 11 61. 1 77 67. 0 24 4 28 4 1 5 1 2 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 97 100. 0 18 100. 0 115 100. 0 :2005 9 22 (2005 ) () ( %) () ( %) 2,285 36. 6 267 945 236 320 209 317 21 290 2 217 26 217 120 131 81 80 67 62 66 48 53 30 25 34 22 18. 3 17 1,146 14 14 13 11 11 5,105 81. 7 6,251 100. 0,2005 9, 11,700, 85. 09 %, 657 (4. 77 %), 1,393 (10. 13 %), 13,750, 9,397, 149
4,647,,, 2005, 4.,, 704, 21. 9 %, 18. 5 %,,,,16. 1 %14. 9 %, 12. 5 % 18. 1 %, 4. 2 %(23) () 23 (2005 ) () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) 0. 5 4 0. 8 0 0. 0 1 1. 0 1 5. 9 6 0. 9 1. 0 86 16. 7 14 19. 4 29 29. 3 1 5. 9 130 18. 5 1. 5 4 0. 8 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 4 0. 6 2. 0 108 20. 9 12 16. 7 27 27. 3 7 41. 2 154 21. 9 2. 5 8 1. 6 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 5. 9 9 1. 3 3. 0 82 15. 9 12 16. 7 10 10. 1 1 5. 9 105 14. 9 3. 5 2 0. 4 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 2 0. 3 4. 0 21 4. 1 0 0. 0 7 7. 1 0 0. 0 28 4. 0 4. 5 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 5. 0 88 17. 1 9 12. 5 13 13. 1 3 17. 6 113 16. 1 5. 5 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 6. 0 9 1. 7 4 5. 6 2 2. 0 1 5. 9 16 2. 3 7. 0 4 0. 8 1 1. 4 1 1. 0 0 0. 0 6 0. 9 7. 5 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 8. 0 10 1. 9 1 1. 4 0 0. 0 2 11. 8 13 1. 8 9. 0 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 10. 0 70 13. 6 13 18. 1 5 5. 1 0 0. 0 88 12. 5 11. 0 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 13. 0 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 14. 0 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 15. 0 1 0. 2 3 4. 2 1 1. 0 0 0. 0 5 0. 7 18. 0 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1 0. 1 20. 0 10 1. 9 3 4. 2 2 2. 0 0 0. 0 15 2. 1 30. 0 1 0. 2 0 0. 0 1 1. 0 0 0. 0 2 0. 3 516 100. 0 72 100. 0 99 100. 0 17 100. 0 704 100. 0 150
,,57. 6 % 38. 2 %, 16. 7 %,, 5. 24, (78. 8 %),,,,, (12. 7 %) 3. 7 %,82 %, 24 644 71 104 819 ( %) 78. 6 8. 7 12. 7 100. 0 104 29 11 144 ( %) 72. 2 20. 1 7. 6 100. 0 178 31 8 217 ( %) 82. 0 14. 3 3. 7 100. 0 23 0 1 24 ( %) 95. 8 0. 0 4. 2 100. 0 949 131 124 1204 ( %) 78. 8 10. 9 10. 3 100. 0 1. 1980, 20 80,, 80, 1992,,,, ( ),, ( Hu,2004 : 7178. ) 2005,1,395,634 (45. 4 %) (25), 40. 9 % 151
6. 1 %,2. 36 %, 1. 5 %, 1. 3 % 25 # % # % # % # % # % 3 0. 3 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 3 0. 2 16 1. 7 1 0. 4 3 1. 9 1 3. 7 21 1. 5 364 38. 4 182 68. 4 79 51. 0 9 33. 3 634 45. 4 139 14. 7 20 7. 5 14 9. 0 7 25. 9 180 12. 9 131 13. 8 15 5. 6 22 14. 2 2 7. 4 170 12. 2 168 17. 7 34 12. 8 16 10. 3 2 7. 4 220 15. 8 62 6. 5 8 3. 0 12 7. 7 4 14. 8 86 6. 2 18 1. 9 0 0. 0 3 1. 9 1 3. 7 22 1. 6 16 1. 7 4 1. 5 6 3. 9 0 0. 0 26 1. 9 30 3. 2 2 0. 8 0 0. 0 1 3. 7 33 2. 4 947 100. 0 266 100. 0 155 100. 0 27 100. 0 1395 100. 0 25, 46. 2 %, 3. 2 %, 1. 7 % 14. 2 %,, 1. 9 % (68. 4 %),,, 2, 1 2., 2005, 30 %, 22. 8 % (26), ( ) 65. 4 %, ( ) 1. 4 % 10. 2 % 0. 7 %, ( ), 19 20 Charles Bell (Bell, 1928 : 31) ( Emily Ting Yeh) 2003 Taming the Tibetan Landscape : Chinese Development and the Transformation of Agriculture ( Yeh, 2003) 3.,, 27, :,, ( ) 152
