CAPO tangqiang
v vi 1 1.1.......................................... 1 1.2.......................................... 4 1.3.......................................... 8 1.4.......................................... 13 1.5.......................................... 19 23 2.1.......................................... 23 2.2.......................................... 28 2.3.......................................... 32 2.4.......................................... 37 2.5.......................................... 42 47 3.1.......................................... 47 3.2.......................................... 50 3.3.......................................... 56 i
ii 3.4.......................................... 60 3.5.......................................... 65 71 4.1.......................................... 71 4.2.......................................... 77 4.3.......................................... 81 4.4.......................................... 86 92 5.1.......................................... 92 5.2.......................................... 96 5.3.......................................... 103 5.4.......................................... 108 5.5.......................................... 113 119 6.1.......................................... 119 6.2.......................................... 123 6.3.......................................... 129 6.4.......................................... 134 6.5.......................................... 140 146 7.1.......................................... 146
iii 7.2.......................................... 151 7.3.......................................... 157 7.4.......................................... 163 7.5.......................................... 170 176 8.1.......................................... 176 8.2.......................................... 181 8.3.......................................... 188 8.4.......................................... 196 8.5.......................................... 203 211 9.1.......................................... 211 9.2.......................................... 217 9.3.......................................... 224 9.4.......................................... 231 9.5.......................................... 237 245 10.1......................................... 245 10.2......................................... 252 10.3......................................... 257 10.4......................................... 265
iv 10.5......................................... 272 280 11.1......................................... 280 11.2......................................... 286 11.3......................................... 290 11.4......................................... 297 11.5......................................... 302 309 12.1......................................... 309 12.2......................................... 316 12.3......................................... 324 12.4......................................... 331 12.5......................................... 340 348 350 358
L A TEX CAPO CAPO tangqiang v
17 20 vi
vii (Niels Bohr) 100
1887 18.. (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz) 30 (Hermann von Helmholtz). (Carl Benz) (LC ) 1
2 (Maxwell)?? 8
3 (Michael Faraday) 30 / ( ) 37 20 1901 7. (Guglielmo Marconi) (Aleksandr Popov)
4 1887 ( )
5 (Empedocles) (Aphrodite) ( ) (Lucretius) 1000. ( al-haytham) (Euclid) (Catoptrica) (Ptolemy) (Johannes Kepler) (W.Snell) 1621 (Pierre de Fermat)
6 (Des Cartes) (Francesco Maria Grimaldi) ( )
7 (Aether) 17 ********* (Aether)
8 ( ) (Ether) (Ethernet)
9 (Robert Boyle ) 1663 (Robert Hooke) 1665 (Micrographia) 1672. 30 impressive
10 ( ) 1665 1665 ( ) (Christiaan Huygens) 1665 ( ) 1669 (E.Bartholinus)
11 ( ) 1690 (Traite de la Lumiere). ( ) 1704 (Opticks) ( 1695 )
12 ********* 1964 1674 1679 ( my supposition is that the Attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocal) ( ) 30 ( ) ( )
13 1773 6 13 (Milverton). (Thomas Young) 6 14 16 10 19
14 ( ). ( ) ( ) 1801 1803 1/36000 1/60000 1807
15 20 (Etienne Louis Malus) 1809 1819 1818
16 (J.B.Biot) (Pierre Simon de Laplace) (S.D.Poission) (Augustin Fresnel 31 ) ( ) ( ) (Franois Arago) (Grand Prix) ( ) 19
17 1819 1850 5 6 (Foucault ) 100 30 / (. ) ( ) 1856 1861 1865 1861
18 1887 ********* Dominique Franois Jean Arago.
19 X γ (Ludwig Boltzmann). (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) Superb
20 19 1846 ( ) (Rudolph Clausius) (J.D. Van der Waals) (Josiah Willard Gibbs) ( ) ( )
21 19 1887 ( 1887 1888 ) 19 1895 (Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen) X 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) 1897 (Marie Curie).
22 1897 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) 1899 (Ernest Rutherford)
1900 4 27 (Royal Institution, Albemarle Street). (Sir Humphry Davy) (Lord Kelvin) 19 76 ( The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two 23
24 clouds. ) 1881 1886
25 (George FitzGerald) (Hendrik Antoon Lorentz) ( 6 ) ( )
26 ********* AL Laroisier 1774
27 1882 (J.W.S Rayleigh) (William Ramsay) (Ar) 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) X X X
28
29 19 ( ) ( ) (Samuel Pierpont Langley) (Gustav Robert Kirchhoff) (Josef Stefan) 19 80. (Wilhelm Wien) 1887 (Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt PTR)
30 1883 u = bλ 5 e a/λt ( u λ T a b ) (F.Paschen) (PTR) (Otto Richard Lummer) (Ernst Pringsheim) 1899 1000 K PTR (Heinrich Rubens) (Ferdinand Kurlbaum) 19 PTR
31 ( ) u T (J.H.Jeans) u = 8π(v 2 )kt/c 3 - (Rayleigh-Jeans) v k c u T - λ 0 v ( ) -
32 -. Dilemma. 20 (Max Carl Ernst Ludwig Planck) 1858 (Kiel) 1867
33 (Philipp von Jolly) 1879 1896
34 u T (Heinrich Rubens ) 1900 10 7 6 (1894 ) 10 Bingo Moment
35 10 19 (Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft) 6. (Letter to R. W. Wood,
36 1931) 1900 ********* 17 18 ( ) (Daniel Bernoulli) (J.R.d Alembert) (Andre Marie Ampere) (Nicolas Carnot) 19 (Friedrich Wohler).
