綜論 1,2,* 1 3 ( 2011 30(4) 301-315) 前 言 1 2 3 * 17 E-mail: ycheng@ntu.edu.tw 100 2 25 100 5 11 2010 12 17 ( ) 1970 2011, Vol.30, No.4 301
日本就業狀況的變化 1970 1990 1976 1990 5%[1] () 60 19852010 201014.6% 3.8%60 [1] [2,3] 1994 1999 2004 2009 ( ) 60 18.3% 21.4% 19.7% 17.7% ()() 302 2011, Vol.30, No.4
10.3% 13.3% 12.1% 11.5% () (non-regular s t a f f)(p a r t- time workers)(dispatched workers from temporary labour agency) (contract, entrusted employees or other) 1980 2004 50.4% [4,5] 1986 2008140 [1] (working poor) [6] 1997 1998 199021.6/100,000 200834.7/100,000 45 64 (50/100,000)[7] 60 1-3 ()15 (http://www.stat.go.jp/) ()20 2011, Vol.30, No.4 303
http://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/longtime/03roudou.htm ( )[5,8] 0.9 [9,10] 日本過勞職災認定爭議的緣起與發展 1950 1961 [11] 1970 1978 (Uehata Tetsunojo) 17 [12] 1981 1982 1988 (The National Defense Counsel for Victims of Karoshi) 110 [12] (http:// karoshi.jp/index.html) ( ) 1961 [11] 1987 304 2011, Vol.30, No.4
/ 1961 1978 (Uehata Tetsunojo)17 1981 1982 1985 1986 1987 1961 48 40 1988/6 110 1995/2 () () 1996/1 1996 1997/10 1998 1999/9 ICD-10 F0-F4 2000 2001/9 () 2001/12 (2001 ) () (1)(2) (3) 2002/2 2003/5 2005 100 2006/10 2007 2007/12 2009/4 2009/9 1970 [12] 1987 2011, Vol.30, No.4 305
2011, Vol.30, No.4 306 4840 1995 1996 2001 2001 2000 7 () [11,13,14] 2001 9 (2001 ) 12 12 [11,13,15] 2001 (1) (2) (3) 100 2 6 80 1 6 45( ) ( ) ( ) 1996 () 1991 1996 [11] 1997 1999 2005 2008 2008 82009 4 [16] ( ) 1989 2000192 ( 16 ) 14777% 2000 30 40%[14] 2007 11 30 (Uchino Kenichi) 2002
[15,17] 2008 1 47 (Takano Hiroshi) 2005 [15,18] 日本過勞職災認定個案之統計狀況 [19,20] 1922 1948 (Wo r k e r s Compensation Insurance Act) 5 [21] (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/bukyoku/ roudou.html) 19702 31980 20097,471 1987 199510% 13 19% 2001 12 () 1 ( / ) 100% 2 (/ ) 100% 19971997 1997 2011, Vol.30, No.4 307
300 40036 42% 199764% 200936% 1998 2009 2007 2009 257 (20 30%) 70 27%[21] (95%)50 59 (40%) (26%) (25%) 10052% 80 9937% (76%)30 39 (33%) (21%)(28%) 10030% 36% [22-24] (International Labour Organization) 1,950,000 [25]( 98/102005)(92//10 2007) (20/102008) (5.3//10 2009)[26] 1 ( / ) 100% 2 (/ ) 100% 308 2011, Vol.30, No.4
(2002 ) (2002-2009 ) 1 < 30 30 ~ < 39 40 ~ < 49 50 ~ < 59 60 (2003~2009 ) (2002-2009 ) 1 () 2 専 従 (2008~2009 ) <60 60~79 80~99 100~119 120~139 140~159 160 3 (%) (%) 317 301 16 2,672 109 433 771 1,057 300 2,365 367 255 620 414 60 63 67 146 18 355 2,672 388 433 303 271 206 663 319 87 670 3 38 250 179 79 50 42 29 (95.0) (5.0) (4.1) (16.2) (28.9) (39.6) (11.2) (15.6) (10.8) (26.3) (17.6) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) (6.2) (0.8) (15.1) (14.5) (16.2) (11.3) (10.1) (7.7) (24.8) (11.9) (3.3) (0.4) (5.7) (37.3) (26.7) (11.8) (7.5) (6.3) (4.3) 100 76 24 1,547 377 517 345 237 71 1,341 276 142 125 192 92 144 73 64 8 225 1,547 429 167 244 160 122 120 278 27 503 115 23 34 55 44 21 29 182 1 200422,670 2 4084 3 (76.0) (24.0) (24.4) (33.4) (22.3) (15.3) (4.6) (20.6) (10.6) (9.3) (14.3) (6.9) (10.7) (5.4) (4.8) (0.6) (16.8) (27.7) (10.8) (15.8) (10.3) (7.9) (7.8) (18.0) (1.7) (22.9) (4.6) (6.8) (10.9) (8.7) (4.2) (5.8) (36.2) 2011, Vol.30, No.4 309
[5] 日本政府針對職場過勞問題的預防策略 1995 1996 1999 2000 ( ) 2000 2002 2 (Comprehensive Program for the Prevention of Health Impairment Due to Overwork) 2003 2005 () 100 [2,27] 100 2001 2006 2007 2007 2009 9 [5,15,28] 日本經驗對台灣的啟示 [11,15,18] 1990 1991 2004 12 1100 2 6 80 2004 2001 310 2011, Vol.30, No.4
