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1 , * ( ) * Aphis craccivora Koch Aphis gossypii Glover Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) phenthoate benfuracarb carbosulfan pirimicarb bifenthrin cyfluthrin deltamethrin flucythrinate imidacloprid * juchun@tactri.gov.tw

2 (4) (5, 8, 9) sooty mold (5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16) Aphis gossypii Glover Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (9) carbosulfan bifenthrin pirimicarb Aphis craccivora Koch benfuracarb cyfluthrin flucythrinate imidacloprid (1, 2, 4, 5, 1 (3) 10 mg/ml 1:1 Triton DDT X w/v lindan malathion bromophos phenthoate dimethoate deltamethrin 2001 (1, 6, 7) % RH 12D:12L (2, 3)

3 117 Table 1. Common name, chemical group, concentration, formulation and concentration of 9 insecticides tested against vegetable aphids from the plant protection manual Common name Chemical group Nominal concentration Formulation Field recommendation Phenthoate Organophosphorus 500 g/l EC 500 mg/l Benfuracarb Carbamate 200 g/l EC 400 mg/l Carbosulfan Carbamate 483 g/l EC 322 mg/l Pirimicarb Carbamate 500 g/l WP 250 mg/l Bifenthrin Pyrethroid 28 g/l EC 28 mg/l Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid 57 g/l EC 28.5 mg/l Deltamethrin Pyrethroid 28 g/l EC 28 mg/l Flucythrinate Pyrethroid 316 g/l EC 37 mg/l Imidacloprid Nicotinoid 182 g/l SL 23 mg/l EC, emulsifiable concentrate; WP, wettable powder; and SL, soluble concentrate. Table 2. Records of collections of vegetable aphids for insecticide susceptibility assays 2001 County Aphis craccivor Aphis gossypii Location Host Month Location Host Month Hsinchu Paoshan Vu Oct. Peipu Ls Dec. Taichung Wufeng Vu Oct. Wufeng Sm; La Oct. Changhua Erhshui Vu Oct. Erhshui Cs Oct. Yunlin Linnei Vu Oct. Touliu Cs Oct. Chiayi Meishan Pl Nov. Chuchi Cs Nov. Kaohsiung Yenchao Lp Nov. Tzukuan Cm Nov County Lipaphis erysimi Myzus persicae Location Host Month Location Host Month Hsinchu Chupei Bo Nov. Chupei Bj Nov. Taichung Wufeng Bj Dec. Wufeng Bo Dec. Changhua Fengyuan Bo Nov. Fengyuan Bo Nov. Yunlin Linnei Bc Nov. Linnei Bo Nov. Chiayi Chuchi Rs Dec. Chuchi Bo Dec. Kaohsiung Meinung Bo Dec. Meinung Bo Dec. Bo, Brassica oleracea; Bj, Brassica juncea; Cm, Cucurbita moschata, Cs, Cucumis sativus; La, Luffa aegyptiaca; Lp, Lablab purpureus; Ls, Lagenaria siceraria; Pl, Phaseolus limensis; Rs, Raphanus sativus; Sm, Solanum melongena; and Vu, Vigna unguiculata.

4 Hsinchu Chupei Peipu Paoshan Taichung LC 50 Wufeng Changhua Erhshui Fenyuan Yunlin Sperman rank correlation (12) Touliu Linnei Chiayi Chuchi Meishan Kaohsiung Tzukuan Meinung Yenchao Brassica oleracea Raphanus sativus B. campestris B. juncea Vigna unguiculata Wilcoxon matched pairs test, p< 0.05 Phaseolus limensis Lablab purpureus Cucurbita moschata Cucumis sativus Luffa aegyptiaca Lagenaris siceraria Solanum melongena p< cm 8 cm Kruskal-Wallis test, p< LC 50 95% 3 3 (ID) 10 (H) cm 3 (L) cm (W) cm 4 (H) cm 3ml ml Kruskal-Wallis test, p< ~ % RH 12D 12L 24 LC 50 95% POLO-PC probit analysis (15) g LC 50 9 Kruskal-Wallis test,