37 20-20 1920 (until after some weeks of the most intense work of my life clearness began to dawn upon me, and an unexpected
38 view revealed itself in the distance) 200. ( ) A B C 20 30 25 28 29 1/2 29 3/4 29 9/10 20 30 100 50 32.233 3.14159
39 1 penny 1.00001 0.01 1 1.01 1 1.01 1900 12 14 N U n U n
40. (die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu finden, dass die N Resonatoren ingesamt Schwingungsenergie Un besitzen, Un nicht als eine unbeschrankt teilbare, sondern al seine ganzen Zahl von endlichen gleichen Teilen aufzufassen) (Energieelement) (Elementarquantum) quantum quantus 1 1/2 1 1/2 6.55 10 27 * 6.626 10 34 * h 1900 12 14
41. ********* (Parmenides) (Zeno) 10 100 10 100
42 10 1 1 1/10 ( )
43 1900 h 1915 (Hercules)
44 1900 6
45 20 1900 12 14 42. (Albert Einstein) (ETH) (Minkowski) 15. (Niels Bohr) (conclusion) In conclusion, I would
46 like to mention uranium. (Erwin Schrodinger) Akademisches Gymnasium (Arthur Schnitzler) (Stefanie Zweig) 8 3. (Max Born) ( ). (Louis de Broglie) 8.. (Wolfgang Ernst Pauli) 8 middle name Ernst. (Ernst Mach) 12 (Wurzberg) (Werner Karl Heisenberg). (Enrico Fermi) 20. (Paul Dirac)
47
48 (The Photoelectric Effect) ( ) ( )
49 20 10
50 1905 26. 100
51. 1905. (Mileva Marec) (1903) 8 1905 1905 3 18 (Annalen der Physik) (A Heuristic Interpretation of the Radiation and Transformation of Light)
52 1905 ( 1901 ) h E = hv E h v 10 15 10 15 h 6.6 10 34 6.6 10 19
53 E = hv (energy quanta) (light quanta) 1926 (G.N.Lewis) (photon) (E = hv) ( ) ( ) ( )
54 ( ) ( ) ( ) 500 500 ( ) 1/2mv 2 = hv P 1/2mv 2 hv P
55 ********* 1666 1905 1666 23 ( )
56 annus mirabilis ( 1667 ) 1905 6 3 18 4 30 5 11 12 19 6 30 9 27 E = mc 2 3 100
57 (C.Habicht). 100 1915
58 (R.A.Millikan) 1923 (A.H.Compton) X X X X hv E = hv E v over ( X )
59. 30 20
60 1911 9 26. 32 1911 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) J.J. J.J. J.J.
61 project. (Ernest Rutherford) J.J. 1912 1897 J.J. 1910 α ( ) α 90
62 α α (1911) ( ). α
63 1912 7 7 24 *********
64. 20 1922. (Paul Dirac) 1933 ( J.J. ) 31. (James Chadwick) 1935 (Patrick M. S. Blackett) 1948 1932 (E.T.S Walton) (John Cockcroft) 1951 (Frederick Soddy) 1921 (Georg von Hevesy) 1943 (Otto Hahn) 1944 (Cecil Frank Powell) 1950 (Hans Bethe) 1967
65 (P.L.Kapitsa) 1978 case 10 ( ). (Hans Geiger ). (Henry Mosley ). (Ernest Marsden α ) 100 1912 8 1 1
66 h 1913 (Hans Marius Hansen) (Ion) 1954
67 656 484 434 410 397 388 383 380 1885 (Johann Balmer) v = R(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Rydberg) n 2 (3 4 5 ) n 2 n 3 4 3.5
68 E = hv ( ) (J.Stark) (J.W.Nicholson) 100 1 / 1000 100 1000 1 1 0.5 3 1/3 1/39 0.6 0.6
69 1000 1.2 1 1/2 ( ) E = hv. Acknowledgements E = mc 2 E = hv E = mc 2 E h v
70 ( ) W 3 ( W 1 ) W 3 W 1 W 3 W 1 = hv v ( ) (On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules) (Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus) (Systems Containing Several Nuclei) 1913 3 9 (Philosophical Magazine) 1900 1913
( - ) J.J. W 2 W 1 = hv v v = R(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Pickering line series). ( ) X 71
72 ( ) ( ) (A.Sommerfeld) E 1 E 2 E 1
73 E 2 E 2 E 1 E 2 E 1 v E 2 E 1 = hv E 2 E 1 E 2 E 1 500 800 1925
74 1001 1002 8 2001 2002 2101 2102 2111 2112 2121 2122 3001 (3122) (wing)
75 1922 h 1918 *********
76 ( ) 99. (William Blake) To see a world in a grain of sand. * And a heaven in a wild flower * Hold infinity in the palm of your hand * And eternity in an hour * ( ) 10 17 10 30 10 30 ( ) (Fractal Universe)
77 ( )
78 1/2 (Lande) (Kramers) 1923
79 1925 1926 (Werner Heisenberg) (Erwin Schrodinger) 13
80 80 90 1919. 1921 9 36 (Georg von Hevesy) (Otto Frisch) (Nevill Mott) (Lev D.Landau) (George Gamov)
