Chinese Language Learning 1 2 ( 1, ; 2, 100083) [ ],, () ( ) (),, [ ] ; ; [ ] H195. 1 [ ]A []1003-7365 (2007) 01-0059 - 12 0, ( NL o c + V ( ) + N ),, (2003), 0. 1 ( 1989 ; 1991 ; 1993a, 1993b ; 1995 ; Huang 1987 ; Pan 1996 ;Li & Thomson 1981) Yang & Pan (2001),, 8 : (1) ( ) : a. (V + N P) b. (N Plo c + V + NP) (2) ( ) : a. (V + N P) b. (N Plo c + V + NP) (3) ( ) : a. ( ) b. ( ) (4) ( ) : a. ( ) b. ( ) (5) ( ) : a. ( ) b. ( ) (6) ( ) : a. ( ) b. ( ) ( RGC) ( HKBU 2006/ OOH ),, 95
(7) ( ) : a. ( ) b. ( ) (8) ( ) :, ( 1996) (9) : (10) : (11) :,,, (1) (2) ;,, t here ( There is a person in t he room ), (3) (7), ; (2) ; (8),, (unaccusative verbs), () ( ),, ( unergative verb) ( ) ( ),,, ( ), ( A person came ),,,, ( ) ( ),,,,(7) (8) (),,,, 3, (1) (11) 0. 2,,, (1995),,,,,,, (3) (4) (7),,,,(1999) 06
Chinese Language Learning : + +,,, Sasaki (1990), Duff (1993) 28,, have,, (1997),,,, 0. 3, 3 : (1)? (2)? (3)? 1 1. 1 ( ) : 15 9 21, 15 ; ( ) : 12, 9,19, 5,,,,, 45, 45 4 :Lev2 el 1 ( ), Level 2 ( ), Level 3 ( ) Level 4 ( ) 1. 2 : ( ), 11, (5) (7) 2, ( ), ( ), / (2) (8) 2 (10) 2 (1), 4,/, 19, 3, 57, 4 :1,2,3,4 16
2 3 4 ( ) Sasaki (1990) (1995), + /, : / 120 ( ) 60, 4, 15 2319 2496,,, : 2 2. 1 ( ) : 4 ( ), ( (10) a :1. 000) ( (2) b :3. 533) :, 4 ( (11), (1) b, (8) b, (2) b) (1) b (2) b + ( ), (8) b + ( ), (11) ( ),,,, (1) b (2) b, 4, 3 1. 8 ( (7) b :; (1) d : ; (5) b : ),, 26
Chinese Language Learning,,,,(10) a,,, SPSS, 2 +, - ( P 0. 05),,, 1a 1b 1c 1d 2a 2b 3 4 5a 5b 6 7a 7b 8a 8b 9 10a 10b 11 - - - - + - + + - + + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - + - + + + - - - + - - - - - - - - - + + + - + + - + - + - - -, (1) a (1) b (1) c (1) d (2) b (7) b (8) b (10) a (10) b (11) 10 ( ) 10 6 4 ( (1) a, (1) b, (1) c, (1) d ), ((1) a (1) c ; (1) d ; (1) b) (10) ( (10) a ; (10) b ), (11) ( ), ( = 2. 444) (2) (7), b ( (2) b ; (7) b ), a ( (2) a ; (7) a ),(8), (8) b ( ), 4, : (4) (6) (9) (4) (), (6) ( ), (9) ( ) 3,, : (3) (5) b (2) a (3) ( ),, (5) b ( ),,(5) a ( ),,, (2) a ( ),,, (1999) 36
, : (5) b (2) a (7) a, (5) b (2) a ( ) (7) a ( ), 1. 156, 2. 000,, (3) ( ) (5) a ( ) (8) a ( ) (7) a ( ), 2. 2 ( ) :, 5 : a. : (S1) b. V : (S11) c. V : (S28) d. : (S29) e. BV A : (S37) 2 5 4 3, 2 V V B V A 139 (48. 3 %) 89 (30. 9 %) 21 (7. 3 %) 7 (2. 4 %) 8 (2. 8 %) 16 (5. 6 %) 8 (2. 8 %) 288 85 (52. 5 %) 56 (34. 6 %) 6 (3. 7 %) 1 (0. 6 %) 0 (0 %) 10 (6. 2 %) 4 (2. 5 %) 162 190 (55. 6 %) 95 (27. 8 %) 11 (3. 2 %) 9 (2. 6 %) 4 (1. 2 %) 22 (6. 4 %) 11 (3. 2 %) 342 51 (56. 7 %) 32 (35. 6 %) 2 (2. 2 %) 3 (3. 3 %) 2 (2. 2 %) 0 (0 %) 0 (0 %) 90 2,,,, V,,,, V, BV A,,,,,,, 2. 3 60 153 : 71, 82, S1, 46