,,, 26 () ( %) () ( %) 112 7. 6 9 0. 6 29 2. 0 17 1. 2 14 1. 0 39 2. 6 55 3. 7 8 0. 5 7 0. 5 961 65. 4 335 22. 8 139 9. 5 125 8. 5 1 0. 1 9 0. 6 10 0. 7 440 29. 9 10 0. 7 97 6. 6 46 3. 1 97 6. 6 150 10. 2 21 1. 4 80 5. 4 129 8. 8 1,470 100. 0 1,470 100. 0,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,, 1, 371, 1, 066 (77. 8 %), 305 (22. 2 %) 1, 374, 54 %, 30. 2 %, 84 %, 15. 8 %,, 153
27 / / / / / / / / / ( ) / / / / ok / / ( ) / VCD : Hu,2004 : 7173 154
1.,,,,,,,,,,1,184 (80. 5 %) 13,350. 59 (16,590 ) 1,113,2 20, 0 (),,, 2004 10,846 3. 1 (,2005 :8,10,44),33,623, 2. 5 5 2005 (015,1, 2, 5 ),,, ;,,,,, 5 155
28 (2005 ) () ( %) ( %) () ( %) ( %) 0500 6 0. 5 0. 5 9,0019,500 2 0. 2 47. 1 5001,000 39 3. 3 3. 8 9,50110,000 216 18. 2 65. 3 1,0011,500 13 1. 1 4. 9 10,00112,500 42 3. 5 68. 8 1,5012,000 39 3. 3 8. 2 12,50115,000 60 5. 1 73. 9 2,0012,500 11 0. 9 9. 1 15,00117,500 9 0. 8 74. 7 2,5013,000 51 4. 3 13. 4 17,50120,000 145 12. 2 86. 9 3,0013,500 14 1. 2 14. 6 20,00125,000 28 2. 4 89. 3 3,5014,000 55 4. 6 19. 2 25,00130,000 50 4. 2 93. 5 4,0014,500 10 0. 8 20. 0 30,00135,000 5 0. 4 93. 9 4,5015,000 100 8. 4 28. 4 35,00140,000 30 2. 5 96. 4 5,0015,500 6 0. 5 28. 9 40,00145,000 3 0. 3 96. 9 5,5016,000 63 5. 3 34. 2 45,00150,000 17 1. 4 98. 4 6,0016,500 4 0. 3 34. 5 50,00160,000 6 0. 5 99. 0 6,5017,000 26 2. 2 36. 7 60,00170,000 1 0. 0 99. 0 7,0017,500 20 1. 7 38. 4 70,00180,000 2 0. 2 99. 2 7,5018,000 74 6. 3 44. 7 100,000 + 10 0. 8 100. 0 8,0018,500 17 1. 4 46. 1 8,5019,000 10 0. 8 46. 9 1,184 100. 0 28 65. 3 % 1 833 4. 9 % 1,500,8 % 25,000 2,083 10 10 2. 2005 6,774. 35 (10,381 ), 6,,, 2004 10,905, 8,338 (,2005 :44) 3. 1, 2004 25,848, 3. 8 29 31. 2 %,11. 8 %,,,,, 30 156
6,, 3,832 : (1) () ; (2) ( ) ; (3), 2,550,,, 243,,, 4. 4, 30, 12. 9 % (139 ) 2005,, 311 2005,,41 % 5,000,25. 4 % 10,000,2. 9 % 40,000 2,000,, 157
29 (2005 ) () () ( %) ( %) () () ( %) % 0500 37 3. 1 3. 1 9,0019,500 12 0. 2 78. 2 5011,000 90 7. 7 10. 8 9,50110,000 0 0. 0 78. 2 1,0011,500 44 3. 7 14. 5 10,00112,500 117 9. 9 88. 2 1,5012,000 96 8. 2 22. 7 12,50115,000 40 3. 4 91. 6 2,0012,500 41 3. 5 26. 2 15,00117,500 30 2. 6 94. 1 2,5013,000 101 8. 6 34. 8 17,50120,000 2 0. 2 94. 3 3,0013,500 12 1. 0 35. 8 20,00125,000 31 2. 6 96. 9 35014,000 78 6. 6 42. 4 25,00130,000 12 1. 0 98. 0 4,0014,500 19 1. 6 44. 0 30,00135,000 17 1. 4 99. 4 4,5015,000 125 10. 6 54. 7 35,00140,000 4 0. 3 99. 7 5,0015,500 23 2. 0 56. 6 40,00145,000 1 0. 1 99. 8 5,5016,000 87 7. 4 64. 0 45,00150,000 0 0. 0 99. 8 6,0016,500 7 0. 6 64. 6 50,00160,000 0 0. 0 99. 8 6,5017,000 40 3. 4 68. 0 60,00170,000 1 0. 1 99. 9 7,0017,500 41 3. 5 71. 5 70,00180,000 0 0. 0 99. 9 7,5018,000 47 4. 0 75. 5 100,000 + 1 0. 1 100. 0 8,0018,500 20 1. 7 77. 2 8,5019,000 10 0. 8 46. 9 1,176 100. 0 30 () () ( % ) ( %) () () ( %) ( %) > - 3,000 14 1. 3 1. 3 5,5016,000 37 3. 4 63. 9-2,999-2,000 10 0. 9 2. 2 6,0016,500 13 1. 