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,, (1952) :,,,, [3 ], 1963 1987 1993 1998,,,, :,,,, [4 ],,, [5 ], [6 ],, -,, [7 ],, : 30, :,, [8 ],, :,,,,, :,,,,, [9 ]?,, [10 ] [11 ],,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :, ( ),,,, 63
2009 5,, [12 ],,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 60 :,,,, :,,,:,?, [13 ],,,, :, :,,,,,,, (19491976) (19782009) 1. (19491976) :,,,, (1) 19491956 :,, 1952,, [14 ],1952, :,, [15 ] 64
1 1953 215 107 16 19 16 5 4 21 13 2 1 11 ( %) 100 49. 77 7. 44 8. 84 7. 44 2. 33 1. 86 9. 78 6. 05 0. 93 0. 47 5. 12 1963 373 164 36 53 26 12 10 17 10 2 7 36 ( ) 1987 ( ) 1993 ( ) 1998 ( ) ( %) 100 43. 96 9. 65 14. 21 6. 97 3. 22 2. 68 4. 56 2. 68 0. 54 1. 88 9. 65 644 204 70 214 55 20 57 22 ( %) 100 31. 68 10. 87 33. 23 8. 54 3. 11 8. 85 3. 42 504 9 31 19 13 106 13 55 181 40 37 ( %) 100 1. 79 6. 15 3. 77 2. 58 21. 03 2. 58 10. 91 35. 91 7. 94 7. 34 249 3 4 12 9 66 5 30 70 16 16 18 ( %) 100 1. 20 1. 61 4. 82 3. 614 26. 51 2. 01 12. 05 28. 11 6. 43 6. 43 7. 23 2007 641 5 18 38 45 97 8 82 206 35 50 57 ( %) 100 0. 78 2. 81 5. 93 7. 02 15. 13 1. 25 12. 79 32. 14 5. 46 7. 80 8. 89 : 1963 1986 7 1986 7 1987 5 1987 8 1987 11 1987 12 1993 7 1998 7 ; 1953 (19491981) 239 ;2007 (2007) 22 1952, 3/ 4, 12, [16 ],,,,,, 1953, 215, 107 [17 ], 19521953, 1954 7 1954 11 ( ), :, ;,, ;,257,, [18 ] 1955 7 30, 19551957 ( ),, ( ) ( ) 1957, 323, 183, 1947 47. 6 %,1952 22. 5 %,1957 9. 6 % [19 ], 20 50,, 65
2009 5 (2) 19571965 : 1949 1956,,, 20 50,,, 19561960,,,,,,,,, 1958 363,1962 627, 3703 [20 ] 20,,, 1958,,, 1961 9 ( ) ( ), :,,, [21 ] 2 1953 1962 1965 1963,,1957,1958 20 50 : ; ;,,, 432, 164, 37. 96 %( 1), 1965 ( 2), 601,, 20 50,,,,, [22 ] (3) 19661976 :, :,,,, 1953 1962 1965 215 107 16 19 16 5 4 21 13 2 1 11 ( %) 100 49. 77 7. 44 8. 84 7. 44 2. 33 1. 86 9. 77 6. 05 0. 93 0. 47 5. 12 627 295 79 60 48 16 11 40 25 3 9 41 ( %) 100 47. 05 12. 60 9. 57 7. 66 2. 55 1. 75 6. 38 3. 99 0. 48 1. 44 6. 54 601 315 55 72 37 13 11 30 21 1 6 40 ( %) 100 52. 41 9. 15 11. 98 6. 16 2. 16 1. 83 4. 99 3. 49 0. 17 1. 00 6. 66 :(19491981) 239240 66
,,,, [23 ] 10,, 1971,, 417 309, 43,,,,,,,,,, 2. (19772009) :,,,,,,, (1) 19771987 :,, 1978,,,,1980, 1980, 675,1036,, 66 % [24 ] 1982, 1343,,,,1982 11 :,,,,,, [25 ] 1982,1987 1987 644 ( 1),, ;, :, ; ;, ;,,, [26 ], 5,, (2) 19881997 : 1985,,,,,, 1987,, 1990 7 1992 1, 35,53, 620 67
2009 5 [27 ] 1992, 812, 366, 53, 17, 25, 42, 69, 123, 45, 12, 13, 47 [28 ],,,,,,,,,19881992,, 20 80 90,,,, 20 80 90 1993, 1993 1987, 10,,,,, 1994 7 ( < > ),, 11 1994-1995, 888, 2. 4 [29 ],,,,, 1994,,,, ;,,,, ;,, (3) 19982009 :, (1998 ) 9,91, 81,2,,,,, 1997, 1998,1998 7 : [30 ] :,,,,, 71, 249 1999 8, 1999,2000 9 2001,,11,,, 68
[31 ], 2007, 641, 5 18 38 45 97 8 82 206 35 50 57 [32 ], 50 %,,, 60,,, ;,,,30, ; 30, :,,, 30 : 1.,,,, (1),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2) 20 50,, 60,,,,,,,,60,,, -,,, 69