Chinese Language Learning,, : 3 V V 40 (56. 3 %) 10 (14. 1 %) 4 (5. 6 %) 12 (16. 9 %) 5 (7. 0 %) 0 0 % 71 30 (36. 6 %) 15 (18. 3 %) 15 (18. 3 %) 13 (15. 9 %) 6 (7. 3 %) 3 (3. 7 %) 82,,, (56 %), V (16. 9 %) (14. 1 %) V (7. 0 %) (5. 6 %),, 20 % (18. 3 %), V (15. 9 %), V (7. 3 %) (3. 7 %),,, (3. 7 %), ( ) ( ),, 3,,,20 %, V (16. 9 % :15. 9 %) V (7 % : 7. 3 %) 2,V, V V V, 4 : 4 V V V V 5 3 2 ( ) 2 0 5 0 0 9 1 0 0 3 ( ) 3 2 ( ) 1,,,, 3, 3 ( ) ( ) 3, 3,,,, 56
/,,,,,,( ), V,,, 3. 1 (nat ural and unmarked form),,,,,:,,, ; SVO Duff (1993),, (possessives) (existen2 tials) (be) (exist) (have), ( ),, ( I have a book There are three thousand student s in t his school ) Duff (1988) Sasaki (1990),,, Duff (1993),,,,, ( ),, Duff,, iru aru ;, aru (1995),,,, SVO,,,, Perdue (1993) Klein & Perdue (1997) 3 : (1) N P1 + V ( + N P2 ) ; (2) N P1 ; (3) ( Hendriks (2002 :378) ) SVO,, Bloom (1970),,,, 66
Chinese Language Learning :,, SVO, ( ),, (10) a ( ), (10) b ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3. 2,,,,,,,,, ( (4) (6) ), ( (7) ), ( (8) ),,,, ( ), V (30 % ), V (16 % ), ( ), V,, :, ( ),,,,? (1996) (1 2 3),, V 71. 3 %,,,,,, ( ), 3. 3 (1) a ( ), 76
,,,,,,(2) a ( ),,,,,,,, / SVO,, (2) a /,?, Perlmutter (1978),: (unaccusatives) (unergatives),,,,,,, t here,, : a. 3 Appeared a man. b. There appeared a man. c. A man appeared. d. The man appeared.,, : a. b.,,, V +,,SVO, A man ap2 peared a man SOV,,,,, : Eizg- ga gamen - ni araw - are - ta - - - - ( Volpe (2001), 15 ) 3. 4,, 86
Chinese Language Learning, + + (5) b ( ),(5) a ( ), t here be,,,,,,, Yang & Pan (2001) :,,,,,,,,,,, 4 ( ),,,, : (1) ; (2) ( ) ; (3),,, (1),,SVO,, (2),,, (3),, : [1 ]. [J ].,1995, (2). [2 ]. [J ].,1996, (4). [3 ]. [J ].,1997, (5). [4 ]. [J ].,1993, (4) a. [5 ]. [J ].,1993, (2) b. [6 ]. [J ].,1989, (2). [7 ]. [D ].,2003. [8 ]. [J ].,1982, (6). [9 ]. [J ].,1991, (5). [10 ]. [J ].,1995, (2). [11 ]. [J ].,1999, (1). 96
[12 ] Bloom, L. L a nguage Develop ment : For m a n d Fu nction i n Emergi ng Gr a m m a rs [ M ]. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press,1970. [ 13 ] Eve V. Clark. Locationals : Existential, Locative, and Possessive Constructions[ A ]. in J. H. Greenberg (ed. ), U nivers als of Hu m a n L a ngu age (Vol. 4) [ C]. