Study on the Laws of Parent-Child Relationship in Lesbian Family 926553
2
Study on the Laws of Parent-Child Relationship in Lesbian Family Abstract Lesbians and gays are not allowed to marry according to the laws in Taiwan now, and only the married couple of husband and wife could use the Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART). It is also doubt that whether the court will grant the adoption of lesbian and gay parents. However, there were draft Basic Law for Human Rights Protection and draft Marriage Act for Lesbians and Gays once proposed, those discussions and proposals in the end will formulate the future family in Taiwan. This paper will review the parent-child relationship on the aspects of the possibilities provided from the ART and the existing lesbian families in Taiwan, though there are limited support and many obstacles from the law now. In Chapter 2, I introduced the difficulties and the challenges which lesbian families faced in Taiwan, the Taiwan lesbian family status and materials were from the LaMaNews, e-paper for the lesbian mothers, and the field work observation from joining the Lesbian Mothers Alliance, which combined into the Taiwan LGBT Family Rights Advocacy in July 2007. We can see there are urgent needs of the family rights protection for the LGBT families, and those needs are showed from the different ways of composing lesbian families, for example, using the ART to have children, lesbian and gay married to each other under private joint agreements, claiming for custody when divorce, factual nurturing and caring relationship etc. In Chapter 3, I discuss about the family rights and 3
important conditions of forming a family, reviewing the related laws and regulations, the right of reproduction, and the right of reproductive autonomy. In Chapter 4, I argue whether the limitation on LGBT forming family can be justified under the Constitution of R.O.C.? I argued that the restriction on lesbians, gays and single persons using ART, and the rejection on the application of adoption only because the sex orientation of homosexuals are against the equal protection principle of the Constitution. In Chapter 5, I introduce the legislatures which protect same sex couple s relationship, for example, the Registered Partnership Act in Demark, the Civil Partnership Act in the UK, the civil union and domestic partnership in some states in the United States. There are also cases using second-parent adoption, joint adoption and Equitable Estoppels to build the parent-child relationship for the lesbian families in the United States. In conclusion, no matter the law or the court shall not ban LGBT to form their family and their right of reproduction; the existing LGBT families need the protection of stable parent-child relationship, which will also be the best interest of the child. The law shall give the equal protection for LGBT families on the non-discriminatory basis. Key words: LGBT family, Parent-child relationship, LaMaNews, Lesbian mothers, family right, and freedom of reproduction. 4
录 选 样 2-1:.17-18 5-1 (A European Menu of Partnership Recognition Options). 81-82 5
1 -- Daddy & Papa Daddy & Papa ( 1 ) -- Johnny Symons William Rogers Zachary 2001 11 1 http://www.pts.org.tw/~web01/360/26.htm (2008/1/26 ) 6
2 2006 10 2007 3 5 (the best interest of a child) A B C A D A D D A A 2 96 3 5 ( 88 04 28 ) 7
1.1 (intention) 1063 1089 3 msn 3 8
