Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Implantation for the Treatment of Coronary In-Stent Restenosis

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1 Coronary Artery Disease Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Implantation for the Treatment of Coronary In-Stent Restenosis A Multicenter Italian Experience Elisabetta Moscarella, MD*; Alfonso Ielasi, MD*; Francesco Granata, MD; Sebastian Coscarelli, MD; Eugenio Stabile, MD, PhD; Azeem Latib, MD; Bernardo Cortese, MD; Maurizio Tespili, MD; Akihito Tanaka, MD; Claudia Capozzolo, MD; Luigi Caliendo, MD, PhD; Antonio Colombo, MD; Attilio Varricchio, MD, PhD Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 Background Treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is still challenging. In this setting, the use of bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) seems attractive because it allows drug delivery combined with transient vessel scaffolding. We aimed to investigate the long-term results after BVS use in ISR lesions. Methods and Results A prospective analysis was performed on all patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with BVS implantation for ISR at 7 Italian Centers. Primary end point was the device-oriented composite end point (cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization) at the longest follow-up available. From April 2012 to June 2014, 116 patients (127 lesions) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for ISR with BVS implantation. Among the ISR lesions, the majority were drug-eluting stent ISR (78, 61.6%), de novo ISR (92, 72.4%), and diffuse ISR (81, 63.8%). Procedural success was achieved for all (100%) patients. No in-hospital death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization occurred. At 15 months of follow-up, the incidence of the device-oriented composite end point estimated with the Kaplan Meier method was 9.1%. No significant differences were reported between drug-eluting stent and bare-metal stent ISR groups in terms of device-oriented composite end point (10.9% versus 6.4%; hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, ; P=0.425) and its singular components (cardiac death: 2.8% versus 2.0%, hazard ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, , P=0.843; target vessel myocardial infarction: 1.5% versus 0%, P=0.421; ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization: 9.6% versus 4.4%, hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, , P=0.309). Conclusions Our registry suggests that the use of BVS implantation for the treatment of complex drug-eluting stent and bare-metal stent ISR lesions might be associated with acceptable long-term clinical outcomes. (Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:e DOI: /CIRCINTERVENTIONS ) Key Words: coronary restenosis drug-eluting stent myocardial infarction percutaneous coronary intervention stent Treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is still a technical challenge for interventional cardiologists. Several studies have demonstrated that treating drug-eluting stent (DES) ISR is even more challenging because of the unfavorable substrate of DES ISR because of the presence of resistant stent underexpansion or neoatherosclerosis that have been shown to be associated with poorer clinical and angiographic outcomes than treating bare-metal stent (BMS) ISR. 1 4 Despite this, current recommended options for ISR treatment are DES or drug-eluting balloon (DEB), regardless of the type of ISR lesion (within BMS or DES). 5 However, both these technologies present some drawbacks and recently the bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS, ABSORB; Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA) has emerged as an attractive alternative strategy for ISR. 6,7 BVS Received August 19, 2015; accepted March 6, From the Department of Cardio-Thoracic Science, Second University of Naples, Presidio Ospedaliero Monaldi, Azienda Ospedaliera Dei Colli, Napoli, Italy (E.M.); Cardiology Division, Azienda Ospedaliera Bolognini Seriate, Bergamo, Italy (A.I., M.T.); Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Santa Maria della Pietà Hospital, Nola, Napoli, Italy (F.G., L.C., A.V.); Cardiovascular Intervention Unit, San Martino Hospital, Belluno, Italy (S.C.); Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi Federico II, Napoli, Italy (E.S.); Interventional Cardiology Unit, EMO-GVM Centro Cuore Columbus ed Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy (A.L., A.T., A.C.); Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Fatebenefratelli, Milano, Italy (B.C.); and Laboratory of Invasive Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Presidio Ospedaliero Monaldi, Azienda Ospedaliera Dei Colli, Napoli, Italy (C.C.). *Drs Moscarella and Ielasi contributed equally to this work and are joint first authors. Correspondence to Elisabetta Moscarella, MD, Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy. elisabetta. moscarella@gmail.com 2016 American Heart Association, Inc. Circ Cardiovasc Interv is available at DOI: /CIRCINTERVENTIONS