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press. [ 14 ] Duff, Patricia A. The Convergence of Possessive and Existential Constructions, Syntax,Semantics, And SLA[J ]. SSLA,1993, (15) :1-34. [ 15 ] Hendriks, Henrigtte. The acquisition of topic marking in L1 Chinese and L1 and L2 French[J ]. St udies on Secon d L a nguage Acquisition,2000, (22) :369-397. [ 16 ] Huang, C2T. James. Existential sentence in Chinese and (in) definiteness [ A ]. In E. Reulang and A. ter Meulen (eds. ) The rep resentation of ( i n) defi niteness[ C]. Cambridge and London : The MIT Press,1987. [17 ] Klein, W. & Perdue, C. The basic variety (or : Couldn t natural languages be much simpler?) [J ]. Sec2 on d L a ngu age Resea rch,1997, (13) :301-347. [18 ] Li, Charles N. & Thompson, Sandra A. Ma n da ri n Chi nese2a Fu nction al Reference Gr a m m a r [ M ]. Berkeley :University of California Press,1981. [ 19 ] Pan, Haihua. Imperfective aspect zhe, agent deletion, and locative inversion in Mandarin Chinese [J ]. Nat u r al L a ngu age a n d Li nguistic Theor y,1996, (14) :409-432. [20 ] Perdue, C. (ed. ). Ad ult L a nguage Acquisition : Cross2Li nguistic Perspectives [ M ]. New York : Cam2 bridge University Press,1993. [ 21 ] Perlmutter, David M. Impersonal passives and unaccusative hypothesis[j ]. Ber keley Li nguistic Societ y, 1978, (4) :157-189. [ 22 ] Sasaki. Miyuki Topic prominence in Japanese EFL students existential constructions [J ]. L a nguage Lea r ni ng,1990, (40) :337-368. [23 ] Shou2Hsin Teng. Negation in Chinese[J ]. J ou r n al of Chi nese Li nguist ics,1975, (2) :125-140. [ 24 ] Volpe, Mark. The causative alternation and Japanese unaccusatives. S nippets,4 ( http :/ / www. ledon2 line/ snippets/ ),2001,14-15. [25 ] Yang, Suying & Pan, Haihua. A constructional analysis of the existential structure[a]. In Pan, Haihua (ed. ) St udies i n Chi nese li nguistics II[C]. Hong Kong : Linguistic society of Hong Kong,2001 :189-208. The L2 Acquisition of the Chinese Existential Constructions YAN G Su2yin & HUAN G Yue2yu n 1 GAO Li2qun & CUI Xi2li n 2 ( 1 Hong Kong Baptist U niversity ; 2 Beijing Language & Culture University ) Abstract : This paper report s our st udy on t he acquisition of t he Chinese existential construc2 tions by English, J apanese and Korean speakers. As English ( Indo2European), J apanese and Korean (Altaic) and Chinese ( Sino2Tibetan) are t ypologically different, o ur st udy allows us chances to examine some controversial issues, such as t he existence (or lack of existence) of co mmo n acquisitio n pat terns acro ss different L1 backgro unds ; t he influence of t ypological differences ; etc. U sing bot h test data and production data, we examine and compare t he pat2 terns displayed by learner s of different L1 backgro unds in understanding and using different existential co nst ructio ns. Keywords : L2 acquisition ; Chinese existential constructions ; linguistic type 07