4 (self-insemination) 5 6 2005 5 msn 2005 2006 2007 (pride parade) 7 1.2 4 2006 8 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2006/08 (2008/1/10 ) 5 2003 10 15 88 95 95 6 G-PaPa KKCITY BBS (Hsin-Chu Tongzhi City) BBS MSN 1931 1940 1981 1990 7 9
2006 3 18 8 8 2008 2008 1 10
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980 9 10 11 3 2 12 93 7 21 93 7 20 9 (83) 05375 83 3 17 ( )( ) 201-202 (83) 17359 83 08 11 ( ) 106-107 10 92.5.23 (http://www.moj.gov.tw/chinese/c_service_qa_detail.aspx? id=11&kind_id=2 2005/1/2 ) 11 2003.7.17 12 1031 3 89 06 13
13 10 18 8 ( ) 14 15 4-1 2-1: ( 16 ) 13 2004/07/21 14 93 10 18 8 http://www.moi.gov.tw/ upload/m_38296_6808680556.htm (2007/4/14 ) 15 ( ) (2006-10-31), http://gsrat.net/library/lib_post.php?pdata_id=165 (2007/1/21 ) 16 2006 3 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/ (2008/1/1 ) 14
(coparenting) (selfinsemination) (known sperm donor) 15
MSN 17 18 2005 19 20 21 2.2 2007 12 30 2007 7 9 1523 66.5 17 http://groups.msn.com/lesbianmotherhood 1269 ( 2008/1/6 ) 18 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/ (2008/1/6 ) 2006 3 T TS(Transgender ) 19 --... 20 21 T 1997 2001 16
22 2006 3 2.2.1 V 25 V V 30 V V V V V V V 22 [ ]- 2007 12 http://www.wretch.cc/blog/tapwr&article_id=10870453 (2008/1/11 ) 17
V V V V V V 23 V V (self-insemniation) Angel Angel Angel( ) Angel (T) 24 23 Louise [ ] 2006 3 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2006/03 (2008/1/1 ) 24 Angel 2006.7 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news 2008/1/2 6-7 2007 18
Angel 2.2.2 25 26 bbs 27 28 25 / 2000 01 01 2003 26 2004 2004 27 (5466)BBS kkcity bbs telnet://bbs.kkcity.com.tw (2008/1/22 ) 28 Jo [ ] T 2006 7 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2006/06 (2008/1/2 ) 19
ok ok 29 30 29 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news (2007/6/3 ) 30 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news (2007/6/3 ) 20
lover 31 31 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news (2007/6/3 ) 21
gay gay gay 32 ( ) 33 ( ) 32 http://blog.yam.com/ la_ma_news (2007/6/3 ) 33 ~ 43 12 1997 12 http://www.geocities.com/tokyo/subway/2482/ (2008/1/2 ) 22
34 35 34 Lupy 2006.7 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2006/07 (2008/1/26 ) 35 v.s. 2006.9 http:// blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/article/6506041 (2008/1/26 ) 23
gay 24
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 36 ( ) 2.2.3 36 2006 7 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2006/09 (2008/1/2 ) 25
1075 / 26
2006 10 100 100 60% 4/5 4000 3500 Patricia Hill Collins motherhood. fed 37 37 2007 3 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2007/03 (2008/1/2 ) 27
2007 9 38 39 38 2007/09/07 39 Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, and Catherine Donovan, Same Sex Intimacies: Families of choice and other life experiments, New York: Routledge, 2001, pp. 178-179. 28
Melissa Etheridge Melissa T 29
40 2.3 40 2006 11 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news/2006/11 (2008/1/2 ) 30
3 3.1 Cooley 41 (Socialization) (Affection and Companionship) (Regulation of Sexual Behavior) (Reproduction) (Providing of Social Status) (Economic Security) (Protection infants, children and the aged) 42 43 44 1122 41 Charles Cooley, 1902: Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, revised edn 1922 42 85 173-174 186-189 43 92 5-15 44 66 31
45 1948 12 10 (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) ( ),, ( ) ( ) 46 1966 ( International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ) 47 45 1998.1 509-510 46 http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/chn.htm (2006/11/9 ) 47 1966 12 16 2200A (XXI) 1976 3 23 http://www.tahr.org.tw/site/data/cp.htm (2007/6/10 ) 32