5 119 Table 3. LC 50 values of the tested insecticides to vegetable aphids collected from 6 locations Insecticide LC 50 (95% fiducial limit) mg/l Aphid Hsinchu Taichung Changhua Yunlin Chiayi Kaohsiung Phenthoate ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Benfuracarb ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Carbosulfan Pirimicarb 348 ( ) 0.70 ( ) 5.63 ( ) 25.8 ( ) 52.1 ( ( ( ( ) 0.55 ( ) 6.03 ( ( ) 106 ( ) 0.41 ( ) 4.24 ( ) 58.3 ( ) 3.05 ( ) 12.4 ( ( ) 111 ( ) 1.68 ( ) 1110 ( ) 364 ( ) 2.37 ( ) 11.0 ( ) 38.5 ( ) 157 ( ( ) ( ) 0.45 ( ) 2.37 ( ) 34.8 ( ) 32.2 ( ) 1.28 ( ) 41.6 ( ) 134 ( ) 0.25 ( ) 5.39 ( ) 21.6 ( ) 80.1 ( ) 0.81 ( ) 267 ( ) Bifenthrin 1.03 ( ) ( ) 3.07 ( ) 0.61 ( ) 49.5 ( ) 0.50 ( ) 69.5 ( ) 0.12 ( ( ) 0.21 ( ( )

6 Insecticide LC 50 (95% fiducial limit) mg/l Aphid Hsinchu Taichung Changhua Yunlin Chiayi Kaohsiung ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Cyfluthrin ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 22.6 ( ) Deltamethrin 1.51 ( ) 3.19 ( ) 127 ( ) 2750 ( ) Flucythrinate 3.40 ( ) 10.7 ( ) 439 ( ) 2270 ( ) Imidacloprid 0.80 ( ) 4.91 ( ) 6.53 ( ) 4.01 ( ) 35.4 ( ) 0.95 ( ) 3.57 ( ) 92.3 ( ) 1100 ( ) 6.29 ( ) 19.5 ( ) 24.6 ( ) 16,800 ( ) 0.90 ( ) 10.2 ( ) 2.84 ( ) 79.5 ( ) 36.7 ( ) 1.01 ( ) 33.1 ( ) 27.2 ( ) 3770 ( ) 8.25 ( ) 14.2 ( ) 28.7 ( ) 7090 ( ) 1.29 ( ( ) 20.4 ( ) 3.69 ( ) 27.3 ( ) 0.19 ( ) ( ) 3370 ( ) 9.33 ( ( ) 43.6 ( ( ) 1.69 ( ( ) 10.8 ( ) 28.4 ( ) 8.77 ( ) 0.37 ( ) 4.47 ( ) 36.1 ( ) 9010 ( ) 6.99 ( ) 251 ( ) 9.19 ( ) ( ) 0.82 ( ) 0.89 ( ) 7.98 ( ) 7.24 ( ) 15.4 ( ) 0.19 ( ) 8.12 ( ) 0.88 ( ) 7220 ( ) 5.98 ( ) 3.25 ( ) 3.71 ( ) 2937 ( ) 0.67 ( ) 5.20 ( ) 2.90 ( ) 21.7 ( ), Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii;, Lipaphis erysim; and, Myzus persicae.