81.... (Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie) (Prince ) (Viscount) (Baron) (1733 1735) (1740 1748) (1756 1763) (1775 1782) (1789) (1848) (Francis II ). (Louis Philippe ) ( Duc Duke).. (Maurice de Broglie) 1960 duc de Broglie Jacques Victor Albert, duc de Broglie 1873 1874 (Histoire de l glise et de l empire romain)
82 18 (1910). ( ) 1911.. (Paul Langevin) ( )
83 m E = mc 2 E = hv mc 2 = E = hv v = mc 2 /h v 0 c 2 /v 0 c 2 /v 0
84 (phase wave) λ = (c 2 /v 0 )/(mc 2 /h) = h/mv 0 1923 1925 4 (C.J.Davisson) (L.H.Germer)
85 (nickel) X X X 1927 G.P. J.J 1937 8 GP JJ ********* JJ
86 GP. 1903 ( 1911 ). (Irene Joliot-Curie) 1935 Henry R.Labouisse 1965 (UNICEF) 1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X. 1922. (Aage Bohr) 1975. (Karl Siegbahn). (Kai Siegbahn) 1924 1981
87 (C.T.R.Wilson) 1911 1927 1937 10 Hey
88 α 1924 (Kramers) (Slater) ( BSK )
89 1924 1925. (Werner Heisenberg) 1901 (Wurzburg) 9 ( Maximilians Gymnasium ) 1919 (Ferdinand von Lindemann) 1922 1925
90 ( ). ********* (If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants) 12 (Bernard of Chartres ) Nos esse quasi nanos gigantium humeris insidientes 1676 ( )
91 ( ). Joseph Spence. ( )
1924 7 (Rockefeller) (IEB) 1000 5 1924 10 6 IEB 1924 9 17 (King) 1924 1925 92
93 (Kramers) (Slater) BKS BKS (virtual oscillator) ( ) BKS BKS 1925 4 BKS (torture) BKS
94. ( ) 1925 4 27 BKS
95 ( fans ) Matrix Matrix Enigma ( ) Matrix MatLab MM. Matrix 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6
96
97 E1 E2 = hv 3 5 7 1 A BCD E 2 A B 1 B C 0.5 C D 1 D E 2
98 B E 0.5 + 1 + 2 = 3.5 D A 1 + 0.5 + 1 = 2.5 A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5 ( ) A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5 C D C 1.5 D 2.5
99 C D 1 A B C D E A 0 1 1.5 2.5 4.5 B 1 0 0.5 1.5 3.5 C 1.5 0.5 0 1 3 D 2.5 1.5 1 0 2 E 4.5 3.5 3 2 0 1.5 A A C C A C 1.5 A B B A A B 1 B A 1.5 B A
100 CD p q p q p q
101 I II I II A B A B I ( I) A 1 2 B 3 1 A B II ( II) A 1 3 B 4 1 I 1 I A A 1 ( 1... 1 ) I 2 I A B 2 B A B A 3 II I II I II
102 boys and girls 1 2 3 3 1 1 4 1 ********* 1925 24 1905 26 1913 28 1923 31 1925 25 23 25 23 23 36 43
103 1 2 3 3 1 1 4 1 =? I I II II I 2 2 II 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 b 4 1 = a c d abcd I II I II I II a a A A a I A II A I II a a I A II A I A B B II B A
104 A I A II a I A B I A B 2 2 B II A II 4 2 4 = 8 A I II A A 1 1 = 1 a a = 2 4 + 1 1 = 9 b b I II A B A I A II B 1 ( I ) 3 ( II ) 1 3 = 3 I A B 2 ( I ) B II 1 ( II ) 2 1 = 1 b = 1 3 + 2 1 = 5 c d c = 3 1+1 4 = 7 d = 3 3 + 1 1 = 10 1 2 3 5 3 1 1 4 1 = 9 7 10
105 II I 1 3 2 b 4 1 1 3 1 = a c d a II I A II I 1 1 II B B I A 3 3 = 9 a = 1 1 + 3 3 = 10 a = 10 a = 9 a = 2 4 + 1 1 = 9 a A A II A A ( II ) 1 I A A ( I ) 1 1 1 = 1 II A B ( II ) 3 B I B A ( II ) 3 3 3 = 9 a = 1 + 9 = 10 a = 1 + 8 = 9 I II II I
106 5 I II = 9 7 10 5 II I = 10 7 9 I II II I I II II I I II II I F ma F am 1925 (Helgoland)
107 3 3 3 20 this is the moment ********* I II II I
108 1858 Arthur Cayley (determinant ) ( ) Cayley. (One, Two, Three...Infinity) ( )
109 (Zeitschrift fur Physik), 7 29 7 15 (Pascual Jordan 101 ) (Zur Quantenmechanik) p q p q q p p q q p pq qp = (h/2πi)i h i 1 I
110 1 11 26 II II (Dreimannerarbeit) (Ralph Laer Kronig)
111 p q q p 1925.... (Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac) 1902 8 8 ( ) geeky
112 1921 2 1925 7 28 (P.L.Kapitsa) (William Alfred Fowler) p q q p *********
113.. Ernst Pascual Jordan I II 1925 22 1964 p q q p
114 q (q ) q c (c ) xy yx [x, y] c q
115 q 3 1/2 1925 4 4 3 (Ralph Kronig)
116 1925 (George Eugene Uhlenbeck) (Somul Abraham Goudsmit) (Paul Ehrenfest) 10 Nature 1926 2 1/2 1928
117 1926 250 3 20 (Leiden) (Stern)
118
. (Erwin Schrodinger) 1921 1924 1923 1925 11 3 8 119
120 1925 1700 (Arosa). (Annemarie Bertel) 1920 1925 12
121 - Ψ h2 8π 2 µ 2 Ψ = (E V )Ψ 20 h E V e 2 /r E sin(x) = 0 x 0 π 2π, nπ sin(x) n E n 20 20 40 60
122 50 20 20 (Eigenfunction) (Eigenvalue) 1926 1 6 Mist Mist bullshit crap
123.
