12 3 2013 4 ( ) ChinaEconomicQuarterly Vol.12,No.3 April,2013 卿石松 郑加梅 * 摘要 2007 2008,,, ( ), 28.65% 43.16%,,,, 关键词,, 一 引 言 20 80, ( Lietal.,2011;Zhangetal.,2007) :, ( GustafssonandLi,2000 ), ; ( ) (Zhangetal.,2007;,2008;,2010 ), (,2011) 1, *, ;, :, 500,200241; : 13321982600;E-mail:qshisong@163.com : (12YJC790154) (B12010) 1 (,2006;,2009) (,2005;,2007a),
1008 ( ) 12, (,2007b),,, 2,, (Cain,1986),, (MyCOS)2008 2009,, :,, 3, N ~ opo (2008) ( ) ;,,,,,, (,2002;, 2004;,2006;,2009;,2010),,,, (,2009),, (,2005),, (Jamesetal,1989;Rumbergerand Thomas, 1993;Arcidiacono,2004) 2, 3,,
3 : 1009, (TurnerandBowen,1999; García-Aracil,2008;Zafar,2009) 4, 10% 50% ( McDonald Thornton ) Gerhart (1990) Grahametal.(2000) McDonaldandThorn- ton (2007),Gerhart 1976 1986, 43% ;Graham 951,, 19% 38%,, Oaxaca-Blind ( ) 5 Gerhart (1990) Graham (2000), Brownetal. (1980) Appletonetal. (1999) 6,, ( ), ( ), ( ) :, ;, ;, ; 二 专业选择差异与工资回报 (MyCOS)2008 2009, 4 ( ), (Goldinetal.,2006), (TurnerandBowen,1999),, (Zafar,2009) 5 McDonald Thornton (NACE),,,1969 2001 0.9 0.99, 95% 6,
1010 ( ) 12, 2008 2007 44.5, 22.3, 20.3, 73% 31 / / 2113 603 673 2009 2 2008, 44.4, 23, 21.8, 70%; 31 / / 3080 565 631, :,,,,,, 13 / 5 (,2008 3, 2007 2 ) 7, ( ),2007 2008 6575 6735 ( 10, ) 1 1 2007 2008 / (%) / (%) 2752 2426 2566 88.12 2181 1941 2053 88.99 135 179 314 127 145 272 2829 2352 2730 83.13 2310 1962 2231 84.94 1914 498 2412 1911 563 2474 2815 2611 2710 92.76 2248 2089 2163 92.93 713 764 1477 705 802 1507 1929 1707 1831 88.49 2115 2032 2079 96.05 64 50 114 84 65 149 3156 3001 3077 95.10 2399 2173 2280 90.58 230 239 469 223 250 473 2590 2101 2411 81.10 2165 1866 2069 86.18 393 226 619 431 203 634 7,
3 : 1011 ( ) 2007 2008 / (%) / (%) 2464 1700 2065 69.00 2429 1700 1983 70.00 11 12 23 7 11 18 2128 2020 2080 94.89 1794 1500 1678 83.60 103 84 187 81 53 134 2656 2592 2611 97.58 2205 1998 2064 90.60 259 590 849 285 613 898 1966 1881 1930 95.69 1738 1705 1719 98.08 64 47 111 76 100 176 2759 2486 2647 90.12 2250 2000 2146 88.85 3886 2689 6575 3930 2805 6735 :,,, (2009) 2008, 31.10% 16.27% 18.68%, 0.55% 1.90%,,, 2008, 48.63% 10.97%, 20.07% 7.24%;, ( ) 21.85% (7.25%) 28.59% (17.94%) Duncan 8,2007 0.3244,2008 0.3246,, 32.44% 32.46%,,, (,2005),, (1),, J F ( ) ( ) 8 D = 1 2 F - M, =1,2,,J,J ;F M =1,F ;,M,M
1012 ( ) 12, (2) ( ), ( ), ( ) 9, 10,, 2,,,,,, 2 0.393 0.308 0.187 0.113 0.123 0.063 0.053 0.202 0.420 0.327 0.185 0.143 0.119 0.059 0.036 0.189 2007 0.407 0.312 0.185 0.116 0.120 0.073 0.055 0.195 0.436 0.328 0.168 0.164 0.118 0.066 0.036 0.201 2008 0.377 0.304 0.190 0.110 0.127 0.052 0.051 0.209 0.401 0.325 0.205 0.118 0.120 0.051 0.035 0.174 :,,,,, 三 计量模型与方法,,, ; Mincer, Multinomial 9,,2007,, 10,,