(2008) (2009) (2008) (2009) 1 1 1 1 () 2 86,139 138.6 8,992 77.3 95,789 146.5 6,101 53.3 25-34 525 5.9 133 6.7 148 1.7 36 1.8 35-44 1,568 17.0 421 22.8 457 5.0 104 5.7 45-54 3,606 46.3 915 50.4 915 11.8 222 12.2 55-64 10,361 113.6 1,247 108.9 2,875 30.5 428 36.0 65-74 17,219 239.1 1,689 260.0 8,389 103.7 978 133.6 75 52,583 1,011.6 4,537 899.9 82,861 973.2 4,307 865.8 3 61,121 98.4 6,158 52.9 65,902 100.8 4,225 36.9 25-34 193 2.2 49 2.5 101 1.2 29 1.5 35-44 943 10.2 242 13.1 418 4.6 69 3.8 45-54 2,404 30.8 597 32.9 1,155 14.9 209 11.5 55-64 6,201 68.0 790 69.0 2,684 28.5 337 28.4 65-74 11,798 163.8 1,293 199.0 6,002 74.2 778 106.3 75 39,505 760.0 3,172 629.1 55,486 651.7 2,788 560.5 4 21,546 34.7 2,798 24.1 8,683 13.3 1,265 11.1 25-34 2,650 29.6 457 23.2 1,203 14.0 242 12.4 35-44 3,458 37.4 611 33.1 1,195 13.2 231 12.6 45-54 3,885 49.8 613 33.8 1,041 13.4 238 13.1 55-64 4,970 54.5 457 39.9 1,455 15.4 182 15.3 65-74 2,923 40.6 294 45.3 1,428 17.6 142 19.4 75 2,132 41.0 242 48.0 1,672 19.6 145 29.1 1 10 ( /)x 100,000 2 (ICD-10) I01-I02.0, I05-I09, I20-I25, I27, I30-I52 3 (ICD-10) I60-I69 4 (ICD-10) X60-X84 Y87.0 ( ) (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/sippei/index.html)(http://www.doh. gov.tw/) ( 4084 8 ) 2010 12 17 ( ) 2008 (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) 2009 11 211 2011, Vol.30, No.4 311
1999 2010 43 3 ( ) ( ) 1980 (psychosocial hazards at work) [29-32] 2010 10 致 謝 ( N S C 99-2410-H-002-171-MY3 NSC 99-2410-H006-077-MY3) (Professor Paul Jobin) 312 2011, Vol.30, No.4
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Disputes and policy responses concerning the hazards of overwork and workers compensation: experiences in Japan and their implications for Taiwan Yawen Cheng 1,2,*, Shiuan-Be Wu 1, Yu-Feng Wong 3 In Taiwan, cases of sudden death linked to overwork are a growing concern. The government has adopted several Japanese regulations and guidelines which concern the recognition of and compensation for work-related injuries and diseases that are due to overwork. Based on the literature and analyses of official statistics from the worker s compensation system in Japan, we examined the development of policies concerning the recognition and prevention of overwork hazards in Japan. Based on this review, we suggest that Taiwan should reduce the barriers for workers compensation by revising the criteria for the recognition of work-related diseases. Regulations concerning working hours and the health management of workers with prolonged working hours should also be improved. In addition, statistics and the related content of workers claims for compensation should be made public. Taiwan should also be aware of and avoid the limitations of the Japanese approach. (Taiwan J Public Health. 2011;30(4):301-315) Key Words: job stress, occupational injuries and diseases, worker s compensation, prevention, Japan 1 Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu- Zhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 3 Center for Society, Technology and Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C. * Correspondence author. E-mail: ycheng@ntu.edu.tw Received: Feb 25, 2011 Accepted: May 11, 2011 2011, Vol.30, No.4 315