2003 ( ) 10% (Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf) (Cynodon plectostachyum (Schum.) Pilger.) (Panicum maximum Jacq.) (Pennisetum purpureum

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1 2003 (97-109) 10% (Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf) (Cynodon plectostachyum (Schum.) Pilger.) (Panicum maximum Jacq.) (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) (Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult.) (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) (Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle) (Sesbania cannabiana (Retz.) Poir) (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) (Aster subulatus Michaux var. subulatus) (Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch.) (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) (Mikania micrantha Kunth) (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) (Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don) (Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabera) (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart) Griseb.) (Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni) (Lantana camara L.) (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)20

2 , , % Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don) (Melothria pendula L.)

3 99 Mikania micrantha Kunth) 279 Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link % % % % 97 50% 17 30% Passiflora edulis Sims. Quisqualis indica L. Thunbergia affinis S. Moore Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) van Steenis Centrosema pubescens Benth. Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims %. (Cynodon plectostachyum (Schum.) Pilger) (Panicum maximum Jacq.) (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) (Sesbania cannabiana (Retz.) Poir) Bromus catharticus Vahl Dactylis glomerata L. Senecio vulgaris L. Digitalis purpurea L introduction naturalized

4 Family % Leguminosae Orchidaceae Cactaceae Compositae Gramineae Araceae Liliaceae Euphorbiaceae Myrtaceae Bromeliaceae Solanaceae Rutaceae Rosaceae Palmae Cruciferae Agavaceae 1 40 Amaryllidaceae 2 38 Crassulaceae Rubiaceae Acanthaceae

5 Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf ( ) * * * - Cynodon plectostachyum (Schum.) Pilger. * * * ( ) Panicum maximum Jacq. ( ) * * - Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. * * - ( ) Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. ( ) * * * - Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ( ) * Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle ( ) * * Sesbania cannabiana (Retz.) Poir ( ) * * Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms ( ) * * Lantana camara L. ( ) * * Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart) Griseb. ( ) * * * - Amaranthus patulus Bertoloni ( ) * * Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. ( ) * * Aster subulatus Michaux var. subulatus ( ) * * * Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. ( ) * *? Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. * * - ( ) Mikania micrantha Kunth ( ) * * - Parthenium hysterophorus L. ( ) * * Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don ( ) * * Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabera ( ) * * * - naturalized

6 102 spread, disperse self-sustaining population lag phase time lag Kowarik, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Richardson geographic environmental-local reproduction dispersal environmental-disturbed habitats environmental-natural habitat invasive species, transformers Richardson Williamson :10 rule introduced species 10% established 10% pestkowarik :2:1 rule 10% start invasion 2% established 1% natural vegetation Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

7 103 co-evolution enemy release hypothesis Keane and Crawley, Michell and Power, % 84% 24% disturbance ecological niche propagules (community) Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell U.S.A. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1993Cronk and Fuller, 1995Pyšek et al., 1995Randall, 1996Luken and Thieret, 1997 Invasive Speices Specialist Group, 2003

8 104 Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States U.S.A. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Pimentel % % Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabera Aster subulatus Michaux var. subulatus Bromus catharticus Vahl Dactylis glomerata L. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Pennisetum cladestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. Senecio vulgaris L. Panicum maximum Jacq. Mikania micrantha Kunth Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Passiflora foetida L. var. hispida (DC. ex Triana & Planch.) Killip Spermacoce latifolia Aubl. Ipomoea

9 105 hederacea (L.) Jacq. Ipomoea triloba L. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Centrosema pubescens Benth. Basella alba L % 40% Binggeli (1998) 241 invasive woody plants lag phase Peng et al., 1988 (trichomes) hepatotoxic parthenin % Evans, 1997

10 Saccharum spontaneum L. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb. Cynodon plectostachyum (Schum.) Pilger. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf Sesbania cannabiana (Retz.) Poir Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Mimosa pudica L. (Alvarez, 2002) 5mg/L Toft, Kudoa 410 pp

