Fe + PbS = FeS + Pb

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1 Studies in the History of Natural Sciences Vol. 33 No WC1H 0PY N092 TF-092 A % 3 30% PbS

2 Fe + PbS = FeS + Pb

3 % 15% ~ 20% 50% 10% 5 ~ % 50% % ~ 15% 3% ~ 5% 5 ~ ~ % 2% ~ 4% 3 30% ~ 40% % ~ 40% ~ 8

4 ~ ~ 10 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ % 0. 5 ~ % ~ 40%

5 CaCO 3 Na 2 CO ~ ~ 10 3 ~

6 % ~ 70% 30% ~ 50% ~ ~ 5 4a

7 ~ 9 3 ~ ~ ~ 10 6 ~ 8 4b 1 ~ 2 4 ~ a b

8 % Al 2 O 3 FeO K 2 O CaO 2 1 ~ 2 2 wt% MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 FeO QJ TW TBS TBS CaO - FeO - SiO 2 3 SiO 2 40% FeO CaO CaO 15% Al 2 O 3 SO 3 PbO ZnO 0. 1% % 1% ~ 3% 3 wt% 1 MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 2 O 5 SO 3 K 2 O CaO TiO 2 MnO FeO ZnO PbO QJ TW TW TBS TBS

11 ~ Joseph Needham % 28% 30% ~ 40% 10% 1 24

12 Thakkura Pherū 100 palas John Percy The Metallurgy of Lead Georg Agricola De Re Metallica Lazarus Ercker Treatise on Ores and Assaying Paul Craddock

13 Craddock P T. Early Metal Mining and Production M. Edinburgh Edinburgh Univ. Press J ~ M J ~ J ~ J ~ M M ~ M ~ M DB /OL http / /www. china. com. cn /culture / /12 / content_ htm 12 Xie Pengfei Rehren Th. Scientific analysis of lead-silver smelting slag from two sites in China M Mei Jianjun Rehren Th eds. Metallurgy and Civilisation Eurasia and beyond. London Archetype ~ J ~ M ~ M M M M ~ M ~ M M M M ~ 26.

14 J ~ M ~ Rehren Th Bayley J. Towards a functional and typological classification of crucibles M La Niece S Hook D Craddock P T eds. Metals and Mines Studies in Archaeometallurgy. London Archetype ~ Zhou Weirong. The origin and invention of zinc-smelting technology in China M La Niece S Hook D Craddock P T eds. Metals and Mines Studies in Archaeometallurgy. London Archetype ~ Zhou Wenli Martinón-Torres M Chen Jianli Liu Haiwang Li Yanxiang. Distilling zinc for the Ming Dynasty the technology of large scale zinc production in Fengdu southwest China J. Journal of Archaeological Science ~ J ~ J ~ Craddock P T Zhou Weirong. Traditional zinc production in modern China survival and evolution M Craddock P T Lang J eds. Mining and Metal Production throughout the Ages. London British Museum Press ~ M M Wagner D B. Science and Civilisation in China Volume 5 Chemistry and Chemical Technology Part 11 Ferrous Metallurgy M. Cambridge Cambridge Univ. Press C / / ~ M Dube R K. The extraction of lead from its ores by the iron-reduction process a historical perspective J. JOM Percy J. The Metallurgy of Lead Including Desilverization and Cupellation M. London John Murray Hoover C K Hoover L H. Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica M. New York Dover Publications Sisco A G Smith C S. Lazarus Ercker's Treatise on Ores and Assaying Translated from the German Edition of 1580 M. Chicago University of Chicago Press M ~ 443.

15 2 215 A Preliminary Study of Traditional Chinese Crucible Lead Smelting Technology ZHOU Wenli 1 LIU Siran 2 LIU Haifeng 3 CHEN Jianli 4 1. Institute for the History of Natural Sciences CAS Beijing China 2. UCL Institute of Archaeology London WC1H 0PY 3. Institute of History of Metallurgy and Materials USTB Beijing School of Archaeology and Museology PKU Beijing Abstract Crucible lead smelting a unique traditional Chinese lead smelting technology is a method using metallic iron to reduce lead from lead sulphide in crucibles. This paper summarises the documents on crucible lead smelting technology and presents a detailed description of the whole smelting process including furnace construction crucible making charge preparation smelting operation and silver and gold extraction. In addition crucibles and slag from two crucible lead smelting sites found in recent years are analysed to reconstruct the technology employed. This technology is then compared with other traditional crucible smelting technologies zinc distillation and crucible iron smelting and its technological characteristics are elaborated. Keywords crucible lead smelting iron reduction rectangular furnace

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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % % ~ 20% 50% ~ 60% 33 202 67 ~ 79 The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology Vol. 33 No. 202 896 ~ 949 404 00083 896 ~ 907-908 ~ 98-99 ~ 949 - - N092 TF-092 A 673-44 202 0-0067-3 R. F. Tylecote R. I. McCallum