124 ( ) 1926 4 1930
125 Ψ( psai) Ψ 1926 7
126 (Utrecht) 9 300
127 ********* 2001 11 Matthew Wells (Schrodinger s Girfriend) Fort Mason Center 1926 (2003 ) Michael Frayn 1912 ( ) 4 Walter Moore
128. (Hermann Weyl) ( ) (Hilde March) ( ) OL to have and to hold, in sickness and in health, till death parts us 41
129 Alpbach. 1926. Ψ( psai) Ψ
130 F a m F = ma F F = ma F Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ
131 Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ
132 300
133
134 1926 7 20 28 Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ
135 1 6 1 6 9 1 90 10
136 19 (Pierre Simon de Laplace)
137 air ball (determinism) 19 90 10
138 t (Hier erhebt sich der ganze Problematik des Determinismus.)
139 20 ********* 20 20 20 1986. (Sir James Lighthill 1969 ) 300 1960 1960
140 (We are all deeply conscious today that the enthusiasm of our forebears for the marvelous achievements of Newtonian mechanics led them to make generalizations in this area of predictability which, indeed, we may have generally tended to believe before 1960, but which we now recognize were false. We collectively wish to apologize for having misled the general educated public by spreading ideas about the determinism of systems satisfying Newton s laws of motion that, after 1960,were to be proved incorrect.) (metaphysics) (metaquantum) Ian Stewart
141 300 10 23 10 30? ( )
142 90 10 Ψ
143 Ψ? Ψ
144! 1927 2 5 (Hevesy)
145 1926. (Oskar Klein)... BKS ( )
300 20 146
147 1927 2
148 forget him Faelled p q q p p q q p I II I II p q p q
149... p q q p p q q p... p q q p p q p q q p p q p q p q q p t 10 5 / t 10 5 /
150 p q > h/2π p q p q h p q p p q q q p p 100% p = 0 q p
151 q p q q p p q p q 1927 3 23 Uncertainty Principle p q p q
152 (Gedanken-experiment) X γ γ E = hv
153 300 p q
154 h 2π h 6.626 10 34 p q 10 17 10 17 10 23 10 17 100 100 1 75 175 1750
155 p q E t E t t E E t > h/2π t E t
156 t E ( ) ********* 60 ( 0 )
157 0 MIT. (Alan Guth) (Inflation) 1998
158 λ = h/mv mv p p = h/λ p E t E = hv v
159 300....
160 (? )... ( ) - -
161 shining
162
163 (Complementary Principle) Ψ Ψ
164 400 760 400 760
165 H H
166
167. (Karl Sagan) p q p q
168 p q p q p q ********* p q - p q
169 150 150 150 (Occam s Razor) 14 p q 1 p q - 150 (150 ) 1.
170 80 - Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber (Spontaneous Localization) Griffiths-Omn s-gellmann-hartle
171 (Decoherent Histories, or Consistent Histories) ( ) (being) Ψ x
172 λ = h/p λp = h h h 100% 0
173 1 0 (collapse) Ψ ( Ψ )
174 Ψ ( )
175 -
(Como) (2002 2003) 1745. (Alessandro Volta) (volt) 1827 9 1839 1927 100 ( ) case 176
177 S.N. - - 2001 3 1927 D.M. Nature 8 -
178 (Rosenfeld). (Eugene Wigner) ( ) A B B C C D 1924
179 ********* ( ) - 2600 40% 27
180 1939 ( ). (Otto Hahn). (Fritz Strassmann) (1914 ) (Bothe 1954 ) ( α ) (Karl von Weizsacker) (Erich Bagge) (Kurt Diebner) (Walther Gerlach) (Karl Wirtz)... 20 1942 1942 6 (Albert Speer) 35 2 1944
181 1942 Ernest Solvay 1911 1921 3 1927 10 24 29 6 ( -photon 1926 ). X
182 (pivot wave) ( ) and so on and so on.
