* 1949 ~ 1973 20 60 Abstract Previous studies of the high birth rate during the collectivization period in rural China have been focused on how the number of children helped towards the family s financial support and have arrived at the conclusion that it was the economic utility of children that had stimulated high birth rate. This paper analyses the economic u- tility of children in the collectivization period by sorting out materials with regard to family structures from family to family and from time to time. It is found that high birth rate had no significant contribution to the financial well-being of the family. Further analysis shows that the important factor that affected birth rate was not the flow of wealth but rather the distribution mode of collective goods. To be more specific it was the practice of eating from the collective big pot which affected the way the family was financially supported. Behind the phenomenon of high birth rate there was actually a demand for birth control and later generations gradually showed a diminished will for large progeny. Keywords collectivization distribution birth rate Harvey Leibenstein Gary S. Becker 1 103
201005 2 4 C J. C. Caldwell 訛 輯 輥 訛 輰 輥 Victor Nee 1 輥 輱 訛 1 1950 ~ 1971 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 5.96 5.90 6.67 6.18 6.39 6.39 5.97 6.50 5.78 4.32 4.00 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 3.35 6.30 7.78 6.57 6.60 6.96 5.85 7.03 6.26 6.38 6.01 1982 1 1991 126 104
L H 1954 1955 1956 2 25 訛 輲 輥 2 L H 2004 1958 10 10 251 730 75 10 1959 2 1957 ~ 1963 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 284725 397097 397100 335816 255725 238760 223940 39525 90000 90000 70073 43832 48929 15041 18482 42853 42854 40003 10856 20340 24156 7000 7000 5000 422 105
201005 154078 3 1960 1962 1961 1960 1961 6 1963 1964 70% 20% 10% 1961 255725 43832 7854 1964 10856 193183 12524 26581 1 ~ 2 3 ~ 4 5 ~ 6 7 ~ 8 9 ~ 10 11 ~ 12 60 ~ 100 13 ~ 14 15 ~ 16 17 ~ 60 3 1961 11 15 117 160 204 235 268 311 364 343 364 418 23 39 43 20 39 31 35 33 24 313 2691 6240 8772 4700 10452 9641 12740 55236 11319 8736 130834 150889 206125 103 141 180 207 236 274 320 241 256 294 2369 5499 7740 4140 9204 8494 11200 48646 7953 6144 92022 106119 154765 1961 5 1961 12 60 13 ~ 60 106
4 7 5 1 1.5 1 1000 700 250 5% 50 0.45 0.5 1000 1 1 10 70% 25% 5% 訛 輳 輥 4 1957 ~ 1959 1961 1957 1958 1959 1961 1 ~ 3 155 1 ~ 3 160 1 ~ 3 62 1 ~ 2 103 4 ~ 9 170 4 ~ 9 240 4 ~ 7 103 3 ~ 4 141 10 ~ 15 431 10 ~ 15 350 8 ~ 12 144 5 ~ 6 179 16 446 16 440 13 ~ 16 185.8 7 ~ 8 207 17 ~ 60 225 9 ~ 10 235 61 ~ 100 183 11 ~ 12 273 13 ~ 14 301 15 ~ 16 320 17 ~ 60 367 61 320 1957 1 1958 7 1959 10 1961 5 107
201005 訛 輴 輥 1963 1965 1965 1957 1958 5 5 14 1961 1955 450 10 1957 1 ~ 3 400 155 1958 160 1959 62 1961 1 ~ 2 103 3 ~ 4 141 訛 輵 輥 4 1965 6 422 400 47 35.3% 1963 500 36 27.1% 300 2 600 5 7 5 1955 ~ 1957 1961 1965 ~ 1968 1972 ~ 1977 1955 1956 1957 1961 1965 1966 1967 589 594 581 600 630 639 647 453 397 362 322 422 342 421 1968 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 655 744 749 765 790 797 790 400 450 441 377 377 369 418 1966 1961 5 1962 2 1965 2 3 4 1966 6 1965 300 301 ~ 350 351 ~ 400 401 ~450 451 ~500 501 ~550 551 ~600 601 2 5 40 27 23 20 11 5 133 % 1.5 3.8 30.1 20.2 17.3 15.0 8.3 3.8 100 1965 2 3 4 108