2009 5 60 1958, 1958 1963,,, 1978-1992,, 1993,, (3) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 20 50,,, 1963, 1987, 1993,, 20 90,,,, 1998,,, [33 ],,, 1999 2001, 80,, [34 ], 2.,,,,, (Margaret Levi),,,, [35 ],,, 70
,,,, 60 20 50, :,,, (1),,,,,,,-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1998,, 2001,,,,,,, (3),, -,,,,,,,,, 71 中国科技论文在线
2009 5 (2002), 41 1 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, : 60, 30,; 30, (1), :,,,,,, 1954, 1963,, ;1963,1987, 1987,,1989,, 1993 1993,,1997,, (2),,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,, 72
,, 1998 :,, 1998,,,, [36 ] 1999,,,,1963,19821987 19891992,,,,, ;,,, (3),,,,,,, 1998,,,,,,,,,,,2005, 275,,2800, 52 % [37 ],, (4),,, ( ),;,,,, 60 :,,,,,,,,, :, 2000, 73
2009 5,,,, [38 ],,,, ;,, 60, :, 30, ; 30,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :,;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, [39 ] [1 ] [37 ] [38 ]:,,2006,140 132 140 [2 ] : (),1980,29 [3 ] [15 ] [16 ] :, 1998,178179 213 [4 ] (2 ), 1995,32 [5 ] [6 ] [18 ] [21 ] :, 2006,158 160 31 32 [7 ] [9 ] [12 ] :,2005,12 1718 26 [8 ] :30,() 2009 2 [10 ] [35 ] :, 2007,50 193 [11 ] :, 2006,58 [13 ], :, 74
1994,125128 [14 ] : (4 ), 1990,548 [17 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] :(1949 1981), 1984,239 239 239 240 [22 ] [23 ] ::, 2008,84 86 [24 ] :, 2007,231 [25 ] [26 ] :(1988), 1989,149 150 [27 ] :(1992), 1990,114 [28 ] :(1993), 1994,87 [29 ] :(1995), 1995,191 [30 ] :,2000, 35 [31 ] : :2003,2003, 553 [32 ] :2007, 2008,22 [33 ] :, 2001 24 [34 ] :,, 2004 4 [36 ] :(2000), 2000,197 [39 ] :, 2001 16 Review and Reflection on 60 YearsSpecialty Settings of College s and Universitie s in China Ba sed on the Analysis of Historical Institutionalism Zhou Guangli, Wu Yue Policy changes of specialty settings of colleges and universities in China have experienced two stages : revolu2 tionary system changes and trail and error system changes, the former is characteristic of rupture of system while the latter is featured by progressive evolution. The problems existing in current system of specialty settings in higher ed2 ucation attribute to the government who still adopt the planned economic mode for management in the final analysis. That is why the residues of planned economy are still deep2rooted. The factors influencing the deep structure of Chi2 na s specialty settings in universities mainly include planned economic system, centralized management model and community2based cultural patterns. Overall, the system of specialty settings of colleges and universities in China shows the defect of powerful path dependence and it is locked in an inefficient path, though occasionally dramatic changes may take place. The major research of higher education reform in China is on how to overcome the defect appearing in the transformation period in terms of system innovation. 75