2 65. 1-1,999-1,000 18 1. 7 3. 9 6,5017,000 35 3. 3 68. 4-999- 500 26 2. 4 6. 3 7,0017,500 6 0. 6 68. 9-4990 71 6. 6 12. 9 7,5018,000 24 2. 2 71. 2 1500 31 2. 9 15. 8 8,0018,500 1 0. 1 71. 3 5011,000 34 3. 2 19. 0 8,5019,000 24 2. 2 73. 5 1,0011,500 38 3. 5 22. 5 9,00110,000 12 1. 1 74. 6 1,5012,000 81 7. 5 30. 0 10,00120,000 57 5. 3 79. 9 2,0012,500 30 2. 8 32. 8 20,00130,000 147 13. 7 93. 6 2,5013,000 88 8. 2 41. 0 30,00140,000 38 3. 5 97. 1 3,0013,500 19 1. 8 42. 8 40,00150,000 26 2. 4 99. 5 3,5014,000 69 6. 4 49. 2 50,00160,000 3 0. 3 99. 8 4,0014,500 16 1. 5 50. 7 70,00180,000 1 0. 1 99. 9 4,5015,000 89 8. 3 59. 0 > 80,000 1 0. 1 100. 0 5,0015,500 16 1. 5 60. 5 1,075 100. 0 158
3. 30 ( The Pearson correc2 tions) : (1), (0. 069 3 3 ),( - 0. 085 3 3 ), ( - 0. 105 3 3 ) ; (2), (0. 157 3 3 ),( - 0. 370 3 3 ), ( - 0. 116 3 3 ) (1, 3) ; (3) (0. 489 3 3 ) 30 Pearson Correlation 1 0. 155 ( 3 3 ) 0. 157 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 116 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 105 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 370 ( 3 3 ) Sig. (2 - tailed) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 N 1,455 1,452 1,427 1,175 1,169 1,373 Pearson Correlation 0. 155 ( 3 3 ) 1 0. 069 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 105 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 040-0. 085 ( 3 3 ) Sig. (2 - tailed) 0. 000 0. 009 0. 000 0. 176 0. 002 N 1,452 1,463 1,436 1,180 1,172 1,380 Pearson Correlation 0. 157 ( 3 3 ) 0. 069 ( 3 3 ) 1-0. 076 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 040 0. 060 ( 3 ) Sig. (2 - tailed) 0. 000 0. 009 0. 009 0. 178 0. 027 N 1,427 1,436 1,439 1,163 1,154 1,356 Pearson Correlation - 0. 116 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 105 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 076 ( 3 3 ) 1 0. 489 ( 3 3 ) 0. 210 ( 3 3 ) Sig. (2 - tailed) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 009 0. 000 0. 000 N 1,175 1,180 1,163 1,184 1,111 1,116 Pearson Correlation - 0. 105 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 040-0. 040 0. 489 ( 3 3 ) 1 0. 146 ( 3 3 ) Sig. (2 - tailed) 0. 000 0. 176 0. 178 0. 000 0. 000 N 1,169 1,172 1,154 1,111 1,176 1,114 Pearson Correlation - 0. 370 ( 3 3 ) - 0. 085 ( 3 3 ) 0. 060 ( 3 ) 0. 210 ( 3 3 ) 0. 146 ( 3 3 ) 1 Sig. (2 - tailed) 0. 000 0. 002 0. 027 0. 000 0. 000 N 1,373 1,380 1,356 1,116 1,114 1,385 3 3 Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2 - tailed). 3 Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2 - tailed). 2005 ( ) 31,,,,,, ( ) : () = 8,042 + 132 4,863 2,554 159
+ 9,195 + 7,778 + 5,242 :8,042,, 132,4,863 ;, 2, 554 ;,;, 9,195 ; 7,778 5,242 : 31 B Std. Error Beta t Sig. (Constant) 8,041. 921 1,812. 847 4. 436 0. 000 132. 224 52. 440 0. 075 2. 521 0. 012-4,863. 651 1,750. 423-0. 087-2. 779 0. 006-2,554. 048 1,270. 203-0. 065-2. 011 0. 045 9,195. 573 1,509. 731 0. 193 6. 091 0. 000 7,778. 476 2,246. 325 0. 106 3. 463 0. 001 5,242. 554 1,591. 729 0. 098 3. 294 0. 001 3 : F = 14. 799 ;Sig. = 0. 000. (1),,,,,,,, (2),,,, (3),,, (),,,,,, 4.,, (1),,,,,,,,,,,, 160