( International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ) 48 1979 49 (a) (b) 48 1966 12 16 2200A (XXI) 1976 1 3 http://www.tahr.org.tw/site/data/esc.htm (2007/6/10 ) 49 34/180 http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=29888&ctnode=3838&mp=26 (2007/6/10 ) 33
(h) (c) 1. 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (Grundrecht) ( ) 34
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 50 1123 3.2 51 50 63 89 8 138 51 66 35
365 552 554 552 554 552 554 52 242 53 22 22 54 52 554 362 53 242 54 60-70 36
(subjektives Recht) (Wertenscheidung) (Institutesgarantie) 55 Carl Schmitt 56 57 620 58 55 Peter Badura, Art. 6 GG Kommentar in Maunz/ Dürig, Rdnr. 1-21. 56 Carl Schmitt Verfassungslehre 2004 220~228 57 63 89 8 138-143 58 620 http:// www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/p03_01.asp?expno=620 (2007/4/6 ) 37
(verfassungsschutzwürdige) 2.22 (Menschenrechtsqualität) 59 3.3 60 61 59 -- 91 385 60 63 89 8 139 61 69 38
62 爲 63 235 62 242 362 552 554 620 63 617 617 235 235 1 407 39
64 ( One Wedding and a Revolution ) 65 2004 2 12 Gavin Newsom 2005 3 2005 3 14 66 爲 64 Stephen 85 171 65 2004 Color Betacam 20min Kate Kendell 2004 (http://www.wmw.com.tw/2004html/taiwaness.htm 2005/1/2 ) 66 149 P.3d 737, 53 Cal.Rptr.3d 317 (2005). 2005/03/16 2005/3/16 2005 / 03 / 15 http://gsrat.net/news/newsclipdetail.php? ncdata_id=523 (2007/4/13 ) 40
3.4 Hill(1991) 67 2945 説 68 69 70 爲 71 67 Hill, J. L. (1991) What does it mean to be a 'Parent'? The claims of biology as a basis for parental rights, New York University Law Review 66: 353-420. 68 2945 34 06 26 4 2582 1052 69 Bayne, Tim, Kolers, Avery, "Parenthood and Procreation", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2006 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http:// plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2006/entries/parenthood/>. 70 1979 12 18 1981 9 3 1989 100 http:// www.scu.edu.tw/hrp/database/pdf/003.pdf (2007/5/13 ) 71 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p308. 41
(ART) ART Louise Brown 1978 Louise Brown 2007 1 12 72 (1) (2) (3) 73 ART 74 渉 (self-insemination) 75 SI 72 2007 1 13 73 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p311. 74 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, pp324-25. 75 -- 2007 4 42
卽 12 76 77 78 (Lesbian Baby boom) 79 76 Tong, Rosemarie. Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction, 1989, Westview Press. 1996.11 142 143 157 77 2006 10 9 78 2002 29:127-179 79 Patterson, Charlotte J., Families of the Lesbian Baby Boom: Parents' Division of Labor and Children's Adjustment, Developmental Psychology, v31 n1 p115-23 Jan 1995. Suzanne M. Johnson & Elizabeth O'Connor, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university, 2002. 43
80 2007 3 ( ) Robertson 81 Brennan Eisenstadt Baird 82 Roberson 83 Roberson (Johnson & O connor,2002; Patterson, 1996 ) Shultz ART 80 95 8 http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/bhp/do/www/themeparkview?themeparkid=416 (2007/1/14 ) 81 John A. Robertson, GAY AND LESBIAN ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY, 55 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 323, p.3, p.22. 82 Eisenstadt, 405 U.S. at 453 (emphasis in original). 83 John A. Robertson, GAY AND LESBIAN ACCESS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY, 55 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 323, p.3. 44
