Microsoft PowerPoint 分類學.ppt

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1 課程名稱 : 分類學實驗講解,Lecture for taxologic homework 授課教師名稱 : 陳正憲受務單位 : 醫學系內科學科 ; 萬芳醫院腎臟內科聯絡方式 : 萬芳醫院腎臟實驗室, ext

2 透過分類學報告的習作, 進而了解演化學的基礎, 以及生物分類的方法 2

3 維基線上百科 (Wiki free encyclopedia) Evolution, Second Edition by Douglas J. Futuyma 3

4 本課程先給學生建立演化學的概念, 進而了解分類學習作內容訂為傳說中的生物, 希望藉此引發學生的學習興趣, 對演化及分類有較深的領會 4

5 Evolution 演化普生實驗 5

6 History of evolutionary thought Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species in His theory means that all life, including humanity, is a product of continuing natural processes. 6

7 Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations. An organism inherits features (called traits) from its parents through genes. Changes in these genes can produce a new trait in the offspring of an organism. This process is called natural selection. Over many generations, a population can acquire so many new traits that it becomes a new species. 7

8 Evolution in organisms occurs through changes in heritable traits particular characteristics of an organism. The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype. Heritable traits are passed from one generation to the next via DNA. Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes. 8

9 An individual organism's phenotype results from both its genotype and the influence from the environment it has lived in. Variation comes from mutations in genetic material, migration between populations (gene flow), and the reshuffling of genes through sexual reproduction. Variation also comes from exchanges of genes between different species; for example, through horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, and hybridization in plants. 9

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are

10 Random mutations constantly occur in the genomes of organisms, and create genetic variation. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication. 10

11 原始人類的血型為 O 型西歐地區發生突變產生 A 型所以該區 A 型比例較高後來在中國南方發生突變產生 B 型 11

The offspring of sexual organisms contain

12 The offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents' chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment. In a related process called homologous recombination, sexual organisms exchange DNA between two matching chromosomes. 12

13 From a genetic viewpoint, evolution is a generation-togeneration change in the frequencies of alleles within a population that shares a common gene pool. 13

14 Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations, which are usually of the same species. Migration into or out of a population can change allele frequencies, as well as introducing genetic variation into a population. Depending on how far two species have diverged since their most recent common ancestor, it may still be possible for them to produce offspring, as with horses and donkeys mating to produce mules. Hybridization is an important means of speciation in plants, since polyploidy (having more than two copies of each chromosome) is tolerated in plants more readily than in animals. 14

15 The two main mechanisms that produce evolution are natural selection and genetic drift. 15

16 It necessarily follows from three simple facts: Heritable variation exists within populations of organisms. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. These offspring vary in their ability to survive and reproduce. 16

17 Genetic drift is the change in allele frequency from one generation to the next that occurs because alleles in offspring are a random sample of those in the parents, as well as from the role that chance plays in determining whether a given individual will survive and reproduce. 17

18 Adaptation Adaptation is one of the basic phenomena of biology, and is the process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat. 18

19 Co-evolution When the interaction is between pairs of species, such as a pathogen and a host, or a predator and its prey, these species can develop matched sets of adaptations. 19

20 Speciation Speciation is the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species. 20

21 Extinction Extinction is the disappearance of an entire species. 21

22 Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of different groups of the same species adapting to different environments, leading to mutations. 22

23 Convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms that are not monophyletic (not closely related) independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to ecological niches or similar environments. 23

24 24

25 Taxonomy is the science of finding, describing and categorising organisms, thus giving rise to taxonomic groups or taxa (singular: taxon), which may then be named. There are seven major levels of taxonomic groupings in traditional Linnaean taxonomy: Kingdom, Phylum or Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species (each of which may have several super- or subgroupings). 25

中文域 ; 總界界門亞門綱亞綱目亞目科亞科屬種英文 Domain; superkin gdom kingdo m division; phylum Subdivis ion; subphyl um class subclass order suborde r family subfamil y genus species 人真核域 Eukarya 動物界