(2),,, 38. 8 %, 50 %,,,,, 5 %, 84 %, 1,365 (92. 9 %) 80 %,16. 6 %,, 43 (3. 2 %) (32) 32 () ( %) ( %) 43 3. 2 3. 2 1,095 80. 2 83. 4 226 16. 6 99. 9 1 0. 1 100. 0 1,365 100. 0, 1020 1. 58,25. 6,,,,42. 5 %,41. 5 % (33),, 33 ( %) % 334 42. 5 42. 5 452 57. 5 100. 0 786 100. 0 319 41. 5 41. 5 449 58. 5 100. 0 768 100. 0 1.,,, 161
,,,, 1,282,56. 3 %,36. 6 %, 7. 1 % (34), (8. 2 %), (2. 6 %), (6. 5 %),,,, 2.,,,,, 10 (35) 34 () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) () ( %) 457 51. 2 363 73 8. 2 893 100. 0 113 73. 9 36 4 2. 6 153 100. 0 141 65. 9 59 14 6. 5 214 100. 0 11 50. 0 11 0 0. 0 22 100. 0 722 56. 3 469 36. 6 91 7. 1 1,282 100. 0 20 50,,, 80,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 2005, 35,, 112 (8. 3 %),60 %, 31. 2 % 12. 9 %, 58 % 8. 6 %,57. 1 %,, 162
, 41. 8 %,10. 7 % 80 % 9. 6 %,80. 4 % 15. 2 %,74. 8 % 9. 5 %,80. 5 % 25 %,65 % 24. 1 %,66 %,,,, 10 % 15 %, 25 %, 35???? Answers 122 (8. 3 %) 889 (60. 5 %) 459 (31. 2 %) 189 (12. 9 %) 851 (57. 9 %) 430 (29. 2 %) 126 (8. 6 %) 839 (57. 1 %) 505 614 (41. 8 %) 158 (10. 7 %) 698,? 150 (10. 2 %) 1,175 (79. 9 %) 145,? 141 (9. 6 %) 1,182 (80. 4 %) 147,? 224 (15. 2 %) 1,099 (74. 8 %) 147,? 140 (9. 5 %) 1,183 (80. 5 %) 147,? 368 (25. 0 %) 955 (65. 0 %) 147? 355 (24. 1 %) 970 (66. 0 %) 145,,, 163
,, 2000, 2005,,,, 1. 1961, 4 7 12 28, 554 54 1985,, 7 (1985 ) 8 (1998 ), 13 : (1) ( ) ; (2) ( ) ; (3) ; (4) ( ) ; (5), ( ) ; (6), ( ) : Tibet Heritage Fund 7 1985 2005, ( ) ( ) 36. 7 %,( ) ( ) 22. 6 %, 9. 4 %, ( ) 35. 3 % 36 2005,, 9 36 9 164
1988 1992 (, 1996 : 404415) : : Tibet Heritage Fund 8 1998 36 2005 () () () () - - 6,404-3,805-4,508 389 7,372 1,805 1,090 754 5,223 2,927 1,096 276 6,520 6,247 3,612 557 3,196 3,435 - - 42,826 16,390 :, 2005 9 2. 40,, : (1) 19651979,, ( ), (2) 19791992, 14, 23. 9,, (, 1995 : 270308) 1986,,, 90, 165
: Tibet Heritage Fund 9 2005 (3) 1992 2005, ( ),, 20 50 3, 2005 54. 8, 300, 21 20 90,, 1990, (37) 37 19902000 ( ( ( / ( ) / ) / ) / ) ( ( ( ) / ) ( ) / ) 1990 91 7. 28 6. 8 5440 - - 64 5. 1 1991 91 7. 4 6. 8 5,528 - - 78 6. 3 1992 91 7. 4 6. 8 5,528 - - 78 6. 3 1993 105 8. 08 4 3,077 - - 81 6. 2 1994 105 7. 95 4 3,030 - - 83 6. 3 1995 202 14. 96 14. 1 10,444 - - 162 12 1996 200 14. 69 10. 29 7,566 238 17. 5 170 12. 5 1997 200 14. 45 10. 29 7,440 238 17. 2 170 12. 3 1998 210 15. 14 11. 54 8,302 238 17. 1 176 12. 7 1999 225 16. 11 11. 54 8,261 252 18 187 13. 4 2000 25. 3 18. 07 13. 54 9,671 272 19. 4 195 13. 9 : 166
2000 1990 1. 8,1990 7. 28 2000 18 2000 1990 1. 7 2000 1990 131,1990 8. 8 / 3. 20 80,, () 90,, ;,,,, 20 90,, ( ),,, 20 90,, 20 90, 4., 20 50, 20 90,,, (, 1996 : 406),,,, 2005 1,415,,20042005 9 27 16,210 20 80, (),,,, 4,0005,000, (10) 2005, ( ) 17. %,5. 9 %, 27. 4 %,4. 8 %,2. 25 %,10. 68 %, 16. 85 %,8 %,5. 48 %,10. 12 %,0. 26 % ( ) (50. 3 %), 27. 4 % 24. 85 %, 10. 68 %, 10. 12 %,,24. 23 % ( ) 25. 65 %( ),,30. 5 %, 29. 92 %, 31. 53 % 31. 8 %, 30. 09 %, 31. 97 % 167