84 85 ( ) 爲 86 3.5 84 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p342. 85 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, pp. 343-46. 86 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p371, p398. 45
46
4. 4.1 87 88 1122 87 (48) 89 8 86 88 90 1 47
AI(artificial insemination) SI(self insemination) 412 477 (Sachgerechtigkeit) (Sachgesetzlichkeit) 89 89 596 48
5 7 129 10 6 ( ) 90 (zwingenderforderlich) ( ) 91 23 92 365 93 94 7 90 6 1 85 1 37 91 Dazu BVerfGE 1, 208, 248, 252,; 51, 222,235ff. 92 (48) 89 8 116 120 93 (48) 89 8 159 160 94 (48) 89 8 159 160 49
1114 4 1115 1 3 4 1116 1 3 95 96 Patterson 1996 66 28 53 37 (26 ) 19%(7 ) 11%(4 ) (in de facto joint custody) 95 2004 9 476 96 See, e.g., Frederick W. Bozett, Gay and Lesbian Parents (1987); American Psychological Association, Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Council of Representatives, 30 AM. PSYCHOLOGIST 620 (1975); Charlotte J. Patterson, Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents, 63 CHILD DEV. 1025 (1992). 50
Patterson 97 Beechey 98 Edmund Leach (the cereal-packet norm family) 99 (Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority HEFA ) HEFA 2006 IVF IVF 100 ( ) 97 Charlotte J. Patterson, "LESBIAN MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN: Findings form the Bay Area Families Study", in Joan Laid & Robert-Jay Green edited, Lesbians and Gays in Couples and Families, California: Jossey-Bass Inc., 1996, pp. 420-437. 98 Beechey, V. 1986 Familial ideology, in V. Beechey & J. Donald (eds) Subjectivity and Social Relations, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 99 Pamela Abbott & Claire Wallace An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives 84 105 100 Single women and lesbian couples urged to speak out on the fertility services they receive HEFA2006 10 (http://www.hfea.gov.uk/en/1450.html 2007/11/3 ) 51
101 4.2 102 1079 1 ( 1061 1063 ) ( 1061 ) ( 1065 ) 1063 3 101 Howard W. Jones, Jr., and Jean Cohen, IFFS Surveillance 04, Fertility and Sterility, VOL. 81, No. 5, Suppl. 4, May 2004, pp. 18-19. 102 2004 9 259 52
41 1151 4.2.1 103 103 Maurice Freedman, Chinese lineage and society : Fukien and Kwangtung, London : Athlone Press, 1966; Lineage organization in Southeastern China, London : Athlone Press, 1958 53
gene 104 2012 967 ( 1114 ) ( 1138 ) ( 1223 ) ( 17 ) ( 307 180 ) 587 1990 9 2 Convention on the Rights of the Child IVF 587 104 http://www.life.nthu.edu.tw/~b861614/gene/top3.htm (2007/4/22 ) 54
587 105 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 106 Michael H. Gerald D. Michael H. Michael 107 108 109 110 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 111 (1) (2) 112 105 16 95 6 30 31 106 109 S.Ct. at 2340 (1989) (holding constitutional a statute preventing biological father or child from challenging presumptive fatherhood of mother's husband) 107 Cal.Evid. Code 621(a) (West Supp.1989). 108 Michael H. v. Gerald D., 191 Cal.App.3d 995, 1000, 236 Cal.Rptr. at 812(1987). 109 191 Cal.App.3d at 1009, 236 Cal.Rptr. at 818. 110 Id. at 1010, 236 Cal.Rptr. at 819. 111 109 S.Ct. at 2340 (1989) 112 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, pp330-33,392-93. 55
Brennan 113 Michael H. (self-insemination) (artificial insemination) SI AI ( 1061 1063 ) 114 113 109 S.Ct. at 2351 (Brennan, J., dissenting). 114 Chodorow, Nancy(1978)The reproduction of mothering psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley University of California Press.( (mothering) ) Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, Mother Nature A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection, 2004 4 19 ( ) 56