183 - Ψ II I I II 1949 70 / ( ) 1967
184 (ob der liebe Gott w rfelt) 1926 1927 1927 1905
185 ( ) ********* ( ) 1944 1945 4 ( )
186 (Urfeld) 5 3 5 7 10 (Farm Hall) 8 6 1. 1938 2. 235 235 (* 235 235 238
187 235 238 238 99 235 ) 235 238 235 1942 ( ) ( ) 1942
188 1942 ALSOS Nature Kaempffert ALSOS (Schuman)
189 (Hydra) t m m E = mc 2 E E t E t > h/2π ( )
190 ( ) m m q q T T > h/ mc 2 E = mc 2 T E > h m T m E T
191
192. (Pandemonium). (Abraham Pais) 1925
193 ********* ( ) 1940 1942 235
194 235 235 (critical mass) 1942 235 235 15000 20 100 10 100 235 235
195 Robert Jungk (Brighter Than a Thousand Sunds 1956) 1967 David Irving (The German Atomic Bomb) Irving Margaret Gowing ( ) (Physics and Beyond) 1989
196 1933 1933... 1933 9 25
197 (Boris Podolsky) (Nathan Rosen) 1935 3 (Physics Review) A B
198 / 50% A B A B A B A A A B A B t A B A B
199 EPR EPR A B EPR
200 1962 EPR EPR ********* ( ) 1976 Jones (Most Secret War:British Scientific Intelligentce) Mark Walker (German National
201 Socialism and the Quest for Nubclear Power 1989 ) Walker 1942 1992 Hofstra. (David Cassidy) 1993 Thomas Powers (Heisenberg s War) Powers 607 Powers 1992 Farm Hall 1992 Farm Hall Transcript Powers Michael Frayn 1941
202... Michael Frayn Powers
203 17 Michael Frayn Powers Farm Hall Transcript
204 EPR 1935 (Die gegenwartige Situation in der Quantenmechanik) 5 / /
205 / / EPR (George Berkeley) ( Esse Est
206 Percipi).. (diabolische diabolical Diablo ) /
207 /
208 Garfield Tom (Tears for Fears) 80 ********* ( ) 1998 5 21 (Evening Standard) 1941 PBS Thomas Powers Farm Hall Transcript Powers Cassidy Nature (Nature V363) Science (Science V259) Paul Forman ( ) 3/5 Powers 1/5
209 1/5 1998 Paul Rose Powers (entirely bogus) (fantasy) (scholarly disaster) (elephantine) OK 1942 1942 1942 12 1938
210
. (John Von Neumann) 20 6 8 8 12 10 5 7 1930 1926 1932 1955 211
212 / B A A B (infinite regression)
213 game over (Consciousness) / /
214. (Eugene Wigner) 1902 11 17 20 1963 ( ) ( )AND( )
215 (Remarks on the mind-body question) 1967 (Peter Coveney) (Roger Highfield) (The arrow of time)...
216 ********* ( ) 235 2 8 0 ( 1 ) 80 ( ) 80 54 13 235 54 54 235 235 ( 1939 ) 1945 8 6 Farm Hall
217 ( ) 10 10 235 235 ( ) ( 235 ) 9 BBC 54 ( ) (John B.Watson) (B.F.Skinner)
218 ( )
219 ( ) (Holism) 8 E-Mail 8 8 A B C
220 YES (no cloning theorem 1982 Wootters Zurek Dieks ) cut paste copy paste
221 VCD LD DVD VCD Matrix Matrix RGB CMY HSI YUV YIQ Huffman 0 1 VCD?. (Alan Turin) 1950
222 ( ) ( ) 10
223 ( ) ( ) ( ) (Francis Crick) ( )
224. (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) 1979 100. (John Wheeler) (delayed choice
225 experiment) 45 90 45 ( )
226 ( ) ( ) 5. (Carroll O Alley) ( ) 1 2 2 1 (The Prticipatory Universe) (anthropic principle)
227 10 55 ( 300 ) 10 30 1 /
228 (self-exciting). (John Bell ). (Henry Stapp) 1993 (Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics) ( http://www.physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/stappfiles.html ) 2003 ( Dick
229 J. Bierman) ********* ( ) 200 ( ) 14 8 14 ( ) 6.2 16
230 1998 (Paul Rose) 2000 (Jeremy Bernstein) 1941 10 ( 50 ) 1941 ( ) 2002 2 6 ( http://www.nbi.dk) 50 15000 Robert Jungk ( ) Jungk
231 http://www.nbi.dk/nba/papers/docs/cover.html Cassidy 2000 Physics Today ( ) Cassidy ( ) Klaus Gottstein Rice Duck Texas Sudarshan 10
232. (Kurt Gottfried)
233 ( ) / nothing to lose / (Many Worlds Interpretation MWI) MWI. (Hugh Everett III Hugh Everett ) 1930 11 9 12