2 2 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 WHAT IS KNOWN Treating in-stent restenosis remains challenging. Current options include drug-eluting stents or drugeluting balloons; however, both of these strategies have limitations. Recently, bioabsorbable vascular scaffolds have been proposed as an option to treat restenosis lesions. WHAT THE STUDY ADDS This is the largest registry with the longest follow-up available on bioabsorbable vascular scaffold use for in-stent restenosis treatment. Our results suggest that bioabsorbable vascular scaffold to treat in-stent restenosis is associated with acceptable long-term results and may be considered as an alternative to treat in-stent restenosis. allows drug-delivery combined with transient vessel scaffolding, thus obviating the limitations of DES or DEB. 8 Indeed, compared with DEB, BVS achieves excellent acute gain, prevent acute recoil and stabilize dissections, whereas compared with DES it avoids the addition of a further permanent metallic layer. So, BVS could theoretically reduce the occurrence of long-term clinical events compared with both DCB and DES. However, the use of BVS in this setting may be limited by the BVS struts thickness, especially in small vessels with multiple stent layers already implanted, and by the need of long dual antiplatelet therapy. Moreover, the presence of the previous implanted stent may nullify the advantages associated with BVS use (restoring vasomotion and positive remodeling). A recent study has shown that BVS use for ISR is feasible and is associated with favorable early and midterm clinical outcomes. 7 However as of today, there is no data on the long-term (>12 months) behavior of BVS in the ISR lesion subset. The aim of our study was to investigate the long-term clinical outcome after BVS implantation in DES and BMS ISR. Methods Population, Data Collection, and Procedures Although BVS implantation for the treatment of ISR is outside the instruction for use given by the manufacturer, a prospective, not protocol driven, cohort analysis was performed on all consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with BVS 1.1 implantation for ISR in 7 Italian centers. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained from all study patients treated with BVS for ISR. The main characteristics of the BVS 1.1 were already described elsewhere. 8 In the analysis, all consecutive patients treated with BVS with either DES or BMS ISR lesions (defined as a luminal diameter stenosis >50% within the stent or within 5 mm of the stent edges) were included, occurring both in a native coronary artery and in a coronary artery bypass graft. The decision to treat the ISR lesion with a BVS rather than a new generation DES or a DEB was left to the operator s discretion but conditioned by the presence of suitable anatomy (absence of tortuosity or severe calcification proximal to the target lesion), lesion (reference vessel diameter [RVD] visually assessed at the target lesion site 2.3 mm and 3.7 mm without large thrombus burden in the target vessel), and clinical characteristics (absence of severe comorbidities known at the time of hospital admission, contraindications, or high-likelihood of noncompliance to 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy). Available lengths for BVS during the study period were 12, 18, and 28 mm. Procedures ISR lesions were classified according to Mehran classification. 9 The BVS were implanted after mandatory predilatation, whereas the use of cutting/scoring balloon was left at operator s decision. BVS implantation was performed to cover 2 to 5 mm of nondiseased tissue on either side of the target lesion. Postdilatation with noncompliant balloon (with a maximum diameter 0.5 mm higher than the BVS diameter) and intracoronary imaging with optical coherence tomography (Ilumien Optis, St. Jude Medical, St.Paul, MN), and intravascular ultrasound pre- and post-bvs implantation were not mandatory. The BVS overlap strategy (marker-to-marker or marker over marker) was left to the operator s discretion as well as arterial access (radial or femoral), and periprocedural antithrombotics (ie, glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa inhibitors and heparin or bivalirudin). Even if there is no evidence for need of a longer dual antiplatelet therapy after BVS implantation, in accordance to other authors and with the current standard practice, all patients were required to receive >75 mg of aspirin daily lifelong in association with clopidogrel (75 mg daily) or ticagrelor (90 mg twice a day) or prasugrel (10 mg daily) for a minimum of 12 months. Patient Follow-Up Clinical data were collected during hospital visit or by telephone contact at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years. Angiographic follow-up was not scheduled but performed only in case of symptom recurrence or noninvasive demonstration of inducible myocardial ischemia. Clinical events were defined according to the Academic Research Consortium definitions. 