115 卽 (vouluntary fatherhood versus mandatory motherhood) ( ) Kif Augustine-Adams (men sire citizens; women birth children) 116 2007 3 23 24 115 1600-1950 2001.8.23-25 http://www.sinica.edu.tw/imh/women/women.html (2007/6/18 ) 116 NSC93-2413-H-002-030 94 9 28 Kif Augustine- Adams, Gendered States: A Comparative construction of Citizenship and Nation, 41 VAL J. INT'L L.93, 114(2000). 57
( intent-based parenthood) 117 ( ) 118 119 117 Hill 1991, Parker 1982, Shultz 1990, Stumpf 1986 Hill, J. L. (1991) What does it mean to be a 'Parent'? The claims of biology as a basis for parental rights, New York University Law Review 66: 353-420. Parker, P. (1982) Surrogate Motherhood: The Interaction of Litigation, Legislation, and Psychiatry, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 5: 341-54. Shultz, M. M. (1990) Reproductive Technology and Intent-based Parenthood: An Opportunity for Gender Neutrality, Wisconsin Law Review 297/2: 297-398. Stumpf, Andrea E. (1986) Redefining Mother: A Legal Matrix for New Reproductive Technologies, The Yale Law Journal 96: 187-208. 118 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p323. 119 ( Paternal Instinct ) (Murray Nossel)/ 75 / Betacam/ /2004 ~ http:// www.tieff.sinica.edu.tw/ch/2005/c-index.html2005 58
(second-parent adoption) Shultz 120 4.2.2 1079 1 1079 1 1055 1 2007 9 121 120 Marjorie Maguire Shultz, "REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND INTENT-BASED PARENTHOOD: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR GENDER NEUTRALITY", 1990 Wis. L. Rev. 297, p313. 121 13 2004 12 22 59
122 Eskridge & Spedale Eskridge Spedale 1850 1950 爲 爲 Eskridge Spedale 123 124 ( our parents are gay and so is life ) parents ( ) -- 122 (come out ) http://www.hotline.org.tw/ (2007/4/14 ) 123 Eskridge, William N./Spedale, Darren R., Gay marriage :for better or for worse? : what we've learned from the evidence, chapter 6, Drawing Lines: Scandinavian Lessons for the American Marriage Debate, pp218-219, Oxford Uni. Press, New York, 2006. 124 Marie MANDY our parents are gay and so is life 2003 / (http://gender.ncnu.edu.tw/2004film.htm 2005/1/3 2004//12/3 2004 ) 60
Johnson O connor 2002 415 79 336 256 34 25 52 41 22 65 38 125 (respect others and value diversity) (sizable minority) 126 127 125 Suzanne M. Johnson & Elizabeth O'Connor, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university, 2002, pp. 81-82. 126 Suzanne M. Johnson & Elizabeth O'Connor, The Gay Baby Boom: the Psychology of Gay Parenthood, New York university, 2002, pp. 169-171. 127 Chambers, Rethinking the Substantive Rules for Custody Disputes in Divorce, 83 MICH.L.REV. 477, 499-503 (1984), at 480-85 ( ) Mnookin, Child Custody Adjudication: Judicial Functions in the Face of Indeterminacy, 39 LAW & CONTEMP.PROBS. 226 (1975), at 255-62 ( ) 61
128 Michael H. Gerald D. 129 Finnerty Boyett Finnerty Boyett 130 Boyett Boyett Boyett Finnerty Boyett Finnerty Finnerty Boyett Finnerty Finnerty 131 E.B. v. FRANCE 14 (prohibition of discrimination) 8 (right to respect for private and family life) E.B. 45 R. 1990 R. E.B. 1998 2 (Jura Social Services Department) 128 28 3 1999 4 129 Michael H. v Gerald D., 109 S.Ct. 2333, 2345 (1989) (plurality op.) ("[T]o provide protection to an adulterous natural father is to deny protection to a marital father, and vice versa."' (emphasis in original)). But see Finnerty v. Boyett, 469 So.2d 287, 293 (La.Ct.App.1985) (court