234 50 Aage Peterson. 1954 ( -Everettism ) (splitting)
235 (Parallel Universes)
236 MWI. (Bryce S. DeWitt) MWI 100 MWI 1957 1959 50 ( ) 2 2 = 5 ( ) Lambda
237 20 70 MWI 1982 MWI MWI ( Tegmark1998) x y (x, y) (1, 2) (4.3, 5.4) x y 2
238 9.1 3 (1, 2, 3) 3 3 4 (1, 2, 3, 4) 4 4 n 4 11 4 11 n n n n
239 t (q 1, q 2, q 3 ) p p 3 p 1 p 2 p 3 3 t 6 6 6 6 1 t 12 12 n 6n 6n ( ) 6n
240 > > MWI Ψ > a > +b > a 2 + b 2 = 1 a b 2 1 > + > U ( ) > > a > +b > U > > R R
241 MWI R U MWI n n MWI (1, 2)
242 x 1 y 2 A B A x B y A x 1 B y 2 A B A B ( ) A B x y x y A B B A (coherent) B A ( 9.1) 2
243 2 2 1000 > > ( n ) (decoherence)
244 (a > +b >) > > (AND) (a > > +b > >) > > > > > > > ( )
10.1 Jabberwocky 245
246 MWI R ( ) MWI MWI t R U
247 (* MWI (World) (Universe) (Multiverse) David Deutsch ) MWI ( ) MWI MWI ( ) MWI 1969 (Murray Gell-Mann) (consistent history) MWI MWI (Stein) (Kent)
248. (Karl Popper) 1887 1919 ( ) 1956-1957
249 ( ) MWI 100 70 (Dieter Zeh) (Wojciech H Zurek) (decoherence) MWI MWI
250 (Desity Matrix) ( 10.1) MWI MWI size ( 1994 ) ( ) alternatives MWI *********
251 F = ma ( ) ( )
252 ( ) (Carl G Hempel) ( ) 80 Hans Moravec Bruno Marchal 1998 Max Tegmark MWI MWI
253 50% 50% ( ) ( ) ( )
254 ( ) ( n 1/2 n ) n ( ) n 100% 100% MWI 100%
255 Tegmark 0 MWI 99.99999...99% (quantum immortality) MWI ( ) Tegmark MWI
256 MWI ( ) MWI 99.999999...99% Shikhovtsev ( ) (Liz) ( )
257 ( ) ( ) 1977. (David Deutsch) 20 PC..
258 1946 ENIAC Konrad Zuse 1941 Z3 ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) Collosus PC. (Alan Turing) (The Turing Machine) 0 1 4 286 286 ( ) 286
259 2 0 1 (bit binary digit ) 1010 4 bits 8 bits 1 byte 1024 bytes 1K 1024K=1M 1024M 1G 1 bit 0 1 10 bits 10 2 ( 1010101010) 0 1 bit ( )
260 0 1( ) 0 1 bit 0 1 0 1 0 1 (qubit) 10bits 10 bit 0 1 2 10 10 10bits 1 10 2 10 70 80 Bennett Benioff 1982. (Richard Feynman) 1985.
261 (universal machine) ( ) (Boolean Logic Gate) AND OR NOT XOR (Deterministic Turing Machine, DTM) (NDTM) (complexity) 10bits 2 10
262 15 15 = 5 3 15 10949769651859 10949769651859 4220851 2594209( The Fabric of Reality) 3 ( GNFS) ( n n k ) 18 RSA 1994. (Peter Shor)
263 ( ) 250 250 10 500 1996. (Lov Grover) n n/2 n DES RSA DES 2001 IBM 7 15 3 5 2002 2003 0.7
264 (quantum cryptography) 250 10 500 MWI 10 500 10 80 ( ) MWI 10 500 ( ) 10 500 10 500
265 n A B
266 A B (path integral) 1927
267 (Hidden Variable Theory) 1932 20 3 40
268. 1969. 1927 5 5 4 5 ( ) Φ X X Y = + Φ H H H = +
269 H Φ H H H H 1-6 3.5 3.5 + 3.5 = 7 ABC A B C A B C A B C A 12 B C ] 1 A B C. (David Bohm) ( ) 1952
270 20 David Mermin ********* 2000 5 5 5 4 ( ) 2000 ( ) 4 ( 4 1 2
271 3 4 ) 180 (N. Lobatchevsky) 180 180 180 180 n
272 20 (quantum potential)
273 (Locality) 1928 7 28.. (John Stewart Bell)
274 11 16 20. (AERE) (CERN) 1952
275 1963 EPR EPR 8-4 EPR EPR A B A B A B ( ) ( 767 8 12 9 ) A B A (+) B ( ) A B A + B 100% (A+, B ) (correlation) 100% 1 A B A + B 1 B
276 A A + B + (A+, B ) -1 (A+, B+) 1 B A A B A 0 EPR (A+, B ) (A, B+) 1 x A y B 3 3 3 x y z 3 8 ( 8 ) x y z + + + + + + + + + + + + A 8 A B 8
277 A B A (+, +, ) B (,, +) A B H 1-8 N 1 N 2 N 8 A x A y A z B x B y B z + + + N 1 + + + N 2 + + + N 3 + + + N 4 + + + N 5 + + + N 6 + + + N 7 + + + N 8 A x y z + B 3 N 1 8 N 1 + N 2 + + N 8 = 1 x (A x +, B x ) x A + B A + B (A x +, B x )
