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1 : :NSC Z : : kuoyj@ccu016.pccu.edu.tw *,111 55, TEL: (02) ,FAX:

2 (02) , Abstract The number of golf courses in the world is growing and now exceeds 25,000. There are at least 82 golf courses running in Taiwan. This involves a considerable amount of open space and potential habitat owing to the average 18-hole golf course in Taiwan covers more than 50 hectares of land. Potential environmental problems associated with golf course construction and turfgrass management include loss of habitat and wildlife species, water conservation, chemical contamination of soil and water resources, etc. In Taiwan, there is an increasing desire to manage the landscape sustainable to ensure that farmland is good for environmental and economic term. In this proposal, we present an approach for applying landscape ecological design to retain and restore biodiversity in golf course, and going to introduce integrated turfgrass management (ITM) system to decrease the possible contamination of soil and water sources from the usage of pesticides and fertilizers. However, we hope this research will be of value in guiding advisors in government and planners of superintendent in golf course at the science of landscape ecology and how it can help them. Key words: golf courses, biodiversity, and sustainable landscape, ITM

3 . (golf course) ( ) (patch) (biodiversity) (14) 19, (22) (8) (2,12,16,17) 30 36

4 (semi-nature) (7) (zero risk) % 2.3% 32.8% 61.1%( ) (barrier) 50. (3,5,6) (native plants) ; (Integrated Turf Management;ITM) ITM (Integrated Pest Management; IPM) 1940 DDT (Integrated Crop Management; ICM) ITM (wetland) Willowbend club (barrier) (1) (native ornamental grasses)(4,10)

5 (9,11) St. Charles (nature walk) (bluebird) (12,13) (1,7,14,15) ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ).. ( ). ( ). ( ).

6 ( ). ( ). (buffer zone) ( ).. ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ).. ( ) (1). (2). (3). (4).. ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ).. ( ). ( ). ( ). ( ).. ( ). ( ).. ( ). ( ). ( ).

7 ( ). ( ). ( )... ITM (corridor)

8 ( ) matrix ( ) ( ) network connectivity ( ) barrier Henderson

9 ( ) (length) ( ) (width) Fleury Brown(1997) ( ) shape node ( ) (edge) semi-rough rough ( ) (construction)

10 ( ) (composition). (National Audubon Society) (10,11,12,13) (18). Tampa Palms Golf & Country Club : ( ) 7. :

11 ( ) ,. Westminster 454, (upland habitats) Arthur Hills Delta, Wadsworth 1. (effluent water) ( ) Westminster window

12 . Carolina National (10). North Shore (11). Old Marsh (12). TPC 1 2 (13). North shore country club( ) )

13 . 1. Beard, J.B Three wishes for your wetlands. Golf Course Management 6:137~ Beard, J.B Turfgrass management for golf Courses. p.1~9. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York. NY. U.S.A. 3. Buechner, M A geometric model of vertebrate dispersal: tests and implications. Ecology 68: Fleury, A.M., and R.D. Brown A framework for the design of wildlife conservation corridors with specific application to southwestern Ontario. Landscape and Urban Planning 37: Flores, A., S.T.A. Pickett, W.C. Zipperer, R.V. Pouyat, and R. Pirani Adopting a modern ecological view of the metropolitan landscape: the case of a greenspace system for the New York City region. Landscape and Urban Planning 39: Franklin, J.F Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystem or landscapes? Ecological Application 3(2): Green, B.H., and I.C. Marshall An assessment of the role of golf courses in Kent, England, in protecting wildlife and landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 14: Henderson, M.T., Merriam, G., Wegner, J Patchy environments and species survival: chipmunks in an agricultural mosaic. Biological Conservation 3(1): Hoeren, G.A Turf s big brother. Golf Course Management 11:9~ Lamb, R.J. and A.T. Purcell Perception of naturalness in landscape and its relationship to vegetation structure. Landscape and Urban Planning 19: Meyer-Aurich, A., P. Zander, A. Werner, and R. Roth Developing agricultural land use strategies appropriate to nature conservation goals and environmental protection. Landscape and Urban Planning 41: Smith, A.E., O. Weldon, W. Slaughter, H. Peeler, and N. Mantripragada A

14 greenhouse system for determining pesticide movement from golf courses greens. J. Environ. Qual. 22: Terman, M.R Natural links: naturalistic golf courses as wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning. 38: United States Golf Association Golf Course Management Construction Environmental Issue. P.39~104. Ed. Balogh, J.C., and W.J. Walker, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. U.S.A. 20. Wegner, J.F., Merriam, G Movements by birds and small mammals between a wood and adjoining farmland habitats. Journal of Application ecology 1(6): Young, K.R Wildlife conservation in the cultural landscapes of the central Andes. Landscape and Urban Planning 38: ,1995,, :20~ ,,,,,,, ,1997,, :77~79 28.,1996,,,22:54~59 29.,1996,,,9 :18~21 30.,1995,,,9 :101~ ,1994,,,44(6):52~59 32.,1994,, 44(2):40~41 33.,1993,,,43(19):48~49 34.,1993,,,43(10):42~53 35.,1992, 2,4-D,,110:91~92

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