7 121 的反應之廻歸直線的斜率 Table 4. Slope of the dose-mortality response of tested insecticides to vegetable aphids collected from 6 locations Insecticide Slope (±SEM) Aphid Hsinchu Taichung Changhua Yunlin Chiayi Kaohsiung Phenthoate 1.97 (±0.23) 4.12 (±0.56) 5.82 (±0.97) 4.36 (±0.64) 2.34 (±0.37) 1.86 (±0.30) 1.93 (±0.28) 1.21 (±0.16) 2.42 (±0.29) 3.11 (±0.39) 1.00 (± (±0.17) 2.11 (±0.30) 3.28 (±0.69) 3.08 (±0.68) 2.60 (± (±0.29) 2.13 (±0.29) 0.57 (±0.94) 1.11 (±0.25) 1.31 (±0.24) 1.40 (±0.39) 0.80 (±0.22) 0.95 (±0.23) Benfuracarb 1.54 (±0.25) 2.60 (±0.55) 0.94 (±0.16) 2.34 (±0.42) 2.27 (±0.33) 1.87 (±0.32) 1.79 (±0.27) 1.89 (± (±0.23) 1.72 (± (±0.28) 1.73 (±0.32) 2.08 (±0.26) 1.21 (±0.22) 3.16 (±0.50) 1.73 (±0.27) 2.15 (±0.26) 1.90 (±0.36) 1.44 (±0.23) 1.50 (± (±0.26) 2.17 (±0.50) 2.05 (±0.29) 1.39 (±0.22) Carbosulfan 1.62 (±0.15) 2.91 (± (±0.75) 2.11 (±0.37) 1.83 (±0.22) 1.59 (±0.24) 1.43 (±0.18) 2.53 (±0.37) 1.61 (±0.19) 2.65 (±0.33) 0.99 (±0.18) 1.19 (±0.12) 1.38 (±0.23) 2.10 (±0.28) 3.64 (±0.62) 2.65 (±0.33) 2.65 (±0.33) 2.07 (±0.34) 1.87 (±0.25) 1.43 (±0.34) 7.34 (±0.20) 3.14 (±0.74) 1.52 (±0.23) 1.60 (±0.23) Pirimicarb 2.07 (±0.26) 3.65 (±0.66) 3.49 (±0.46) 2.28 (±0.32) 0.92 (±0.17) 1.24 (±0.18) 1.26 (±0.23) 0.90 (±0.15) 1.92 (±0.32) (±0.22) 0.47 (±0.15) Bifenthrin 1.00 (±0.13) 0.89 (±0.14) 1.48 (±0.30) 1.78 (±0.52) 0.97 (±0.15) 1.07 (±0.18) (±0.29) 1.90 (±0.56) 1.25 (±0.19) 1.30 (±0.19) 1.59 (±0.24) 1.24 (±0.17) 1.85 (±0.34) 1.29 (±0.23) 1.07 (±0.24) 2.41 (±0.39) 1.82 (± (±0.43) 3.02 (±0.38) 2.37 (±0.34) 2.74 (±0.60) 2.38 (±0.29) 2.14 (±0.46) Cyfluthrin 1.60 (±0.22) 1.52 (±0.35) 1.24 (±0.32) 1.66 (±0.48) 0.73 (±0.17) 1.00 (±0.15) 1.24 (±0.16) 1.22 (±0.28) 0.96 (±0.19) 1.44 (±0.18) 1.16 (±0.16) 0.98 (±0.16) 1.31 (±0.17) 1.38 (±0.27) 1.39 (±0.23) 3.61 (±0.65) 2.11 (±0.36) 1.75 (±0.27) 1.70 (±0.28) 1.52 (±0.22) 1.68 (±0.30) 2.15 (±0.34) 2.02 (±0.32) 1.04 (±0.20) Deltamethrin 1.00 (±0.99) 1.50 (±0.17) 0.78 (±0.20) 1.20 (±0.20) 1.02 (±0.15) 0.95 (±0.16) 1.36 (± (±0.37) 0.86 (±0.19) (±0.28) 1.90 (±0.38) 0.78 (±0.16) 0.89 (±0.25) 0.93 (± (±0.22) 0.53 (±0.15) 1.28 (±0.23) 1.35 (±0.25) 0.71 (±0.19) 0.90 (±0.22) 1.10 (± (±0.17) 0.57 (±0.17)

