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12 Fischer Martin Andrew 2005 State Growth and Social Exclusion in Tibet. Copenhagen NIAS Press. 8. Goldstein Melvyn et al Development and Change in Rural Tibet Barry Sautman and June T. Dreyer eds. Contemporary Tibet Policies Development and Society in a Disputed Region. New York M.E.Sharpe pp.193~

13 Chinese Journal of Population Science A bimonthly No. December ABSTRACTS Temporary Migration and its impact on Ethnic Relations in China Ma Rong 2 This paper provides a general review of the migration flows and discusses several important issues related to these migrations based on the field research by the author. It suggests that the migration flows should be understood in the entire strategy of long- term national development. A national labor market should be gradually established and all groups will find their positions in this market based on their expertise and abilities. In this process, the government should take all necessary measures to help the minority laborers to adapt to the economic and cultural environment of urban life. An Estimation on Economically Active Population in Urban and Rural China Hu Ying 14 By establishing an estimation model, this paper uses census data and annual population survey data to estimate China s economically active population, employment population, unemployment population, and labor force participation rates in urban areas by city and town and rural areas in the period of 2000 to The estimated ranges of these indicators are provided. Demographic Trap and Economic Development Theoretical Study Quantitative Analysis and International Comparison Li Xin Xu Dianqing 23 Based on the theory of population distribution and the fitting line analysis, the authors of the paper found that the negative slope in population distribution fitted line can be regarded as necessary condition of demographic trap. Exogenous population disturbance is not equal to the demographic trap, which is the main reason for short- term behavior of some developing countries economic growth. Despite it has greater population disturbance, as US and Canada, China has no demographic trap and its employment pressure is coming down. In contrast, India, Algeria, and Angola have the risk of demographic trap. This paper suggests that China s economic development is sustainable, while India with rapid economic growth may stay on the steady- state point of development in future. Discussions on the Lag of the Chinese Urbanization Level in International Comparison Xiong Jun 32 How to estimate the extent of China s urbanization is full of debates. Different judgements for its lagging behind are mainly due to the deviations of researchers conceptualization about and statistical approaches to international comparison of urbanization. This thesis discusses the statistical standard for urban population, the economic indicator for establishing the international comparative standard for the Chinese urbanization level the data conversion of per capita GDP, and some other relevant statistical issues, and then makes a relatively reasonable international comparison and takes delicate measurement to the Chinese urbanization level s lag degree. Analysis on Rural Surplus Labor: State and Trend Zhong Yu Lan Haitao 41 This paper summarizes the characteristics of Chinese rural labor, based on data from agriculture census in 1996 and We re- estimate compare and analyze China s surplus rural labor by means of labor- hour conversion method and standard structural method. Taking economic cycle fluctuation into account, we also investigate the essential reasons for the coexistence of migrant workers shortage and agricultural labor s surplus. The research of this paper suggests that only when short- period disturbing factors in prosperous booming or economic depression are excluded could realistic judgments about rural labor supply and demand be made. The Impact of Grain Price Fluctuation on Residents Welfare Guo Jinguang 49 Based on discussion about food consumption of different people and its change, this paper explores the variations of influence of food price fluctuations on the welfare state of people with different consumption modes. The variations exist among different levels of income and between urban and rural areas, and may affect Gini coefficients. By using data on food prices and survey data in poverty- stricken counties, Liaoning Province, this paper estimates the impact of grain price fluctuations and demographic variables on the income of low- income population and their incidence into poverty, and presents policy recommendations concerned at the end. 111

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~ 10 2 P Y i t = my i t W Y i t 1000 PY i t Y t i W Y i t t i m Y i t t i 15 ~ 49 1 Y Y Y 15 ~ j j t j t = j P i t i = 15 P n i t n Y * 35 4 2011 7 Vol. 35 No. 4 July 2011 3 Population Research 1950 ~ 1981 The Estimation Method and Its Application of Cohort Age - specific Fertility Rates Wang Gongzhou Hu Yaoling Abstract Based on the