accepted that child could have two fathers; case discussed infra text accompanying notes 102-10).109 S.Ct. 2333 (1989) 130 469 So.2d 287 (La.Ct.App.1985) 131 E.B. v. FRANCE, 43546/02, GRAND CHAMBER JUDGMENT, Press release, EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 038, 22.1.2008. The Court has found that France breached Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the Convention, in a case concerning the refusal by the French authorities to grant the applicant s request to adopt a child. In its judgment, the Court considered, in particular, that the applicant s homosexuality had been a decisive factor in the evaluation of her request to adopt. http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/ (2008/1/30 ) 62
R. E.B. 14 8 132 live-in fathers, intermittent fathers 133 E.B. v. FRANCE 4.3 132 Id. at 289-90, and 29. 133 Note, Bastardizing the Legitimate Child: The Colorado Supreme Court Invalidates the Uniform Parentage Act Presumption of Legitimacy in R.McG. v. J.W., 59 DEN.L.J. 157, 172 (1981) (by L. Shoemaker). 63
134 135 136 134 2003.7.17 135 0 136 64
137 137 63 89 8 143 65
5 5.1 1980 138 Civil Union or Partnership 139 2006 3 5 Eskridge & Spedale 5-1 5-1 140 5-1 (A European Menu of Partnership Recognition 138 Kathleen E. Hull, Same-Sex Marriage: The Culture Politics of Love and Law, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.12. 139 Kathleen E. Hull, Same-Sex Marriage: The Culture Politics of Love and Law, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.12. 140 William N. Eskridge, Jr. & Darren R. Spedale, Gay Marriage: For Better or for Worse?, New York: Oxford, 2006, p.89. 66
Options) 141 cohabitation( ); De Facto Unions( ) Pactes Civil ( ) 67 Life Partnership( ); Partnerships( Civil Partnership( ) Registered ) ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ (ˇ)* ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ (ˇ)* (ˇ)** ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ * Marriage ( ; ; ) 141 William N. Eskridge, Jr. & Darren R. Spedale, Gay Marriage: For Better or for Worse?, New York: Oxford, 2006, p.89. ˇ
** (stepchild) (unrelated child) Eskridge & Spedale (cohabitation) (De Facto Unions) (Joint Parental Rights over Partner s Kids) (Joint Adoption) (Life Partnership) (Civil Partnership) (Registered Partnerships) (stepchild) (unrelated child) 5.1.1 (Registered Partnership Act) 1989 142 142 Section 2, (2) of The Danish Registered Partnership Act. Text of Act no. 372 of June 7, 1989. (translated by Darren Spedale). William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, Appendix 1, pp. 259-60. 68
1999 143 1989 (joint adoption) ( 144 ) 145 146 1999 147 143 Section 4 (1) and Section 2 of Act to Amend the Registered Partnership Act. Text of Act no. L70A of May 20, 1999. (translated by Darren Spedale). William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, Appendix 1, pp.260-61. 144 William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, p.111. 145 William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, p.111. 146 Children in Homosexual Families, Summary, Report from the Swedish Government Official Reports, SOUI 2001:10), English summary, p. 20. 147 Linda Nielson, Family Rights and the Registered Partnership in Denmark, International Journal of Law and the Family 4 (1990): 305. Additional information on government policy from interview by Darren Spedale with Jonna Waage, civil servant at the Denmark Ministry of Justice, Copenhagen, August, 1997. 69