10 Study End Points Primary end point was a device-oriented composite end point (DOCE), including cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization. Secondary end point was a patient-oriented composite end point (POCE), including allcause death, any reinfarction, and any revascularization (target vessel revascularization). Furthermore, we evaluated the single components of DOCE, POCE, and the incidence of definite/probable BVS instent thrombosis. Procedural success was defined as a final residual stenosis at the restenotic site <30% without in-hospital POCE. Angiographic Analysis Quantitative coronary angiographic analysis was performed offline by an expert analyst using automated edge-detection algorithms. In each lesion, the coronary segment including the stent and 5-mm proximal and distal to the stent edge were analyzed. The following quantitative coronary angiographic parameters were measured: RVD, minimal lumen diameter, and percent diameter stenosis, acute percent recoil defined as the difference between the mean diameter of the stent delivery balloon (or if used, mean diameter of postdilatation balloon) at the highest pressure and the mean lumen diameter of the stented segment after balloon deflation, expressed as percentage. Binary restenosis was defined as stenosis >50% of the luminal diameter in the target lesion. 11 Statistical Analysis The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to determine normality in data distribution. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±sd. Comparisons of clinical, echocardiographic, angiographic, or procedure-related characteristics of patients were performed by means of Student t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test (continuous variables), or χ 2 (categorical) and on the basis of the distribution according to the lesion types (BMS or DES ISR). In survival analysis, patients were

3 3 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment censored if they had not experienced the end point of interest at the end of the follow-up. To account for possible nonindependence of multiple observations from 1 patient, cluster robust SEs were used in all Cox Regression analyses. Hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated considering BMS ISR group as reference. If there were zero events in 1 group, hazard ratio was not calculated and the 2 groups were compared using event rate and its time-specific SD. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software (IL) version 20.0 and all reported P values are 2-sided. The P values were considered significant if <0.05. Results From April 2012 to June 2014, a total of 116 consecutive patients (127 lesions) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for ISR with BVS implantation. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of the population according to the ISR stent type (BMS or DES) are depicted in Table 1. Angiographic characteristics of the ISR lesions treated are shown in Table 2. Among the ISR lesions treated with BVS, the majority were DES-ISR (78, 61.6%), and 35 (27.7%) were recurrent (previously treated with DES and DEB or both at different times). According to Mehran classification, the angiographic ISR pattern was defined as diffuse in 81 (63.8%) and focal in 46 (36.2%) lesions, respectively. Quantitative coronary angiographic analysis was available for all lesions. Target lesion length was 28.18±15.44 mm requiring the use of 1.4±0.6 BVS per lesion, with a mean BVS length of 34.9±18.4 mm per lesion. No differences were reported in quantitative coronary angiographic data between the DES- ISR versus BMS-ISR groups. BVS overlap was needed in 50 (39.4%) of the lesions. BVS overlap with DES, or DEB was needed in 3 (2.4%) and 1 (0.8%) of the lesions, respectively, and Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 Table 1. Baseline Patient Characteristics Overall BMS Restenosis Type No. of patients Demographic characteristics Age, y, mean±sd 66.04± ± ± Male sex, n (%) 98 (84.5) 40 (85.1) 59 (84.1) 0.7 Body mass index, kg/m 2, mean±sd Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) DES P Value 25.54± ± ± Hypertension 81 (69.8) 33 (70.2) 48 (69.6) 0.9 Hypercholesterolemia 80 (69.0) 31 (66.0) 49 (71.0) 0.5 Diabetes mellitus 34 (29.3) 14 (29.8) 21 (30.4) 0.9 IDDM 14 (12.1) 5 (10.6) 9 (13.0) 0.7 Smoking history 59 (50.9) 18 (38.3) 41 (59.4) 0.3 Cardiac history, n (%) Previous myocardial infarction 71 (61.2) 29 (61.7) 42 (60.9) 0.9 Previous bypass surgery 13 (11.2) 5 (10.6) 8 (11.6) 0.7 Clinical characteristics Peripheral artery disease, n (%) 17 (14.7) 6 (12.8) 11 (15.9) 0.6 LV ejection fraction, mean±sd 49.92± ± ± Chronic kidney disease (egfr<60 ml/min), n (%) 17 (14.7) 5 (10.6) 12 (17.4) 0.3 Previous stroke, n (%) 3 (2.6) 1 (2.1) 2 (2.9) 0.8 COPD, n (%) 11 (9.5) 4 (8.5) 7 (10.1) 0.8 Clinical presentation, n (%) UA 24 (20.7) 9 (19.1) 16 (23.2) 0.6 NSTEMI 20 (17.2) 6 (12.8) 14 (20.3) 0.3 STEMI 7 (6.0) 3 (6.4) 4 (5.8) 0.9 Stable CAD 65 (56.0) 29 (61.7) 35 (50.7) 0.3 Data are mean±sd or n (%). BMS indicates bare-metal stent(s); CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DES, drug-eluting stent(s); egfr, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; ISR, in-stent restenosis; LV, left ventricle; NSTEMI, non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, STsegment elevation myocardial infarction; and UA, unstable angina.