278 x A + B + A B (A x +, B x ) 4 A x + B x 4 A x + B x 8 N 1 + N 2 + + N 8 = 1 (A x +, B x ) 1 (A x +, B x +) 8 N 1 N 2 N 8 = 1 A x + B y + A x + B y + A x + B y + P xy P xy = N 1 N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 N 7 N 8 P xz A x + B z + P xz N 1 + N 2 N 3 + N 4 + N 5 N 6 + N 7 N 8 P zy A z + B y + P zy N 1 + N 2 + N 3 N 4 N 5 + N 6 + N 7 N 8 P xz P zy P xz P zy = 2N 3 + 2N 4 + 2N 5 2N 6 = 2 N 3 + N 4 N 5 N 6
279 x y x + y P xz P zy = 2 N 3 + N 4 N 5 N 6 2( N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 ) 2( N 3 +N 4 + N 5 +N 6 ) = 2(N 3 +N 4 +N 5 +N 6 ) N 1 + N 2 + + N 8 1 1 2(N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 ) = 1 + ( N 1 N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 N 7 N 8 ) P xy P xz P zy 1 + P xy ( λ )
P xz P zy 1 + P xy P xy A x + B y + ( ) 1. 2. 3 A B 280
281 EPR a b θ A B EPR A A B B A 1 A B B A A B 100% 100% A B ( ) A B B A B A A B
282 A B Bonnie&Clyde ( ) (entanglement) (inseparability) EPR ( ) EPR 1964 (Physics) EPR (On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox) 20 1973 (Brian D. Josephson) (Henry Stapp ) (the most profound discovery in science)
283 (Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge 1987) (Reviews of Modern Physics) 1966 EPR...
284 ( 1-7) ********* 40 50 (McCarthyism) (Joseph McCarthy) (Un-American Activities Committee)
285 Birkbeck 2000... (Edward Teller) ( ) ( ) ( ) (SDI Defence) (2003 )9 95.
286 1969 Clauser EPR EPR + + EPR 80 (Institut d Optique Th orique et
287 Appliqu e, Orsay C dex) EPR. (Alain Aspect) 12 40 (ns) ( ) 10ns 1982
288... 1 2 3 5 12 (Physics Review Letters)
289 EPR Malvern 4 ( ) 10ns 12 1998 (Innsbruck) 400 1.3 30 1990 Greenberger Horne Zeilinger ( ) GHZ ( ) 2000 Bouwmeester Daniell Nature 8 2001 Rowe Be+ 2003 Pittman Franson Hasegawa
290 ( ) EPR 1982 ( ) 20 1886-1927 50
291 ( ) ( ) (
292 ) ( ) (local realism) ( ) EPR ( ) ( ) MWI (local) Stapp ( Deutsch Tegmark Zeh) (Zeh Found. of Physics Letters 13 2000 p22) MWI MWI ( ) ( )... ( )
293 EPR BBC. (Julian Brown). (Paul Davies Macquarie ) 8
294 1986 (The Ghost in the Atom). (Rudolf Peierls) ( ). MWI
295. (Basil Hiley). (John Taylor) (the ensemble interpretation) John Gribbin (In Search of Schrodinger s Cat) 10 (Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality) MWI Edward Nelson ( )
296 ( ) ********* EPR α ( )
297 100% ( ) (teleportation) 2000 Kuzmich Nature (Nature V406) c 2 /v
298 (individual) (ensemble) (the ensemble interpretation) John Taylor McGill B. C. Sanctuary ( ) ( Max Jammer )
299 >= > + > > > MWI
300 >= 1/SQRT(2)[ > + >] (1/SQRT(2) 2 1 1) ( ) = + 50% 50% 50% 50%
301 John Taylor that s all 1 1 1 70 (
302 ) ( ) Taylor
303 ( ) Ghirardi Rimini Weber 1986 7 GRW 70 Philip Pearle
304 1986 7 15 3 (Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems) GRW GRW (stochastic) ( ) 10 16 10 (spontaneous localization) GRW 10 27 Ghirardi
305 10 1 ( 10 23 ) 0.1 / GRW E.Joos GRW GRW GRW ( ) GRW
306 ( ) ( ) ( ) GRW ( ) BKS ( ) GRW
307 Roland Omnes Ghirardi ( ) ( ) GRW ( ) GRW Zeilinger( GHZ ) 2000 Nature 100 OK GRW
308 GRW GRW GRW GRW (Decoherent Histories)
1953. (Murray Gell-Mann). 1938 16 16 1954 (James B Hartle) 60 20 70 309
310 Zurek Zeh 80... 1984 (Robert Griffiths) ( DH) MWI (History) t 0 t 1 t 2
311 t n t k A k n k ( k) A k (A k 1:0 2:1 3:3... ) 1 : 2, 2 : 3, 1 : 1, 4 : 1, 2 : 0, 0 : 0, 1 : 3, ( ) 1:0 10% 1:2 20%... a b P a P b a b P a + P b 2 P (2 : 0) + P (3 : 1) + P (4 : 2) +
312 D ( ) ( ) D( ) D( ) 0 1:0 2:0 1:0 10% 2:0 15% 1:0 2:0 25% 1:0 2:0
313... A k 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:1... (fine-grained history) (coarse-grained history) 3 30% 40% = 30 + 40 = 70% ( ) 1:0 0:0 1:0 1:1 2:0 1:1...