148 ( child testament ) 149 5.1.2 (Civil Partnership Act) 2004 11 18 (Civil Partnership Act 2004)150 151 148 William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, p.112. 149 William N. Eskridge, Jr. and Darren R. Spedale, Gay marriage: for better or for worse?: what we ve learned from the evidence, Oxford, New York, 2006, Note 48 of. Chapter 3, p. 305. 150 Civil Partnership Act 2004 (http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/ acts2004/20040033.htm 2005/1/3 ) 151 (Civil Partnership Act) (http:// www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/lgbt/partnership.htm 2007/11/28 ) 70
(Ability to apply for parental responsibility for your civil partner s child) (Recognition under intestacy rules) (Access to fatal accidents compensation) (Protection from domestic violence) (Recognition for immigration and nationality purposes) (Civil Partnership Act 2004) 75 1989 (Children Act 1989 152 ) 104 A(1) 105 (1) (a) (b) 78 pragraph15(2) (parent) 79 (Adoption and Children Act 2002) 152 Children Act 1989 (c.41) http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/ukpga_19890041_en_1.htm 2007/5/30 ) 71
76 1989 77 (CPA) 2005 12 5 2005 6 10 (Euan Robson) (Keith O'Brien) 153 (Gay Dads) (Rainbow Family) 154 2007 Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act 2007 155 29 29 ( "parent") 153 2005/06/14 154 Catholics opposed to gay couple adoptions, The Scotsman, June 1, 2006. http:// news.scotsman.com/scotland.cfm?id=807382006 2007/5/30 155 Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act 2007 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/ acts2007/20070004.htm 2007/5/30 72
5.1.3 (civil union) (domestic partnership) (civil union) 156 domestic partnership 2004 7 10 Lewis v. Harirs 157 13 34 2006 10 25 Lewis v. Harris (New Jersey Law Against Discrimination) 158 156 Lambda Legal In Your State http:// www.lambdalegal.org/our-work/states/ (2007/5/31 ) 157 Lewis v. Harris, 188 N.J. 415, 908 A.2d 196 (N.J. Oct 25, 2006) (NO. A-68 SEPT.TERM 2005) 158 10:2-1 http://www.state.nj.us/lps/dcr/downloads/ Law_Against_Discrimination_Text.pdf (2007/11/22 ) 73
2004 180 (Civil Union Act) 2007 2 19 159 92 160 2005 5 Lewis v. Harris In the Matter of the PARENTAGE OF The Child of Kimberly ROBINSON. 161 (Superior Court of New Jersey) (Patricia Medina Talbert) (Kimberly Robinson) (Jeanne LoCicero) 2004 2005 4 30 (ACLU-NJ) 159 Domestic Partnership, Department of Health and Senior Services, State of New Jersey. http:// www.state.nj.us/health/vital/dp2.shtml 2007/5/31 160 Article 92 of New Jersey Civil Union Act. www.njleg.state.nj.us/2006/bills/a4000/3787_i1.pdf (2007/5/31 ) 161 383 N.J.Super. 165, 890 A.2d 1036 (2005) 74
162 5.2 (co-parenting agreement) 5.2.1 (second-parent adoption) (joint adoption) 1075 163 164 162 2005/06/03 163 23 Pa. CONS. STAT. ANN. 2903 (2003). 164 Lambda Legal, Second Parent Adoption Mailer, document updated 03/15/07. (http:// www.lambdalegal.org/assets/pdf/page.jsp?itemid=32068947 2007/12/09 ) 75
165 166 167 168 (second-parent adoption) (joint adoption) 169 In loco parentis 170 in loco parentis 171 in loco 165 In re M.M.D. and B.H.M., 662 A.2d 837 (D.C. App. 1995); In re Adoption of M.M.G.C., 785 N.E. 2d 267 (Ind. App. Ct. 2003)( ); Petition of K.M., 653 N.E.2d 888; Adoption of Tammy, 619 N.E.2d 315 (Mass. 1993); In re Adoption of Two Children by H.N.R., 666 A.2d 535 (N.J. Super. Ct. 1995); In re Jacob, 660 N.E.2d 397 (N.Y. 1995); In re Adoption of R.B.F., 803 A.2d 1195 (Pa. 2002); In re Adoption of B.L.V.B. and E.L.V.B., 628 A.2d 1271 (Vt. 1993). 