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1 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 000 K87. DOI /j. cnki. xyyj A Ferdinand von Richthofen China Ergebnisse eigner Reisen und darauf gegründeter Studien die Seidenstrasse Marinus of Tyre &ZD 00 Leverhulme NF606 Waugh D. C. Richthofen's Silk Roads toward the Archaeology of a Concept. The Silk Road Kuz'mina E. E. The Prehistory of the Silk Road. 008 Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press. 7

2 ay nü Tepesi A 爧 kl H yük atal H yük Yarim Tepe Belovode Tal-i Iblis ~ ~ ~ 86 Chernykh E. Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt of Stockbreeding Cultures Viewed through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating. Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia ~ ~ ~ 7 00 ~ 7 Yal in. Ancient Metallurgy in Anatolia in Ancient Mining in Turkey and Eastern Mediterrannean Tagungsband International Symposium AMITEM 008. Yal n H. zbal and G. Pa 爧 amehmetog lu Editors. 008 Ankara At l m University. pp. -. Muhly J. D. The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World in The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys R. Maddin Editor. 988 Cambridge The MIT Press. pp

3 Pločnik Gomolava Radivojevic ' M. et al. On the Origins of Extractive Metallurgy new Evidence from Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science pp Frame L. Investigations at Tal-i Iblis Evidence for Copper smelting during the Chalcolithic Period. 00 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Roberts B. W. C. P. Thornton and V. C. Pigott Development of metallurgy in Eurasia. Antiquity Radivojevic ' M. et al. Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia c. 600 years ago. Antiquity Chernykh E. Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt of Stockbreeding Cultures Viewed through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Dating. Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia Chernykh E. The Steppe Belt of stockbreeding cultures in Eurasia during the Early Metal Age. Trabajos de Prehistoria ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 III 0 ~ 00 9 ~ 7 0 ~ 67 Chernykh E. N. Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR The Early Metal Age. 99 Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 9

4 ~ 8. Andronovo Complex Seima-Turbino phenomenon 06 6 ~ 09 0 ~ 67 Fitzgerald-Huber L. G. Qijia and Erlitou The question of contacts with distant cultures. Early China p ~ ~ 006 Chernykh E. N. Ancient Metallurgy in the USSE The Early Metal Age. 99 Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 00 ~ 6 0

5 0 A06 Mei J. Y. Yu K. Chen and L. Wang 07 The Appropriation of Early Bronze Technology in China in Appropriating Innovations -0 Entangled Knowledge in Eurasia BCE Oxbow Books. pp. -0. I 00 ~ III 007 ~ ~ 00 Jianjun Mei. Early Metallurgy and Socio-Cultural Complexity Archaeological Discoveries in Northwest China. In Bryan K Hanks and Katheryn M Linduff eds.. Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia Cambridge Cambridge University Press ~ ~ 678 Bagley R. W. Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections. Vol Arthur M. Sackler Foundation.

6 M 瑏瑠 M 瑏瑡瑏瑢瑏瑠瑏瑡瑏瑢 ~ ~ ~ 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 Hsu Y. -K. et al. Tracing the Flows of Copper and Copper Alloys in the Early Iron Age Societies of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe. Antiquity ~ 08 M ~ ~ ~ 8

. No. 6. XIV bloomery iron 900 ~ 00 C bloom cast i- ron 00 C Тишкин A. A. Китайские зеркала из памятников ранних кочевников Алтая. Россия и АТР 006 - Figure. 006 6 ~ Mei J.

7 . No. 6. XIV bloomery iron 900 ~ 00 C bloom cast i- ron 00 C Тишкин A. A. Китайские зеркала из памятников ранних кочевников Алтая. Россия и АТР Figure ~ Mei J. Qijia and Seima-Turbino the Question of Early Contacts between Northwest China and the Eurasian Steppe. Bulletin-Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities H. A. 0 Тишкин A. A. Китайские зеркала из памятников ранних кочевников Алтая. Россия и АТР ~ 86 Zhangsun Y. Z. et al. Lead Isotope Analyses Revealed the Key Role of Chang'an in the Mirror Production and Distribution Network during the Han Dynasty. Archaeometry

8 08 Hittie Vindhyas 瑏瑠瑏瑡 M A 瑏瑠瑏瑡 Yal n. Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies Waldbaum J. C. The Coming of Iron in the Eastern Mediterranean in Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World V. C. Pigott Editor. 999 Philadelphia The University of Pennsylvania. pp Rehren Th. et al. 000 Years Old Egyptian Iron Beads Made from Hammered Meteoritic Iron. Journal of Archaeological Science Koryakova L. and A. Epimakhov The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages. 007 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ~ ~ 7 Gettens R. J. R. S. Clarke Jr and W. T. Chase Two early Chinese Bronze Weapons with Meteoritic Iron Blades. Freer Gallery of Art Occasional Paper 97. Waldbaum J. C. The first Archaeological Appearance of Iron and the Transition to the Iron Age in The Coming of the Age of Iron T. A. Wertime and J. D. Muhly Editors. 980 New Haven Yale University Press. pp Yal n. Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies Waldbaum J. C. The Coming of Iron in the Eastern Mediterranean in Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World V. C. Pigott Editor Philadelphia The University of Pennsylvania pp Tewari R. The Origins of Iron Working in India New Evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas. Antiquity Tewari R. Updates on the Antiquity of Iron in South Asia. Man and Environment Barba F. Early Iron Age in India. Annali dell'università Degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale. Rivista del Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici e del Dipartimento di Studi e Ricerche su Africa e Paesi Arabi Srinivasan S. Indian Iron and Steel with Special Reference to Southern India in The World of Iron J. Humphris and T. Rehren Editors. 0 Archetype Publications Oxford. pp Muhly J. D. et al. Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry. Anatolian Studies Yal n. Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies Tylecote R. F. A History of Metallurgy. 99. London Institute of Materials.