11 pp pp pp pp pp pp pp pp pp (2): (1): : Mikania micrantha Kunth 44: , pp 19. Alvarez, M.E. and J. H. Cushman Community level consequences of a biological invasion: Effects of a non-native vine on three plant communities. Ecological Applications 12: Binggeli, P., J.B. Hall and J.R. Healey An overview of invasive woody

12 108 plants in the tropics Chen, S. H. and M. J. Wu Notes on two newly naturalized plants in Taiwan. Taiwania 46(1): Cronk, Q. C. B. and J. L. Fuller Plant invaders: The threat to natural ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, 241 pp. 23. Evans, H. C Parthenium hysterophorus: a review of its weed status and the possibilities for biological control. Biocontrol. News Information 18, Hsu, T. W., T. Y. Chiang and J. C. Wang Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (Boraginaceae), a naturalized species in Taiwan. Taiwania 47(2): Huang, T. C.(ed.-in Chief) Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed.,vol. 1-6., Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, 2 nd ed., Taipei, Taiwan. 26. Invasive Species Specialist Group The invasive species problems Keane, R.M. and M.J. Crawley Exotic plant invsions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in Ecology & Ecolution 17(4): Kowarik, I Time lags in biological invasions with regard to the success and failure of alien species. In Pyšek, P., K. Prach, M. Rejmánek and M. Wade (eds.), Plant invasions: general aspects and special problems, pp SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 263 pp. 29. Li, H. L., T. S. Liu, T. C. Huang, T. Koyama and C. E. DeVol (eds.) Flora of Taiwan, Vol. 6., Epoch Publishing Co. Taiwan, 665 pp. 30. Luken, J. O. and J. W. Thieret (eds.) Assessment and management of plant invasion. Springer, 324 pp.] 31. Michell, C. E. and A. G. Power Relaease of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens. Nature 421: Peng, C.-I, LA Hu, and MT Kao Unwelcome naturalization of Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in Taiwan. J. Taiwan Mus. 41(2): Pimentel, D., S. McNair, J. Janecka, J. Wightman, C. Simmonds, C. O Connell, E. Wong, L. Russel, J. Zern, T. Aquino, and T. Tsomondo

13 109 Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment. 84: Pyšek, P., K. Prach, M. Rejmánek and M. Wade (eds.) Plant invasions: general aspects and special problems. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 263 pp. 35. Randall, J. M Defining weeds of natural areas. In Luken, J. O. and J. W. Thieret (eds.), Assessment and management of plant invasions, pp Springer-Verlag, 324 pp. 36. Richardson D.M., Pysek P., Rejmanek M., Barbour M.G., Panetta F.D.& West C.J Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions, Diversity and Distributions 6: Schwartz, M. W Defining indigenous species: an introduction. In Luken, J. O. and J. W. Thieret (eds.), Assessment and management of plant invasions, pp Springer-Verlag, 324 pp. 38. Toft, J Community effects of the non-indigenous aquatic plant water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, California U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States. OTF-565. US Government Printing Office. 40. Williamson, M Biological Invasions. Chapman & Hall, 244 pp. 41. Wu, S. H., S. M. Chaw and M. Rejmánek Naturalized Fabaceae (Leguminosae) species in Taiwan: the first approximation. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 44: Yang, S.-Z Anew record and invasive species in Taiwan-Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don, Taiwania 46(3): Conference The Harmful Effect and Field Management of Mikania micrantha, p , WSSROC.

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<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D205031372D3231AB6EB3A1A661B0CFA57EA8D3BAD8B4D3AAABA4B6B2D02E646F6378> 文圖 / 凌明裕人類為了食用藥用牧草用觀賞水土保持綠肥作物等經濟考量, 人工引進了外來植物台灣開發近 400 年來, 外來植物成為歸化植物 (Naturalized Plants) 自然繁衍後代, 漸漸成為馴化種植物, 如常見果樹波蘿蜜釋迦咖啡枇