8 Insecticide Slope (±SEM) Aphid Hsinchu Taichung Changhua Yunlin Chiayi Kaohsiung Flucythrinate 1.58 (±0.24) 1.86 (±0.26) 1.70± (0.26) 1.85 (±0.29) 1.55 (±0.28) 1.45 (± (± (±0.13) 1.64 (±0.23) 0.44 (±0.74) 0.51 (±0.14) 1.24 (±0.17) 0.77 (± (±0.20) 1.50 (±0.25) 0.89 (±0.19) 0.84 (± (±0.37) 1.04 (± (±0.22) 1.36 (±0.29) 1.35 (±0.30) 0.74 (±0.20) 1.08 (±0.20) Imidacloprid 1.00 (± (±0.32) 1.22 (±0.14) 2.30 (±0.28) 1.80 (±0.25) 1.83 (±0.26) 1.27 (±0.19) 0.89 (±0.18) 1.87 (±0.34) 1.82 (±0.28) 1.02 (±0.28) 0.78 (±0.25) 1.73 (± (± (± (±0.30) 1.48 (± (±0.25) 1.20 (±0.18) 1.25 (±0.34) 1.36 (± (±0.50) 1.50 (±0.25) 0.87 (±0.19), Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii;, Lipaphis erysim; and, Myzus persicae. Table 5. Comparison of the susceptibility of 4 species aphids to the tested insecticides Insecticide LC 50 SD (mg/l) / CFTI 2) Aphis craccivora A. gossypii Lipaphis erysime Myzus persicae Phenthoate a / a / a / a / 15.7 Benfuracarb abc / ab / ab / abc / 0.60 Carbosulfan bc / ab / ab / abc / 0.28 Pirimicarb abc / ab / Bifenthrin c / b / b / bc / 1.43 Cyfluthrin abc / ab / b / c / 0.84 Deltamethrin bc / b / ab / ab / 162 Flucythrinate ab / ab / ab / a / 216 Imidacloprid abc / ab / b / c / 1.04 Different letters in a column indicate a significantly different susceptibility of vegetable aphids among insecticides (multiple comparisons by Kruskal-Wallis test, p< 0.05). 2) Comparative field toxicity index, LC 50 / official recommendation (7). 8 Kruskal-Wallis test, p< Sign test, p< Kruskal-Wallis test, p< LC 50 95% 0.05

9 Kruskal-Wallis test, p< 0.05 LC 50 95% (13, 18) Wang (18) LD LC 50 酶的含量上和感性蟲會有差異 Comparative field toxicity index, CFTI (18) 10 (7) CFTI CFTI CFTI Table 6. Correlation of insecticide susceptibility in Aphis craccivora Insecticides 2) Correlation coefficient Phen. Benf. Carbo. Pirim. Bifen. Cyflu. Delta. Flucy. Benfuracarb Carbosulfan * - Pirimicarb 0.83* Bifenthrin * Cyfluthrin * 0.89* Deltamethrin Flucythrinate 0.94* Imidacloprid * * Statistically significant (p< 0.05) correlations of log LC 50. 2) Phen., Phenthoate; Benf., Benfuracarb; Carbo., Carbosulfan; Pirim., Pirimicarb; Bifen., Bifenthrin; Cyflu., Cyfluthrin; Delta., Deltamethrin; Flucy., Flucythrinate; and Imida., Imidacloprid.

10 Table 7. Correlation of insecticide susceptibility in Aphis gossypi Correlation coefficient Insecticides 2) Phen. Benf. Carbo. Pirim. Bifen. Cyflu. Delta. Flucy. Benfuracarb Carbosulfan Pirimicarb Bifenthrin * Cyfluthrin Deltamethrin Flucythrinate Imidacloprid * Statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations of log LC 50. 2) Phen., Phenthoate; Benf., Benfuracarb; Carbo., Carbosulfan; Pirim., Pirimicarb; Bifen., Bifenthrin; Cyflu., Cyfluthrin; Delta., Deltamethrin; Flucy., Flucythrinate; and Imida., Imidacloprid. (6) 1986 (7) CFTI LC LC 99 (14) (17) r = -0.54, Sperman rank R test, p< (8) 2 10