166 In re Hart, 806 A.2d 1179 (Del. Fam. Ct. 2001). Jane S. Schacter, Constructing Families in a Democracy: Courts, Legislatures and Second-Parent Adoption, 75 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 933 (2000). 167 Patricia M. Logue, "The Rights of Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children" Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, A Journal and Digest of Family Law, Volume 18 2002 Number 1, pp. 107-10. http://www.aaml.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3331 (2007/6/2 ) 168 Lambda Legal, Second Parent Adoption Mailer, document updated 03/15/07. (http:// www.lambdalegal.org/assets/pdf/page.jsp?itemid=32068947 2007/12/28 ) 169 CONN. GEN. STAT. 45a-724 (a)(3)(2003), superseding In re Adoptionof Baby Z., 724 A.2d 1035 (Conn. 1999); 15A VT. STAT. ANN. 1-102(b)(2002), codifying B.L.V.B., 628 A.2d 1271. See also UNIF. ADOPTIONACT 4-102 cmt., 9 U.L.A. 69 (Supp. 1999). 170 In loco parentis: : in the place of a parent, Findlaw Dictionary, www.findlaw.com. 171 Berkowitz, Legal Incidents of Today's "Step"' Relationship: Cinderella Revisited, 4 FAM.L.Q. 209, 212 (1970). 76
parentis 172 173 ( While you were sleeping ) 174 172 Mahoney, Support and Custody Aspects of the Stepparent-Child Relationship, 70 CORNELL L.REV. 38, at 42 n. 23 (1984), 173 in loco parentis Memorandum Opinion at 2, Carney v. Dianna, No. 89,191,039-CE 99,949 (Baltimore City Cir.Ct. Jan. 11, 1990) (discussed infra text accompanying notes 440-49). 174 While You Were Sleeping - An Alternative Family Adoption Story, by Stephanie Burks; illustrated by Kelli Bienvenu, Little Mam Publishing, 2004. http:// www.littlemanpublishing.com/index.html (2007/6/3 ) 77
175 5.2.2 Equitable Estoppel 176 177 175 ninalazycat While you were sleeping ( ) 6 http://blog.yam.com/la_ma_news (2007/6/3 ) 176 Record at 1-2, 25, Sabol v. Bowling, No. CF-27,024 (Cal.Super.Ct., Los Angeles Cty., Jan. 30, 1989) (discussed infra text accompanying notes 429-39); Memorandum Opinion at 1-2, Carney v. Dianna, No. 89,191,039-CE 99,949 (Baltimore City Cir.Ct. Jan. 11, 1990) (discussed infra text accompanying notes 440-49). 177 In re Paternity of D.L.H., 142 Wis.2d 606, 615-16, 419 N.W.2d 283, 287 (1987). 78
178 179 Karin T. Michael T. 180 Michael T ( Marlene A.T.) 181 Karin T. Karin T. 1980 1983 (alternative insemination) Michael T. Karin T. Michael 182 1983 Michael T. Michael T. Michael T. (parent) (Black s Law Dictionary) ( one who procreates, begets and brings forth offspring. ) 183 ( parent ) Michael T. Michael T. Karin T. 178 Nancy D. Polikoff, THIS CHILD DOES HAVE TWO MOTHERS: REDEFINING PARENTHOOD TO MEET THE NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN LESBIAN-MOTHER AND OTHER ONTRADITIONAL FAMILIES, 78 Geo. L.J. 459, pp490-91. 179 Record at 1-2, Sabol (No. CF 27,024). 180 127 Misc.2d 14, 484 N.Y.S.2d 780 (Fam.Ct.1985). 181 Id. at 15, 484 N.Y.S.2d at 781. Polikoff she Michael T. Polikoff Micharl T.. 182 Id. at 15-16, 484 N.Y.S.2d at 781-82. 183 Id. at 19, 484 N.Y.S.2d at 784 ( BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1003 (5th ed.1979)). 79
5.3 ( ) 184 (Registered Partnership Act) (Civil Partnership Act) (domestic partnership) (civil union) 184 96 81 1 2007 9 7 80
6 81
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(Lesbians, Gay men, Bisexuals, Transgenders, Queers) 185 (Registered Partnership Act) (Civil Partnership Act) 185 To-Get-Her pub 2007 3 9 28 TO-GET-HER http://www.to-get-her.org/index.shtml (2007/12/13 ) 83
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