10 : 2005 9,,, 2005,, 1.,,,, 2.,, (,, () ) ; 3.,,,, 4. 2005,, 1988,,, ;,,, 168
5.,, 2005,,,,,, 6. 2005, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, 7. : (68 %), (64 %), (2140 66 %), ( 45. 7 %),2005, (65. 4 %) (10. 2 %),(45. 4 %), (40. 9 %), 13,350,,80. 2 %,42 %,78. 8 %,,, 8. 2004 16. 6, 20,, ( ) ( ), 9.,,,,,,,, 10.,,, 80 %,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2005,, 2006 7,, 169
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real : Canadian Tibetan Committee. Fischer, Andrew Martin 2004a, Urban Fault Lines in Shangri - La : Population and economic foun2 dations of interethnic conflict in the Tibetan areas of Western China, Crisis States Working Paper, No. 42, London : Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics. Fischer, Andrew Martin, 2004b, State Growth and Social Exclusion in Tibet : Challenges of recent e2 conomic growth, Copenhagen : NIAS Press. Fischer, Andrew Martin, 2005, lose Encounters of an Inner Asian Kind : Tibetan - Muslim coexis2 tence and conflict in Tibet : Past and Present, Crisis States Working Paper No. 68, London : Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics. Goodman, David S. G. 2004,Qinghai and the Emergence of the West : Nationalities, Communal In2 teraction and National Integration, China Quarterly, No. 178 (2004 J uly) : 379-399. Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding - Larsen, 2001, The L hasa Atlas Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Townscape. London : Serindia Publications. Hu, Xiaojiang, 2004, The little shops of L hasa, Tibet : Migrant businesses and the formation of the Market s in a transitional Economy, UMI Dissertation Services. Shateman, Bali 2003,Tibet : Development for Whom? China Information 200, No. 2. Ye, Emily Ting 2003, Taming the Tibetan Landscape : Chinese Development and the Transformation of Agriculture, 2003. UMI Dissertation Services. [ ] 2006208225 [ ] (1950 ),,,,, 100871 (1962 ),,,,, 100101 Temporary Migration in Lhasa City M A Rong, D anzengl unz hu Abstract : In t he process ofdeveloping t he West of China, t he implementatio n of many project s and rising of t he service sector in western cities attracted many temporary laborers f rom t he east and central part s of China. They have positive impact on t he local economic develop ment while causing competition with native laborers in job market. Since the ma2 jority of these temporary migrant s have different et hnic and cult ural background, t he in2 teractio n bet ween migrant s and natives has involved wit h et hnic and religio us factor s. L hasa as t he capital city of Tibet Autonomous Region also attracted many temporary mi2 grant s. This paper is t he report s based o n t he 2005 temporary migratio n questio nnaire survey. The paper p rovides a systematic analysis of demograp hic, social and eco no mic characteristics of temporary migrant s in L hasa, and discusses t heir impact on the local so2 ciet y. Key words : L hasa, temporary migrant s, ethnic relations 171