3 : 1013 Logit ;,, : 珡 w m - 珡 w f = (p m 珡 w m -p f 珡 w f ) = p f ( 珡 w m - 珡 w f ) + (p m -p f ) 珡 w m, ( 1), 珡 w i ; 珡 w i ; p i ;i=m,f ; (1),, : 珡 w m - 珡 w f = (p m 珡 w m -p f 珡 w f ) = p m ( 珡 w m - 珡 w f ) + (p m -p f ) 珡 w f. (2),, Oaxaca-Blind (Indexnumber), Neumark (1988), : 珡 w m - 珡 w f = (p m 珡 w m -p f 珡 w f ) = p * ( 珚 w m - 珚 w f ) + (p m -p * ) 珚 w m + (p * -p f ) 珚 w f, ( 3),p * MultinomialLogit, : p * =exp(γ * z) / exp(γ * z). (4) z,γ *, γ *, p m* p f*,, (3) : (p m -p * ) 珡 w m + (p * -p f) 珡 w f = (p m * -p * ) 珡 w m + (p * -p f* ) 珡 w f + (p m -p m* ) 珡 w m + (p f* -p f ) 珡 w f. (5)
1014 ( ) 12, (3) Neumark (1988) (3) : 烇 烉 烋 珡 w m - 珡 w f = p * ( 珚 x m - 珚 x f) β * + p * 珚 x m( β m -β * ) + p * 珚 x f( β * 烇 烉 -β f 烋 ) + 烏 + 烏 (p m* -p * ) 珡 w m + (p * -p f* 烐 (p m -p m* ) 珡 w m + (p f* 烐 ) 珡 w f 烑 -p f) 珡 w f, (6) 烑 m,x, β β f * ( ), β ( ) (6),,,, ( ),, ( ) 11 四 估计结果与分析 ( ), ( ) MultinomialLogit ( ), ( (4)),, 3 11,,,,,
3 : 1015 3 ( ) 2007 2007 2008 2008 6.66 4.55 3.47 4.44 5.17 2.84 3.23 2.78 18.52 37.21 49.25 38.37 20.07 38.02 48.63 38.68 28.41 24.23 18.35 23.69 28.59 23.42 17.94 22.99 1.86 1.42 1.65 1.22 2.32 2.02 2.14 1.95 8.89 6.42 5.92 6.75 8.91 6.81 5.67 6.75 8.40 10.08 10.11 9.74 7.24 9.08 10.97 9.02 0.45 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.39 0.11 0.18 0.11 3.12 2.76 2.65 2.56 1.89 1.92 2.06 1.89 21.94 12.56 6.66 12.23 21.85 13.17 7.25 13.20 1.75 0.78 1.65 1.00 3.57 2.62 1.93 2.63,, 2007, 18.69%, 9.38%,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, (,2009), 12, ( 35 ),, 13 211, 12 35 ( MyCOS ), /, 6, 7 ;, 35, 100%,,, 13,,
1016 ( ) 12 4, 211,,,,, /, / 4 2007 2008 0.517 0.501 0.528 0.501 0.486 0.511 0.128 0.144 0.117 0.136 0.151 0.126 0.697 0.704 0.692 0.660 0.655 0.663 211 0.342 0.299 0.372 0.197 0.189 0.202 50 0.146 0.184 0.120 0.179 0.235 0.140 50 300 0.227 0.269 0.198 0.241 0.278 0.215 300 500 0.075 0.078 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.072 500 1000 0.090 0.087 0.093 0.099 0.097 0.100 1000 3000 0.118 0.100 0.131 0.125 0.098 0.145 3000 0.343 0.283 0.384 0.284 0.221 0.328 0.274 0.224 0.309 0.242 0.180 0.286 / 0.112 0.143 0.091 0.109 0.125 0.097 / 0.357 0.355 0.359 0.461 0.484 0.445 / 0.257 0.278 0.242 0.188 0.210 0.173 6575 2689 3886 6735 2805 3930 OLS, 5, 2007,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,
3 : 1017 5 2007 2008 0.176 *** 0.329 *** 0.252 *** 0.274 *** (0.051) (0.046) (0.048) (0.043) -0.007-0.003-0.013-0.022 (0.025) (0.024) (0.023) (0.022) 0.027 0.018 0.030 * 0.027 * (0.020) (0.017) (0.018) (0.015) 211 0.146 *** 0.139 *** 0.115 *** 0.137 *** (0.016) (0.014) (0.018) (0.016) 50 300 0.035 * 0.105 *** 0.087 *** 0.088 *** (0.021) (0.024) (0.019) (0.021) 300 500 0.148 *** 0.177 *** 0.114 *** 0.170 *** (0.030) (0.031) (0.029) (0.028) 