11 125 Table 8. Correlation of insecticide susceptibility in Lipaphis erysimi Correlation coefficient Insecticides 2) Phen. Benf. Carbo. Bifen. Cyflu. Delta. Flucy. Benfuracarb Carbosulfan Bifenthrin * Cyfluthrin Deltamethrin Flucythrinate * Imidacloprid Statistically significant (p< 0.05) correlations of log LC 50. 2) Phen., Phenthoate; Benf., Benfuracarb; Carbo., Carbosulfan; Bifen., Bifenthrin; Cyflu., Cyfluthrin; Delta., Deltamethrin; Flucy., Flucythrinate; and Imida., Imidacloprid. Table 9. Correlation of insecticide susceptibility in Myzus persicae Correlation coefficient Insecticides Phen. Benf. Carbo. Bifen. Cyflu. Delta. Flucy. Benfuracarb Carbosulfan Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Deltamethrin Flucythrinate Imidacloprid Phen., Phenthoate; Benf., Benfuracarb; Carbo., Carbosulfan; Bifen., Bifenthrin; Cyflu., Cyfluthrin; Delta., Deltamethrin; Flucy., Flucythrinate; and Imida., Imidacloprid.

12 Y 95: Brown, T. M., and Payne, G. T Experimental selection for insecticide resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: Foster, S. P., Denholm, I., and Thompson, R Bioassay and field-simulator studies of the efficacy of pymetrozine aganist peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), possessing different mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Pest Manage. Sci. 58: Herron, G. A., Kevin, P., and Rophail, J Insecticide resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a serious threat to Australian cotton. Australian J. Entomol. 40: Ora Software Polo-PC: a user s 1988 guide to probit or logit analysis. Ora Software, Berkeley, CA. 16. Van Emden, H. F., Eastop,V. F., Hughes, 1993 R. D., and Way, M. J The ecology of Myzus persicae. Annu. Rev. Entomol : Villatte, F., Auge, D., Touton, P., Delorme, R., and Fournier, D Negative cross-insensitivity in insecticide-resistant cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 65: Wang, K. Y., Liu, T. X., Yu, C. H., Jiang, X. Y., and Yi, M. Q Resistance of Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) to fenvalerate and imidacloprid and activities of detoxification enzymes on cotton and cucumber. J. Econ. Entomol.

13 127 ABSTRACT Hsu, J. C.*, Li, G. L., and Feng, H. T Susceptibility of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to several insecticides in Taiwan. Plant Prot. Bull. 47: (Pesticide Chemistry Division, Taiwan ricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of riculture, Taichung 413, Taiwan (ROC)) Field populations of 4 aphid species, the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch), cotton aphid (A. gossypii Glover), turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysim (Kaltenbach)), and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), were collected from Hsinchu, Taichung, Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi, and Kaohsiung in Taiwan to evaluate the insecticide susceptibilities using a leaf- or seedling-dip bioassay. Susceptibilities to 9 conventionally adopted insecticides, i.e., phenthoate, benfuracarb, carbosulfan, pirimicarb, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, flucythrinate, and imidacloprid, were the lowest in the green peach aphid and the highest in the cowpea aphid, which differed significantly from cotton aphids and turnip aphids with respect to their susceptibilities to these insecticides. The insecticide susceptibilities significantly differed with respect to aphid species as well as collecting locations. On the average, the 4 aphids exhibited the lowest susceptibility to phenthoate and the highest to bifenthrin except for the green peach aphid. Moreover, cotton aphids exhibited the same susceptibilities between bifenthrin and deltamethrin, and the turnip aphid exhibited the same susceptibilities among imidacloprid, cyfluthrin, and bifenthrin. Although having the lowest susceptibilities to phenthoate and flucythrinate, the highest susceptibilities to imidacloprid and cyfluthrin were recorded in green peach aphids, since the LC 50 values of phenothoate, deltamethrin, and flucythrinate were larger than the concentrations of field recommendations by 15.7-, 162-, and 216-fold, respectively. The field control effect of these 3 insecticides against the green peach aphid must be extensively evaluated. Based on the susceptibilities and resistances to various insecticides in these 4 aphid species, separate control and resistance management strategies must be adopted for individual aphid species. (Key words: insecticide, aphid, susceptibility) *Corresponding author. juchun@tactri.gov.tw

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