Basic Sentence Structure & Greetings

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1 Basic Grammar II Tenses Unit 3 Compiled by John Cheung 英語動詞的時式, 往往令人頭痛, 既要顧及詞尾變化, 亦要加上適當的助動詞本課程化繁為簡, 提綱挈領, 教你何時該用那種時式

2 Verb Verb refers to an action (such as: bring, read, walk, run, learn) or state (such as: exist, stand). Verb form changes (inflects) when it works with person, number, tense, etc. E.g. catch, catches, caught For 3rd person singular subject (Jane, he, she, it), the verb marks with V+ s or V+ es ending. E.g. Mary catches the bus. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd person I, we you he, she, it they number e.g. catch catch catches catch 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 2

3 Tenses Five main tenses are considered: 1. Simple Present 2. Simple Past 3. Present & Past Perfect 4. Continuous 5. Future Verb form changes for different tenses, for Regular Verbs Past/Perfect tenses add ed to the base form Continuous tenses add ing to the base form Irregular Verbs refer manual. 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 3

4 Present Tense Present Simple tense ( 現在式 ) Relates the time of an action or state to the present 目前 Action or State facts, or something which is always true (timeless expressions) 事實恆常真實 habitual actions, keep repeating 慣性重覆發生 scheduled events in the near future 計劃好將會發生 Example She does not like him. Cats have tails. I visit my uncle every Friday. The plane takes off at 10 o'clock tonight Tense Indicators: usually, always, often, sometimes, seldom (Adverbs of Frequency) 最經常發生最少發生 Subject-Verb Agreement Verb form agrees with the Subject, add s or es to the verb for singular subject. E.g. He goes swimming everyday. 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 4

5 Past Tense Past tense ( 過去式 ) used to show that the act or state described occurred in the PAST Examples (uses the 2 nd column of verb list in pp-19-21) 1. I went to work early this morning. (go-went-gone) 2. He returned from American yesterday. 3. She woke up, had a shower and left. Tense Indicators: last night/ Sunday/ week/ month/ year ago, yesterday 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 5

6 Present Prefect Tense Present Perfect tense ( 現在完成式 ) It indicates an event that has just finished. ( 剛做完 ) Auxiliary Verb + Past Participle ( have/has ) + (3rd column of Verb List in pp-19-21) Used in Example To talk about experiences 經驗 I have been to Italy. (be) Past action that has the result in the present 過去行動導致今天成果 Action which started in the past and continued up to now. 過去行動持續到今天 She has read that book. (read) I have lived in this town for 12 years. (live) Tense Indicators already, yet, recently, just, since (date/year), for (a period of time) 1. I have just finished my work. 2. Have you heard from Jim recently? 3. Martin has worked here since I have not yet completed the project. 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 6

7 Present Prefect Tense This is a rather important tense in English, but the concepts or ideas are often new to speakers of other languages. The problems come with the use of the tense and there are some differences in usage between British and American English. In learning a language, try not to translate the tense/ concepts into your language. ( 現在完成時式的概念, 常令學習者莫明其妙原因多數是因為學習者本身的母語沒有近似的概念及 / 或用法, 即使英美兩國的用法亦有差異學習外語, 不應將其翻譯成自己的語言 ) 筆者按 : 翻譯是重寫, 需要兼顧兩種不同的文化, 非花上多年苦功不可能有成果, 坊間的譯作, 多半只能譯到意思 There are basically four uses for the present perfect tense: 1. Experience the action/state happened in the past, now I have a memory of the event. ( 過去曾經驗過, 目前仍歷歷可見 ) I have seen ET. I have lived in Bangkok, have you been there? We have never eaten caviar. 2. Change talking about a change/ new information ( 談及轉變或提供新資訊 ) I have bought a car. (yesterday, no car now, I have a car) Has the price gone up? (yesterday, at certain price gone up now?) The police have arrested the series killer. (yesterday, killer was free now, arrested) ** Whereas the British use Present Perfect tense, the Americans use Past Simple tense. 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 7