500 1000 0.130 *** 0.145 *** 0.151 *** 0.171 *** (0.029) (0.030) (0.026) (0.026) 1000 3000 0.167 *** 0.233 *** 0.162 *** 0.178 *** (0.028) (0.028) (0.026) (0.024) 3000 0.227 *** 0.293 *** 0.226 *** 0.232 *** (0.023) (0.024) (0.023) (0.022) / -0.051 * -0.007 0.020-0.010 (0.029) (0.031) (0.030) (0.030) / -0.074 *** 0.017-0.037 * -0.054 *** (0.021) (0.018) (0.021) (0.017) / 0.052 ** 0.125 *** 0.078 *** 0.087 *** (0.021) (0.019) (0.023) (0.020) 0.015 0.138 * -0.010 0.145 ** (0.032) (0.071) (0.053) (0.062) 0.073 *** 0.159 ** 0.040 0.188 *** (0.021) (0.063) (0.047) (0.052) -0.047 0.168 *** 0.079 * 0.188 *** (0.055) (0.064) (0.046) (0.054) 0.137 *** 0.040 0.016 0.062 (0.029) (0.080) (0.063) (0.066) -0.024 0.212 *** 0.084 * 0.194 *** (0.029) (0.068) (0.050) (0.058) -0.067 0.082 0.030 0.154 *** (0.105) (0.066) (0.050) (0.054) -0.016 0.112-0.024 0.366 ** (0.044) (0.137) (0.116) (0.155)
1018 ( ) 12 ( ) 2007 2008 0.143 *** 0.022-0.010 0.110 (0.023) (0.077) (0.068) (0.071) -0.177 *** 0.184 *** 0.088 * 0.207 *** (0.059) (0.067) (0.047) (0.057) 7.581 *** 7.220 *** 7.313 *** 7.154 *** (0.152) (0.109) (0.140) (0.103) R 0.461 0.357 0.379 0.302 : ; *** ** * 1% 5% 10% ;,, 50,,, 211 211,,, 211 ( ), 211 ( ) 1., (6), 6 6 ( :%) 2007 2008 ( ) 43.16 28.65 ( ) 21.92 24.40 ( ) 51.11 43.80 ( ) 0.61 0.14 ( ) 0.37-0.08 ( ) -0.47 5.11 ( ) -16.71-2.02 ( ) 100(0.093) 100(0.110)
3 : 1019 : (1) Gerhart (1990) Grahamet al.(2000) GrahamandSmith (2005), ( ), ( ); 2007,,,, (2), ( ) ( ), 2007 2008 44.14% 29.25% (3),,,, ( ) ( ), ( ) (4),, ;,,,,, ( ), Jann (2008) Oaxaca-Blind 14, 7,, ( ), 70% ( 7 ), 35% (2007 ) 75% (2008 ),2007, ; 2008, ( ) 15 14 ( ),, ( ), 2009 8 4, 1257 1280 15, 2007 2008,,
1020 ( ) 12 7 2007 2008 0.087 57.35 0.110 * 66.60 0.181 *** 72.18 *** 0.148 *** 78.12 *** 0.061 ** 58.96 0.062 *** 78.20 ** 0.085 42.60-0.011 581.19 0.037 37.83 0.094 ** 79.19 * 0.175 *** 34.97 * 0.135 *** 74.51 *** 0.003 788.82 0.159 *** 44.21 0.001 5284.56 0.083 ** 85.32 ** -0.019-967.79 * 0.082-5.07 :, ; *** ** * 1% 5% 10%,, GrahamandSmith (2005),,,,, (1999), (1996),, 2.,, (1)Oaxaca-Blind 16, Jann (2008) Oaxaca-Blind, 8 16, Yun(2005)
3 : 1021 : 8 Oaxaca-Blind 2007 2008 30.24 *** 69.76 29.38 *** 70.62 8.72 *** 65.81 6.34 *** 21.90-0.16-4.20 0.11-2.00-0.25-28.62 0.30-14.47 211 16.15 *** -7.78 2.55 4.61 30.91 *** 7.97 24.29 *** -4.48-6.81 ** 10.92-2.77 1.87 6.76-8.72-1.60-1.68-25.08 *** -2.50 0.16-18.56 : ; *** ** * 1% 5% 10%,Oaxaca-Blind,, (2007 ), 2008, 2007,,, ( 5),, 2007,, 51.40% 48.36% 42.42% 39.33% 34.49% 33.76%,,,,,,, (2), McDonaldandThornton (2007), ( ), ( 9 1), n c ( 珡 w f cn f/ c ) Nf c n / ( 珡 wcn m f/ c ) Nf c c,
