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1 ARRIVAL CITY by Doug Saunders, 2010 The Final Migration and Our Next World. 1 劉可強 JOHN K.C. LIU 臺灣大學建築與城鄉研究發展基金會執行長兼董事長 2014/3/25

2 Forward 前言 Close-up observation. Each city is seen through the personal story of an individual or family. 實地觀察 : 透過個人或家庭的個人故事剖析每個城市 2 Analytic concepts. Each city is understood through concepts about migration and urbanization. 分析觀點 : 透過對遷徙與都市化概念理解一個城市

3 Forward 前言 Dynamic rural to urban social change Inter-personal social network formation. Entering the job market. Place of stability with the city. Becoming middle-class. 3 鄉村到都市的動態社會轉變人與人之間的社會網絡轉變進入就業市場城市中的安身之地晉升中產階級

4 Forward 前言 4 Earlier discourse on social aspects of urbanization. Upward mobility Social stability Capital accumulation 早期對都市化社會面向的論述晉升的流動性社會穩定性資本積累

5 Forward 前言 5 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. 美國偉大城市死與生

6 Forward 前言 6 Leonie Sandercock, Cosmopolis II Mongrel cultures. 大都會 II 混種文化

7 About this book 7 Key words: Diversity, Difference, Coexistence, Highdensity, Accumulation, Creative Capacity, Mobility, Stability 關鍵字 : 多元差異共存高密度積累創意資本流動性穩定性

8 By 2050, world population will stabilize at around 9 billion, 1/3 of which will have moved from the rural to the urban during this century. 到 2050 年, 世界人口將達到約 90 億人口, 在這個世紀內有 1/3 的人口由鄉村遷移到城市 World Population Data Sheet, by Population Reference Bureau, U.S.A.

9 Organization of the book: Each chapter focuses on a theme and includes two to five case cities. 本書架構 : 每個章節聚焦於一個主題, 舉出 2~5 個案例 9

10 Chapter 1 On the edge of the city 都市的邊緣 10 Periphery becomes the center 邊緣成為中心 Creating a new middle class, ending rural poverty 開創新中產階級, 終結鄉村貧窮 Accumulation of social capital: network formation, entry mechanism, urban platform, social mobility 社會資本積累 : 網絡形成進入機制都市平台社會流動

11 Chapter 1 On the edge of the city 都市的邊緣 11 Village in the city, neither rural or urban 城中村, 非都市亦非鄉村 Arrival cities create sustainability by controlling population growth 落踋城市有效控制人口成長, 因而創造永續發展的機會

12 Liu Gong Li, Chongqing, China village in the city 12

13 Peabody buildings, Tower Hamlets, London 13

14 14 Treasure Hill, Taipei

15 介於寶藏巖與台北 101 大樓之間的生活與流動王氏夫婦 15

16 Chapter 2 Outside in: The lives of the new city 由外而內 : 新城市的盛衰演變 16 Increased opportunity for chance-fortune 機運 - 財富的契機 Rural to urban migration tipping towards the city 鄉村到都市的遷徙現象在城市湧現 Spatial patterns of migration: 1. Move the city center, 2. Move to peripheral settlement, 3. Linking new and original community, 4. Moving directly to the new settlement. 遷徙的空間模式 :1. 遷入市中心 2. 遷入郊區 3. 連結新舊社區 4. 直接遷入新社區

17 Chapter 2 Outside in: The lives of the new city 由外而內 : 新城市的盛衰演變 17 Transitional villages are key to urban regeneration. 轉型中的村落是都市再生的關鍵 Arrival city dwellers are the brightest and the toughest, more creative than the regular urbanites. 聰慧且強悍的新移民比一般都市人更具創意

18 Chapter 2 Outside in: The lives of the new city 由外而內 : 新城市的盛衰演變 18 Strategy: Squat and occupy public land, use of least desirable space 策略 : 佔有公共土地, 利用條件最差的空間 Poverty reduction through self-built settlements 透過自力營造降低貧窮問題

19 19 city center of Mumbai, India

20 20 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

21 21 Shenzhen village in the center

22 22 Xi-zhou tribe by the river, Taipei

23 Chapter 3 Arriving at the top of the pyramid 立足於金字塔的頂端 23 The population of Los Angeles is transformed every generation 舊金山的人口在世代間轉變 Arrival to upward mobility to exodus to the suburbs occur in one generation 從落腳到晉升到移居郊區在一個世代內完成

24 Chapter 3 Arriving at the top of the pyramid 立足於金字塔的頂端 24 Urban paradox: Quality of place goes down-ward while capital accumulation goes up-ward 都市的弔詭 : 資本積累愈多空間品質卻相對下降 This paradox often misleads policy: Unnecessary resource on social workers, public housing, urban redevelopment projects 矛盾的都市問題誤導政策走向 : 不必要的社工資源公共住宅與都市再生計畫

25 25 West Adams Boulevard, L.A.

26 26 new suburb of L.A.

