语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制*

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1 ~465 Advances in Psychological Science * B luoj@psych.ac.cn 454

2 Berger Berger McCloskey - abstract-modular model [1] Starkey 1908 Lewandowsky Stadelmann Science [2] Lewandowsky Stadelmann Wynn Nature 1919 Henschen [3] Henschen Henschen

3 Dehaene [4] McCloskey - Dehaene Cohen triple-code model [5] 3 analogue magnitude code McCloskey Dehaene [4] precuneus - -

4 Dehaene De Soto - [6] A B B C A B B C - 2 lexically unmarked term mental logic lexically marked term Johnson-Laird 1994 [7] 1997 mental Goel model PET [8] 4 1

5 BA[ ] 47 BA 19 BA BA 89 Goel BA47 BA40 BA19 Goel [9] BA4547 BA46 BA21 22 BA22BA37 BA BA21 BA45 BA8 BA314 3 BA21 BA45 BA89 BA10 BA7 5

6 Goel Goel - - Knauff [10] - Knauff Knauff Knauff

7 Knauff Knauff 4 BA7 BA7 BA21 BA38 BA46 BA47 BA6 BA18/31 Goel Knauff Goel Knauff Goel Goel 2000 [11] P B C P C B / - -

8 Goel SpainItaly ItalyGreece IrelandSweden dual mechanism theory AI labroth Centre AI lab - Cedar Hall Tate Hall Scott situation-specific heuristic Library Goel - (BA 18, 19) BA - 37 Venn (BA 7) (BA 6) - Goel [12] Paris London London Edinburgh ParisEdinburgh AI labroth Centre London Cedar Hall AI labcedar Hall Goel -

9 Darkin Darkin Schooler [13] Fleck Weisberg Schooler Duncker [14] Luo Niki [15] BA7 [16] BA21 BA13 BA39 BA19 BA19 Goel [11]

10 lingual gyrus fusiform gyrus Knauff [10] Knauff [16.17] Jung-Beeman [18] pine crab sauce apple pineapple crab apple apple sause Jung-Beeman!!!!! 4

11 pictorial Kosslyn [19] [19] [5] Dehaene S, Cohen L. Towards an anatomical and functional model of number processing. Mathematical Cognition, 1995, 1: 83~120 [6] De Soto C B, London M, Handel M S. Social reasoning and spatial paralogic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965, 2: 513~521 [7] Johnson-Laird P N. Mental models, deductive reasoning, and the brain. In: M S Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ~1008 [8] Goel V, Gold B, Kapur S, Houle S. The seats of reason: A localization study of deductive and inductive reasoning. NeuroReport, 1997, 8: 1305~1310 [9] Goel V, Gold B, Kapur S, Houle S. Neuroanatomical correlates of human reasoning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1998, 10: 293~302 [10] Knauff M, Fangmeier T, Ruff C C, Johnson-Laird P N. Reasoning, models, and images: behavioral measures and cortical activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2003, 15: 559~73 [11] Goel V, Buchel C, Frith C, Dolan R J. Dissociation of mechanisms underlying syllogistic reasoning. NeuroImage, 2000, 12: 504~514 [12] Goel V, Makale M, Grafman J. The hippocampal system mediates logical reasoning about familiar spatial environments. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2004, 16: 654~64 [1] McCloskey M, Caramazza A, Basili A G. Cognitive Mechanisms in Number Processing and Calculation: Evidence from Dyscalculia. Brain and Cognition, 1985, 4: 171~196 [2] Starkey P, Spelke E S, Gelman R. Detection of intermodal numerical correspondences by human infants. Science, 1983, 222: 179~81 [3] Wynn K. Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature, 1992, 358: 749~50 [4] Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S. Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence. Science, 1999, 284: 970~4 [13] Schooler J W, Ohlsson S, Brooks K. Thoughts beyond words: when language overshadows insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1993, 122: 166~183 [14] Fleck J I, Weisberg R W. The use of verbal protocols as data: an analysis of insight in the candle problem. Memory & Cognition, 2004, 32: 990~1006 [15] Luo J, Niki K. The function of hippocampus in 'insight' of problem solving. Hippocampus, 2003, 13: 274~281 [16] , 36: 219~234 [17] Luo J, Niki K, Phillips S. Neural correlates of the 'Aha! reaction'. NeuroReport, 2004, 15: [18] Jung-Beeman M, Bowden E M, Haberman J, Frymiare J L, Arambel-Liu S, Greenblatt R, Reber P J, Kounios J. Neural Activity When People Solve Verbal Problems with Insight.

12 PLoS Biology, 2004, 2: 500~510 [19] Pylyshyn, Z. Return of the mental image: are there really pictures in the brain? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003, 7: 113~118 Thinking and Language: Evidences from Cognitive Neuroscience Luo Jing 1 Ying Xiaoping 2 ( 1 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China) ( 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba , Japan) Abstract: As a basic and important research topic on brain and mind, the relationship between thinking and language still remains unspecified. With the help of new technique and methods, recent cognitive neuroscience provides new insight on this topic. The research logic in this study is, if a thinking process (e.g., the simple arithmetic or syllogism) is language in its nature, then the brain areas that participate in language information processing will involve in this process. On the contrary, if a thinking process is spatial in nature, then the special area will be highlighted in the thinking process. These neuroimaging evidences, together with other evidences (such as the behavioural ones and the brain-damaged ones) enable us to obtain a new comprehension on the relationship between thinking and language. Key words: thinking, language, cognitive neuroscience, brain imaging.

言语理解中的知觉表征与命题表征*

言语理解中的知觉表征与命题表征* * (,510631) 96 t 1 2 3 1 propositional symbol system [1] [2] [3-5] Barsalou perceptual symbol system [6-8] arbitrary linguistic-like analogue perceptual [7] 1 * 30270477 t-a-b-l-e [ 9, 10 ] [11] Barsalou