26 中文域 ; 總界界門亞門綱亞綱目亞目科亞科屬種英文 Domain; superkin gdom kingdo m division; phylum Subdivis ion; subphyl um class subclass order suborde r family subfamil y genus species 人真核域 Eukarya 動物界 Animalia 脊索動物門 Chordat a 脊椎動物亞門 Vertebra ta 哺乳綱 Mammal ia 真獸亞綱 Eutheria 靈長目 Primates 簡鼻亞目 Haplorrh ini 人科 Hominid ae 人亞科 Hominin ae 人屬 Homo 智人 H. sapiens As evolution became widely accepted in the 1870s, caricatures of Charles Darwin with an ape or monkey body symbolised evolution 26

27 龍 ( 發現描述分類 ) 27

28 龍是中國神話中的一種善變化, 能興雲雨, 利萬物的神異動物, 傳說能隱能顯, 春風時登天, 秋風時潛淵又能興雲致雨, 為眾鱗蟲之長, 四靈 ( 龍, 鳳, 麒麟, 龜 ) 之首, 後成為皇權象徵, 歷代帝王都自命為龍, 使用器物也以龍為裝飾山海經的記載, 夏後啟, 蓐收, 句芒等都乘兩龍 " 另有書記 " 顓頊乘龍至四海 ", " 帝嚳春夏乘龍 " 龍, 具有蛇身鱷首蜥腿鷹爪魚尾鹿角魚鱗口角有鬚的形象 28

29 29

30 鹿角鱷首鷹爪口角有鬚蛇身, 魚鱗蜥腿魚尾 30

31 同源特徵 - 蛇身鱷首蜥腿鱗片, 同為爬蟲類演化的特徵同功器官 - 鷹爪 -( 老鷹 ) 捕食魚尾 -( 魚類 ) 游水角 -( 鹿牛 ) 防禦, 性別特徵口角有鬚 -( 鯰魚 ) 泥水中生活, 覓食 ( 請以傳說內容推測同功及同源特徵 ) 31

32 推測中國傳說的龍, 是生活在黃河流域的濁水中, 善於水中游動, 可能捕食河中魚類與岸邊動物, 公龍具角 ( 請參考傳說內容及同功器官來發揮想像力 ) 32

33 動物界 Animalia 會動! 脊索動物門 Chordata - 動物背側有一條脊索爬蟲綱 Reptilia ( 蜥形綱 Sauropsida) - 範圍為羊膜動物除去鳥類與哺乳類有鱗目 Squamata - 有鱗 ( 蛇, 蜥蜴 ) ( 請簡介各項目的標準及範圍 ) 33

34 1. 維基線上百科 (Wiki free encyclopedia) 2. 山海經

35 1. 口頭報告陳正憲 2. 搜集資料 - 陳正憲, 路人甲, 路人乙 3. 資料分析 - 陳正憲, 路人乙, 路人丙 4. 簡報製作 - 陳正憲, 路人甲, 路人丙 35

36 歐洲中世紀傳說生物 - 吸血鬼 vampire, 獨角獸 unicorn, 獅鷲 griffin, 翼蜥 basilisk, 飛龍 wyvern, 鱗蟲 Lindworm 中國神話動物 - 鳳凰, 玄武, 年獸, 麒麟, 貔貅日本神話 - 河童 36

37 Word 檔或 PowerPoint 檔均可內容型式不拘, 但須包含範例中的各個項目上傳至 My2TMU- 普通生物學實驗 - 作業 37

Microsoft PowerPoint - NCBA_Cattlemens_College_Darrh_B

Microsoft PowerPoint - NCBA_Cattlemens_College_Darrh_B Introduction to Genetics Darrh Bullock University of Kentucky The Model Trait = Genetics + Environment Genetics Additive Predictable effects that get passed from generation to generation Non-Additive Primarily