1022 ( ) 12 f,m, 珡 w,n (c),n,, ( 9 2) 9 2007 / (%) 2008 / (%) 2759 2486 90.12 2250 2000 88.85 1 2736 90.88 2226 89.83 2 2402 87.06 1975 87.74 : 1; 1,, 2, McDonaldandThornton (2007), : (1), 2007 2008 90.88% 89.83% ( 1);, 8.50% 9.82% ;, (2) ( 2),, 87.06% (2007 ) 87.74% (2008 ), ( ),,, 2007 2008,,,,,,, García-Aracil (2008),,, ( ),,,,
3 : 1023 五 评论性结语,, 2007 2008,, 32% (Ducan ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 参考文献 [1] Appleton,S.,J.Hoddinot,andP.Krishnan, TheGender WageGapinThreeAfricanCoun- tries,economic Developmentand CulturalChange,1999,47(2),289 312. [2] Arcidiacono,P., AbilitySortingandtheReturnstoColege Maor,Journalof Econometrics, 2004,121(1 2),343 375.
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3 : 1025 [26]Neumark,D., Employers DiscriminatoryBehaviorandtheEstimationofWageDiscrimination, Journalof Human Resources,1988,23(3),279 295. [27] opo,h., MatchingasaTooltoDecompose WageGaps,Review of Economics & Statistics, 2008,90(2),290 299. [28], 2007,,2009 6, 102 108 [29]Rumberger,R.,andS.Thomas, TheEconomicReturnstoColegeMaor,QualityandPerform- ance:a MultilevelAnalysisofRecentGraduates,Economicsof Education Review,1993,12(1), 1 19. [30],,,2010 10, 46 55 [31]Turner,S.,and W.Bowen, ChoiceofMaor:TheChanging (Unchanging)GenderGap,In- dustrialand Labor Relations Review,1999,52(2),289 313. [32],,,2005 12, 35 44 [33],,,2009 4, 88 111 [34],,,1999 1, 19 21 [35], 2002,,2002 6, 56 62 [36]Yun,M., ASimpleSolutiontotheIdentificationProbleminDetailed WageDecompositions,E- conomicinquiry,2005,43(4),766 772. [37]Zafar,B., ColegeMaorChoiceandtheGenderGap,FRBofNew YorkStafReportNo.364, 2009(Feb.). [38]Zhang,J.,J.Han,P.Liu,andY.Zhao, TrendsintheGenderEarningsDiferentialinUrban China,1988 2004,Industrialand Labor Relations Review,2007,61(2),224 243. [39],,,2010 4, 66 72 ColegeMaorsorGenderDiscrimination AnEmpiricalAnalysisofEntry Wage DifferentialsofMaleandFemaleColegeGraduates SHISONG QING (EastChina Normal University) JIAMEI ZHENG (Shanghai Universityof Financeand Economics) Abstract Colegemaorsrepresentanimportantsourceofmale-femalewagediferenti- als.weanalyzetheefectsofmaorandgenderdiscriminationonnewcolegegraduatesusing
1026 ( ) 12 datafromnationalsurveysofgraduateemploymentin2007and2008.althoughthedistribu- tionsofmaorsarequitediferentforwomenandmen,wefindthatonly28.65to43.16per- centofthetotalgenderwagediferentialisatributabletodiferencesinendowmentsandthat moreoftheunexplaineddiferentialsareresultsfrom within ratherthanacross broadma- orcategories.a maoradvantageofworkingwithstartingsalariesofnewcolegegraduatesis thatwecanremovethepossibleinfluencesofgenderdiferencesinexperience,promotions, obchangesandotherfactors.thereforeweprovideastrongevidenceforgenderdiscrimina- tioninchina slabormarketofskiledworkers. JELClasification J71,J31,J16