27 Chapter 4 The urbanization of the village 鄉村的都市化 27 Leave the soil but not the village, myth of land ownership. 離土不離鄉, 土地所有權的迷思 Grandparents remain in village to raise third generation, while second generation work in the city without official status. 祖父母留在鄉村扶養第三代, 第二代在都市非正式打工

28 Chapter 4 The urbanization of the village 鄉村的都市化 28 Migration from the village to the city: badly managed villages will turn cities into explosion badly managed cities will turn villages into prison 由鄉村湧入都市的新移民 - 不良發展的鄉村將導致城市外爆 - 不良發展的城市將使鄉村形同監獄

29 29 四川廬山

30 30 Dorli,Maharashtra, India

31 31 菁寮老街

32 Chapter 5 The first great migration: How the west arrived 第一波人口大遷徙 : 32 西方今日面貌的形成 West equates with modern, the new world. 西方等同現代新世界 Arrived equates with advanced, matured 落腳等同進步成熟

33 Chapter 5 The first great migration: How the west arrived 第一波人口大遷徙 : 33 西方今日面貌的形成 Self-built settlement on land owned : Higher rates of land ownership among blue-collar arrival households than other classes. 自力營造社區 : 多數為藍領階級 Result is higher upward mobility. 更高的晉升力

34 34 Paris

35 35 London

36 36 Chicago

37 Chapter 6 The death and life of a great arrival city 一座落腳城市的死亡與誕生 37 New arrival cities absorbing the old city. 新落腳城市吸收舊市區 Middle class surrounded by a place of losers. 中產階級與失敗者的聚集地比鄰而居

38 Chapter 6 The death and life of a great arrival city 一座落腳城市的死亡與誕生 38 In Istanbul, 2/3 of arrival households have land ownership under 1983 Land Ownership Law 年, 伊斯坦堡 2/3 落腳城市透過立法取得土地所有權 1990 s second wave of arrival was not as fortunate to gain ownership 年代第二代移民便無此幸運取得土地所有權

39 39 Sinpas Central Life, Istanbul

40 Chapter 7 When the margins explode 起於市郊邊緣的巨變 40 Spillover into unserviced urban fringe. 新移民溢出都市邊緣 Free land at the edge of cities. 都市邊緣的空地

41 Chapter 7 When the margins explode 起於市郊邊緣的巨變 41 Middle class against the arrival dwellers. 中產階級對抗落腳城市移民 Good policy: land ownership, infrastructure, schools, clinics and parks. 好的政策 : 土地所有權基礎設施學校診所及公園

42 42 Petare, Caracas

43 43 Mulund, Mumbai

44 44 三重後竹圍公園

45 45 新莊運動公園

46 Chapter 8 The new city confronts the old world 新城市與舊世界的衝突 46 Immigrant ghettos, ethnic enclaves. 移民的貧民區種族的飛地 Arrival city is not homogenous. 落腳城市並非同質 Old behavioral and cultural patterns in the arrival city. 落腳城市的傳統行為文化模式

47 Chapter 8 The new city confronts the old world 新城市與舊世界的衝突 47 High rise low density vs. low rise high density. 高樓層低密度低樓層高密度 Temporary or permanent. 暫時還是永久? We can afford to make a start here. We feel like we have arrived, and we belong. 我們承擔得起由此開始, 我們感覺我們在此落腳了, 且我們屬於這裡

48 48 Les Pyramides Evry, France

49 49 Kreuzberg, Berlin

50 50 Parla, Spain

51 四號公園中永和地區, 台北 51

52 Chapter 9 Arrival s end: Mud floors to middle class 遷徙的終點 : 從土壤地板到中產階級 52 Transformed into middle class in one or two generations, taking on new urban indentiy. 在一兩個世代間晉升為中產階級, 獲得新的都市認同 Social and political stability. 社會與政治穩定性 Help to lift others out of poverty. 協助其他人脫貧

53 Chapter 9 Arrival s end: Mud floors to middle class 遷徙的終點 : 從土壤地板到中產階級 53 Contributions to the original community. 貢獻原社區 Key to change: free market, property ownership, strong government, education. 轉變的關鍵 : 自由市場財產所有權強力的政府教育

54 54 Jardim Angela, São Paulo, Brazil

55 Arriving in style Chapter 10 在都市立足扎根 55 Best neighborhoods in the world are high density and mixed use, e.g., New York, London, Paris. 世界上最好的鄰里單元為高密度混合使用, 如紐約倫敦巴黎 Contrast with failed low density urban districts. 相較於低密度城市地區的失敗經驗 Urban renewal happened at the same time as rural to urban migration, but many arrived in failed low density development projects. 都市再生與鄉村移民城市兩股趨勢同時發生, 但許多移民落腳在失敗的低密度開發計畫中

56 Arriving in style Chapter 10 在都市立足扎根 56 Crucial paradox: People do not want to live in arrival cities, but it is the arrival city that allowed them to become middle class. 關鍵性的弔詭處 : 市民不願住在落腳城市, 但落腳城市造就他們晉升中產階級 Temporary arrival cities become the permanent city: hybrid, impure, intermingling, new combinations, creative, mongrel. 暫時的落腳城市成為永久都市 : 混雜新的組成創意混血

57 57 14/15 號公園

58 58 寶藏巖

59 59 溪洲部落

60 60 華光社區

61 61 紹興社區

62 感謝聆聽 62

对策 SOLUTIONS 村的存在, 尽管政府没有在外来务工人员的住房问题上付出多少努力, 我国城市并没有像其他发展中国家那样出现大面积的贫民窿, 这是由于许多低收入移民们

对策 SOLUTIONS 村的存在, 尽管政府没有在外来务工人员的住房问题上付出多少努力, 我国城市并没有像其他发展中国家那样出现大面积的贫民窿, 这是由于许多低收入移民们 SOLUTIONS 对策农民工居住权视角下城中村改造问题的思考孙林摘要作为进城农民工落脚之地的城中村是我国土地城市化特有产物大规模形成于20世纪90年代初中期在20世纪末开始进入改制改造高潮但由于农民工的居住权始终没有得到基本的尊重与保护使得城中村作为城市低成本生活区的使命难以终结这种过快过急的改造运动既不能消灭也不能满足庞大农民工的中低端住房需求会进一步催生和复制出一个个新的