8 Present Prefect Tense 3. Continuing situation to talk about a state (not an action) that started in the past, continue in the present and will probably continue into the future. ( 持續情況 - 指一種狀態而非動作 ; 其始於過去, 持續至今, 且相信會延續到將來 ) E.g. How long have you known Jack? I have worked here since June. He has retired since June. He has been ill for two days. 4. For & Since with Present Perfect Tense ( 表示持續一段時間及從過去某一刻開始 ) For a period of tiime 5 minutes, three days/ weeks, 6 months/ years, 2 centuries, a long time, ever, etc. Since a point in the past time 6:20 pm, Monday, August, 1999, I left school, the beginning of time, etc. 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 8

9 Past Perfect tense Past Perfect tense ( 過去完成式 ) An action completed before another action in the past. ( 指出兩件已經過去的事情的先後 ) Auxiliary Verb + Past Participle ( had ) + (3rd column of Verb List in pp-19-21) 1. She had left when I arrived. (leave, arrive) 2. They had had lunch when I arrived. (have, arrive) 3. He told me that he had seen the film. (tell, see) 4. I didn t know who he was. I had never seen him before. (do, see) 5. The storm destroyed the house that they had built. (destroy, build) Tense Indicators?? after, before, when, while, but, because 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 9

10 Past Perfect tense More Examples 1. When they came home, Liza d (had) cooked dinner. (come/cook) 2. Had you had breakfast before you left the house? (have/leave) 3. Where had she stayed before she moved to live with her friend?(stay/move) 4. Had she managed to find a place to stay when she went to London? 5. I wondered that if I had been there before. (wonder/be) (manage/go ) 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 10

11 Present Continuous tense Continuous tense ( 進行式 ) An action in progress or developing. ( 仍然在進行中的動作 ) Auxiliary Verb be + Verb + ing is, am, are + (e.g. wear-ing ) Present Continuous tense ( 現在進行式 ) 1. I am speaking to you. 2. She is not staying in London. 3. Is he watching TV? 4. Are they waiting for John? 5. John is going out with Mary. 6. When are you starting your new job? Tense Indicators now, at present, at this moment 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 11

12 Past Continuous tense Past Continuous tense( 過去進行式 ) an action that was continuous (i.e. going on) at a particular time in the past. ( 在過去某時刻曾連續進行的一個動作 ) Auxiliary Verb be + Verb + ing was, were + (e.g. do-ing ) Affirmative form( 肯定 ) 1. This morning I was revising my lessons when my father came in. 2. Jim and Liza were playing tennis yesterday at 11:00. Interrogative form( 疑問 ) 1. What were you doing yesterday evening? 2. And what was your mother doing? 3. Where were you going, this morning at 7:30? 4. What were Jim and Liza doing? 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 12

13 Past Continuous tense The negative form( 否定 ) 1. I wasn't reading a book yesterday evening; I was watching a film. 2. My mother wasn't preparing dinner; she was working on the computer. 3. We weren't playing cards. Tense Indicators at (xx pm) yesterday, when, while 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 13

14 Future tense Future Tense ( 將來式 ) used to indicate the event described by a verb will take place in the future ( 用來表示某動作將要發生 ) Modal Auxiliary + Verb (base form) will + (e.g. come) Three usages: 1. No plan before we speak, decision made at the time of speaking, e.g. Hold on. I will get a pen. ( 非計劃好的, 說話的一刻才決定 ) We will see what we can do to help you. Maybe we ll stay in and watch television tonight. I don t think I will buy that car. 2. Prediction, saying what we think will happen, e.g. It will rain tomorrow. ( 預期的, 說出相信會發生的事 ) Who do you think will get the job? 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 14

15 Future tense 3. Be as the main verb enables us to use the Future tense even if we have a firm plan and decision before speaking. ( 已經計劃好的決定通常用現在進行式或 going to 來表示但當句子以 be 為主動詞時, 可用將來式 ) She is flying to London tomorrow. ( 她明天飛往倫敦 ) She is going to London tomorrow. ( 她明天會去倫敦 ) She will be in London tomorrow. ( 她明天會在倫敦 ) I m going shopping. I won t be very long. Will you be at work tomorrow? Will he arrive on time? She will not leave before me. They will not be at school tomorrow. Tense Indicators tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the coming week/month/year 13/1/2015 Grammar 2 15

Unit 3 Unit 2 43

Unit 3 Unit 2 43 and or but so for after before when since because although though even though and My name is Avery, and her name is Phoenix. Avery Phoenix My name is Avery. And her name is Phoenix. 44