9 9 ~ 8 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 0 ~ ~ ~ Qian W. and G. Chen. The Iron Artifacts Unearthed from Yanbulake Cemetery and the Beginning Use of Iron in China. in BUMA-V Fifth International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys. 00. Gyeongju Korea The Korea Institute of Metals and Materials. pp Guo W. From Western Asia to the Tianshan Mountains On the Early Iron Artefacts found in Xinjiang in Metallurgy and Civilisation Eurasia and Beyond J. Mei and T. Rehren Editors. 009 London Archetype Publications. pp ~ 7 Chen K. Y. Wang Y. Liu J. Mei and T. Jiang 07 Meteoritic Origin and Manufacturing Process of Iron Blades in two Bronze Age Bimetallic Objects from China Journal of Cultural Heritage. Online. M ~ ~ ~ 8

10 08.. Batsumber Qian W. and G. Chen. The Iron Artifacts Unearthed from Yanbulake Cemetery and the Beginning Use of Iron in China. in BUMA-V Fifth International Conference on the Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys. 00. Gyeongju Korea The Korea Institute of Metals and Materials. pp ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 Gelegdorj E. et al. Transitions in Cast Iron Technology of the Nomads in Mongolia. Journal of Archaeological Science ~ 0 Gelegdorj E. et al. Transitions in Cast Iron Technology of the Nomads in Mongolia. Journal of Archaeological Science Figure b a. 6

11 007 6 ~ 9 Rehren Th. and O. Papakhristu Cutting Edge Technology the Ferghana Process of Medieval Crucible Steel Smelting. Metalla

12 phase. Keywords Jierzankale tombs Zoroastrianism black and white stone bar fire altar Barsam dzi bead celestial burial A Brief Discussion of Qiuci Music and Versification Pan Tao 08 Abstract The present article focuses on the name of seven tones in Qiuci music recorded in Sui Shu. Different from the previous researches on these names this article utilises the Tocharian materials Tocharische Sprachreste edited by Sieg and Siegling the Sanskrit texts and the relevant ancient Chinese sources and launches a philological and linguistic exploration of the possible underlying words either Tocharian or Sanskrit which is ultimately on the basis of their Middle Chinese pronunciation reconstructed for the names recorded in Sui Shu. The postulated Tocharian notes are then compared with their Indian counterparts in the classical Indian music which are well documented in the famous musicological and theatric work N tyas ' stra the Kudimiy malai inscription and Sangītaratn kara. Afterwards the names appearing before the Tocharian verses are given a new explanation based on a study of three interesting melodies recorded in a Dunhuang document. Keywords Qiuci Tocharian seven tones key of melody Sui Shu Evolvement of Min Zu Nationality and Other Notions in Xinjiang during the Republican Period in the Perspective of the Other Cheng Xiangli 9 Silk Road and the Exchange of Early Bronze and Iron Techniques Chen Kunlong Mei Jianjun Qian Wei 7 Abstract Based on the major research results in archaeology and metallurgy history and focusing on the production and usage of bronze and iron this article provides an overview of the spread and exchange of metal technology along the prehistoric Silk Road in different phases. The bronze culture of the Eurasian Steppes had a major impact on the arise and early development of bronze and bronze technique in Northwest China around 000BC. Then the northwestern and northern regions of China continually played the role of a bridge in the technological exchange between China and the West. The westward spread of bronze Fu cauldron and mirror were related to this and so was the emergence of early technique of iron-making with lump ore in the Central Plains of China. Zhang Qian's diplomatic mission to the Western Regions the opening up of the Silk Road and the westward spread of the raw material and technique of pig iron all exerted postive influences on the development of steel and iron technology in the Central Asia. The spread and exchange of early bronze and iron technology reveal that the cultural and technological exchanges in different time might appear in completely different forms pass through different routes and be transferred by different peoples and so were the scope and depth of its influence. With a long history the interaction between China and the West has had a profound impact on the evolution of Eastern and Western civilizations. Keywords ancient Silk Road metallurgy exchange between China and the West bronze iron wrought iron Mountaintop Remains of the Bronze Age by the Bortala River Valley Xinjiang Cong Dexin Jia Weiming Jiao Xiaobing Alison Betts Paula N Doumani Dupuy 8 Abstract In the Bortala River valley in Xinjiang since 00 archaeological surveys have revealed a number of remains of the Bronze Age hilltop sites accompanied with protective constructions such as stone walls. This phenomenon has not been found in the eastern part of the Eurasian steppe. Preliminary studies have found that these hilltpop constructions are actually related each other forming a group of defenssive watchtower to peotect local herders from possible invaders. This evidence reflects the development of social complexity in the early 0th to th century BC. It also plays an important role in understanding the social development of local nomadic society. Keywords Bortala River valley Bronze Age Hilltop construction watchtower Social Complexity A Summary of the Symposium on the Western Regions' Frontier Commond Pioneering of the Silk Road during the Han and Tang Dynasties Chen Ling 6 0 THE WESTERN REGIONS STUDIES. 08

46 Sophie Legrand

46 Sophie Legrand 2014 3 45 * 130012 KEY WORDS Shang culture Eurasian Steppe Metallurgical region ABSTRACT The research illustrates that the Early Shang was the period when the Central Plains and Northern Cultures integrated