8.3 訛 輶 輥 3650.6 2.3 1515.4 C. James Scott 訛 輷 輥 訛 輮 輦 7 6 7 650 4 438 212 211 2002 6 2400 450 7 1 訛 輯 輦 1949 ~ 1953 1949 7 1965 2.3 2.3 700 744.8 70.6 1515.4 650 409.25 139.55 197.41 129.63 67.78 3 2 1 900 650.2 27.6 1577.8 526 357.25 121.82 144.48 134.9 9.58 5 4 1 1500 1074.8 28.9 2603.7 521 590.54 201.37 225.06 217.76 7.3 4 8 4 6 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 1200 2400 1200 1800 566.2 1440 669.7 800.1 16.7 49.6 23 27.2 1782.9 446 3889.6 486 1892.7 473 2627.3 438 311.08 791.23 367.96 439.59 106.08 269.81 125.47 149.9 119.75 310.49 144.3 172.22 153.17 331.22 161.24 227.41 33.42 20.73 16.94 55.19 8.3 2.3 6 2500 1053.2 97.4 3650.6 439 578.69 197.33 277.18 312.12 34.94 1965 2 3 4 109
201005 1 1949 ~ 1979 1985 1954 1955 39.01 1956 37.40 1955 ~ 1957 訛 輰 輦 1 37.18 1958 26.31 1961 24.86 1962 ~ 1964 38.36 1965 ~ 1970 34.68 1962 ~ 1964 1965 1928 110
輦 輱 訛 訛 輶 輦 1928 1972 訛 輲 輦 1972 訛 輳 輦 1937 1949 1975 訛 輴 輦 訛 輷 輦 訛 輮 輧 1936 1970 訛 輵 輦 111
201005 1 8 1970 1971 1971 1971 51 20 70 1935 70 訛 輯 輧 20 70 訛 輰 輧 8 1949 ~ 1973 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 58.98 59.48 62.70 64.06 63.79 65.60 67.17 68.11 69.09 70.97 69.81 70.24 71.37 35.01 34.86 34.71 34.56 34.41 34.78 39.01 37.40 35.13 26.31 25.00 28.84 24.86 10.83 10.43 10.03 9.63 9.23 9.43 10.39 11.24 9.04 8.58 16.05 14.42 18.22 24.18 24.43 24.68 24.93 25.18 25.35 28.62 26.17 26.09 17.73 8.95 14.42 6.64 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 73.63 75.07 75.19 75.29 76.81 78.00 79.20 81.58 84.22 85.63 86.52 87.70 39.17 41.96 33.94 34.69 34.32 36.82 34.35 31.60 36.31 30.50 26.02 23.76 13.79 11.57 12.11 11.30 10.78 7.23 7.38 6.59 6.88 7.65 6.62 6.66 25.38 30.40 21.83 23.39 23.54 29.58 26.97 25.00 29.43 22.84 19.40 17.10 1985 112
訛 輳 輧 5 訛 輱 輧 20 70 20 70 訛 輴 輧 1970 1946 1971 訛 輵 輧 1962 訛 輲 輧 20 60 113
201005 2 60 60 60 訛 輶 輧 2 輧 輷 訛 20 60 20 60 20 60 Theory of Fertility Decline 20 114
* pp. 333-351. 20080430628 1949-09YZC840014 1979 1991 4 10YS153 1949-1979 1988 6 1993 4 1949-1979 輥 輯 訛 1Easterlin R. A. An Economic Framework for Fertility Analysis Studies in family planning Vol. 6 1975 pp. 54-63. 2Leibenstein Harvey Economic Backwardness and E- conomic Growth New York John Wiley & Sons 1957 p. 162. 3 輥 輴 訛 1962 Becker Gary S. An Economic Analysis of Fertility in National Bureau of Economic Research ed. Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries Princeton Princeton University Press 1960 pp. 209-231. Freedman R. Theories of Fertility Decline A Reappraisal Social Forces Vol. 58 1979 pp. 1-17. 6 Caldwell John C. Theory of Fertility Decline New York Academic Press 1982 p. 333. 輥 輷 訛 2005 5 4 輦 輮 訛.C. 2001 1 ~ 3 1994 輥 輰 訛 2007 輥 輱 訛 Victor Nee and Rebecca Mattheews Market transition and societal transformation in reforming state socialism Annual Review of Sociology Vol. 22 1996 pp. 401-435. 輥 輲 訛 1956 輥 輳 訛 2005 10 20 5% ~ 7% 輥 輵 訛 Thomas Scharping Birth Control in China 1949-2000 Routledge Cuzon 2003 p. 34. 輥 輶 訛 輦 輯 訛 115
201005 1184 1985 1993 2 1989 6 1992 12 輧 輯 訛 1972 2 8 輦 輰 訛 輧 輰 訛 2005 4 18 35 2007 12 輦 輱 訛 2005 4 17 輧 輲 訛 1961 輦 輲 訛 輥 輷 訛 輦 輳 訛 2005 4 17 1961 398 輦 輴 訛 2005 4 30 輧 輳 訛 1975 輦 輵 訛 2005 4 15 [ 1975 40 ] 輦 輶 訛 1975 6 1999 輧 輴 訛 輧 輱 訛 197 3 輦 輷 訛 2005 4 12 輧 輶 訛 2005 4 15 輧 輮 訛 1992 輧 輷 訛 輦 輵 訛 1993 1992 6 輧 輱 訛 2005 5 7 輧 輵 訛 2005 4 17 2010 4 8 11 13 16 9 19.3 10 193 100 18 FAO UNDP UNDP FAO 116