19 20 : 19 20 ( ) ; ; : 19 20 : ; ; (1873 ) 125
2000 3 19 70 1863 ( ) ( ) 1863 : : 19 70 : 17 (1874) 4 13 : : 12 (1879) 11 19 : 1873 : 1987 102 103 126 1875 1910
19 20 :? :?? 19 70? 8 (1875) 11 28 : 11 (1878) 1 12 : : : 19 : 127
:? 19 : : 1880 : 1883 : ; ; ; ; ; : : : : 102 17 4 13 1928 546 128
19 20 24 (1891)??? : 19 80 : 21 (1888) 4 1962 128 12 11 19 : ( ) ( 4 124 ) 129
19 80 ; ( ) (1886 ) : : ; ; : (1888 ) 1989 95 130 (1888 ) 1897
19 20 ( ) 1879 : 1890 : : 26 (1893) : : 1993 14 ( ) 1989 170 171 44 : 26 131
: (1900 ) ( ) 1887 1894 : ( ) 1990 22 ) : 1958 36 : 122 1988 22 ( ) 175 132 ( ) (
19 20 19 80 1889 : : : 19 20 19 : ; 2 1977 5 :?(?? ) 2 ( ) 186 133
: ; () ( ; ) ( ) ; ; ( ) : 13 11 28 5 1 2 1919 2 1 1988 134 : 1994 300
19 20 ( ) ; 1894 ( ) 1938 1950 200062 ( : ) 8 528 135
CON TEN TS during t he Qianlong reign period and was challenged by Westerners visiting China. After t he Opium Wars Britain and the other powersresolvedthe problem by means of military might and the un2 equal treaties they forced upon China and the formats of thediplomatic noteand other diplomatic document s were t hen established in China. Western interference in and replacement of t he Chinese format for diplomatic document s to some extent reflected t he process by which Western values were t ransplanted into China. Key Words : diplomatic note / history of diplomacy / Sino2British relations / t he Opium War / modern China Success from Disaster : The Sino2US Silver Deals : 1934-36 Ren Donglai (103) Americaπs Silver Purchase Act of 1934 pushed up the price of silver worldwide and caused finan2 cial panic in China which had had a currency standard and from which silver was flowing out in huge quantities. To remedy the situation the Chinese government sought negotiations with the US government Hard bargaining continued from 1934 to 1936 and resulted in the Sino2US silver deals. China sold 144 million ounces of silver to the US and used the US dollars paid for the purchase to re2 form stabilize and thus modernize its currency system which had been a long2term goal. Key Words : Sino2U S relations / silver standard / currency reform Japanese Self2Recognition in the Meiji Ref orm Period Yang Ningyi (116) A genuine self2recognition on the part of the Japanese began in the mid2nineteenth century and marked the starting point of their self2recognition in the modern world. A number of schools with dif2 ferent views on this concept emerged during the Meiji period and these schools sought and found ex2 pression in various forms t hroughout successive historical periods and t heir influence is felt even to2 day. The dominant characteristic of the Japanese self2recognition of the Meiji period was the sense of national destiny which led to extremes in the Japanese outlook. During the early Meiji period Japan lagged behind both Europe and the US and the a national sense of inferiority was very strong. However once Japan had become powerful the Japanese nation jumped to the other extreme of inflat2 ed nationalism which led to the destructive road of militarism. Key Words : Meiji period / J apanese nation / self2recognition The Asianism of Japan in the Transitional Period from the 19 th to the 20 th Century Sheng Banghe (125) The ideological trend towardsasianim(also known asthe Great Asianism ) emerged in Japan at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Initially it appeared in the forms of anasian Alliance and the theory ofsino2japanese mutual help and guidance and was aimed at resisting foreign powers but later evolved into cultural Asianism. in the final stage it became the nationπscontinental policy and was linked to its theories of aggression. Key Words : Great Asianism / J apanese Asianism / Sino2J apanese mut ual help and guidance / cult ural Asianism A Ret rospective of Chinese Historiography in the 20 th Cent ury Studies on the History of the 1911 Revolution in the 20 th Century Yan Changhong Ma Min (136) 191