314 (path integral) 1942 1965 A B ( ) 1:0 2:0..
315... 1 1 1...... n m m
316 1984 1991 (Roland Omn s) 12.1 (DH) ( ) ( )
317 50% 50%... (maximally fine-grained histories) 1:0 2:0 (a decoherent family of histories) (consistent histories) DH (many histories) ( )
318 (consistency condition) / / 10 27... n 1:0 2:0 2:1... 0 DH
319 DH DH DH GRW GianCarlo Ghirardi DH 5 Ghirardi DH DH (family) 4
320 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:0... 2:0 2:1 2:2 2:3... 1:0 1:0 DH DH 1:0 DH (reasoning) 1:0 ( 1 2 2 ) (single family rule) DH 3
321 3 3 DH DH 1 1 2 1 1 2 10 6 6 5 8 6 ( 4 ) DH DH
322 100 ********* 4 3 1 3 t 0 t n t n t n t n
323 DH t 0 t n DH DH DH (quantum Zeno effect) snapshot ( )
324 GRW 6
325 ( ) (many-minds intepretation) ( ) 0 1 (John G Cramer) (The transactional model)... (Theseus) (Ariadne) 1997 (UMBC) 13 8 4 4 ( GRW)1 18 1999 4 ( GRW)4 2 (MWI) (DH)
326 ( ) 30 50 MWI 58% 18%... 20 80 80 80
327 Zeilinger (quantum field theory) ( )
328 20 E = mc 2 (Carl Anderson) 1932 4 1947 (Julian S Schwiger) (Freeman Dyson) (renormalization) (QED) 11
329 QED - 10 14 QED( 1993 ) 1965
330. ( DH )... DNA (CERN) CERN www
331 20... 20 Beatles...
332 12.2
333 4 (meson) µ π 1947 (Cecil Frank Powell) 1949 1950 1964 3
334 (QCD) (gluon) (Isaac Asimov) 60 (Sheldon Glashow) (Steven Weinberg) (Aldus Salam) 3 1979 3 (W + W Z0) 80 4
335 We hold the truth to be self-evident, that all forces are created equal. 4 1954 (Grand Unified Theory GUT) 3 100%
336 GUT 3 20
337 GUT (Theory of Everything TOE) ( ) 30 (Superstring) ********* 1999 1 1 20
338 33 1974 X 1 80 (Kip Thorne) 1 (Penthouse) 4 (Private Eye) (Penthouse Playboy ) X 1 1990 both 1
339 (John Preskill) 4 1997 T T (Zel dovich) (2004 ) 2000 (Gordon Kane) 100 ( 1964 )
340 2002 2002 Nature (Nature 420, p354) 80... (graviton) 2
341 1968 CERN (Gabriel Veneziano) β (Regge trajectory) 1771 (Edward Witten) 21 20 3 (Yeshiva Univ) (Leonard Susskind) (Holger Nielsen) (John Schwarz) (Joel Scherk) 2
342 ( ) (tachyon) 26 3 1 22 (Oskar Klein) (Theodor Kaluza) - (Kaluza-Klein Theory KK ) 4 (QCD) QCD 1971 (Pierre Ramond) 26 10 (
343 ) ( ) 1980. (Michael Green) 2 0 1982 1984
344 (David Gross) 3. arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0311044 ( ) (... ) 10 6 1 2 6 4 (3 1 ) ( 10 33 ) 6 6 BBC
345 9 BBC 1988 ( ) 6 6 5 8 ( ) 5 10 5 90. 1995 5 5 11 2
346 5 (Brian Greene) 1999 ( ) 5 M 007 Q ( 1999 ) M (Mother) 5 (Mystery) (Matrix) (Membrane) M 11 5 10 6 1 0 2 3 4... 4 0 9 M
347 M /M 1996 (Strominger) (Vafa) M PBS
( ) 4 5 WORD 200 25 ( ) bugs ( ) ( 6 348
349 ) 4 4 - - 7 80 ( - ) ( ) castor v pollux@yahoo.com CAPO 2004.5
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1690. 1704. 1807 1819 1856-1865 1885 1887 1893 1896 1896 1897 J.J. 1900 1905 1910 α 1911 358
359 1913 1915 1918 1922-1923 X 1923 1924-1925 1925 1925 1925 q 1925 1926 1926 1926-1927 G.P. 1927
360 1927 1927 1928 1930 6 1932 1932 1935 EPR 1935 1935 1938 1942 1942 1945 1947 1948 1952 1954 -
361 1956 1957 1960 1963 1964 1964 CP 1968 1970 1973 1973 1974 1975 τ 1979 1982 1983 Z0 1984 1984
362 1986 GRW 1993 1995 1995-1995