4 4 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Table 2. Angiographic Characteristics Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 Overall BMS Restenosis Type No. of lesions n= (38.5) 78 (61.6) Target vessel, n (%) Left anterior descending artery 66 (52.0) 25 (51.0) 41 (52.6) 0.9 Left circumflex artery 24 (18.9) 9 (18.4) 15 (19.2) 0.9 Right coronary artery 35 (27.6) 15 (30.6) 20 (25.6) 0.5 Saphenous vein graft 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 2 (2.6) 0.3 No. of diseased vessels, n (%) One vessel 69 (54.3) 25 (51.0) 44 (56.4) 0.5 Two vessels 33 (26.0) 15 (30.6) 18 (23.0) 0.3 Three vessels 24 (19.7) 9 (18.3) 16 (20.5) 0.8 Recurrent restenosis, n (%) 35 (27.6) 11 (22.4) 23 (29.5) 0.4 Stent type, n (%) ISR after BMS 49 (38.5) 49 (100) 0 (0) ISR after DES 78 (61.5) 0 (0) 78 (100) First generation DES 51 (40.2) 0 (0) 51 (65.4) Second-generation DES 27 (21.3) 0 (0) 24 (34.6) Pattern of restenosis, n (%)* Focal 46 (36.2) 18 (36.7) 28 (35.9) 0.9 Type IA 2 (4.3) 1 (5.6) 1 (3.6) 0.7 Type IB 15 (32.6) 5 (27.8) 10 (35.7) 0.6 Type IC 20 (43.5) 8 (44.4) 12 (42.8) 0.9 Type ID 9 (19.6) 4 (22.2) 5 (17.9) 0.7 Diffuse 81 (63.8) 31 (63.3) 50 (64.1) 0.6 Pattern II (intrastent) 43 (53.1) 18 (58.1) 24 (48.0) 0.5 Pattern III (proliferative) 33 (40.7) 12 (38.7) 22 (44.0) 0.6 Pattern IV (total occlusive) 5 (6.2) 1 (3.2) 4 (8.0) 0.4 QCA analysis Lesion length, mm 28.18± ± ± RVD, mm 3.06± ± ± No. of stents/lesion 1.4± ± ± Diameter of stent, mm 3.0± ± ± Mean BVS length, mm 34.92± ± ± Maximum pressure of stent, atm 14.88± ± ± MLD preprocedure, mm 0.83± ± ± MLD postprocedure, mm 2.81± ± ± Acute gain, mm 2.0± ± ± Mean diameter of largest balloon, mm 3.26± ± ± Mean diameter of stent immediately after balloon inflation, mm 3.12± ± ± Acute absolute recoil, mm 0.13±0, ± ± Acute percent recoil, % 3.92± ± ± Stenosis preprocedure, % 60.95± ± ± Stenosis postprocedure, % 7.33± ± ± Data are mean±sd or n (%). BMS indicates bare-metal stent(s); BVS, bioresorbable vascular scaffold; DES, drug-eluting stent(s); ISR, in-stent restenosis; MLD, minimum lumen diameter; QCA, quantitative coronary angiography; and RVD, reference vessel diameter. *According to Mehran criteria. Defined as difference MLD postprocedure MLD preprocedure. DES P Value

5 5 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 it was mainly because of vessel size not suitable for BVS use. The acute recoil in the total population was on the average of 0.13±0.13 mm (3.92±4.09%) and similar to that observed when BVS are used for the treatment of native coronary lesions. 12 Procedural characteristics are shown in Table 3. Procedural success was achieved in all patients. In 1 patient, a bailout DES implantation was needed because of proximal BVS edge dissection occurrence not suitable for a second BVS implantation. No in-hospital POCE occurred. The incidences of the clinical end points at 6 and 15 months (Kaplan Meier estimates) are depicted in Table 4. Clinical follow-up information was obtained at 6 months in 116 eligible patients (100%), at 12 months in 110 eligible patients (94.8%), at 15 months in 106 eligible patients (91.4%). At 6 months of follow-up, 3 DOCE and 5 POCE occurred. Two ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (1.7% per patient and 1.6% per lesion) were reported. DOCE rate was 2.0% in BMS ISR group and 2.6% in DES ISR group. At 12 months, the annual incidence rate of DOCE was 9.1%. Table 3. Procedural Characteristics Overall DOCE rate was 6.4% in BMS ISR group and 10.9% in DES ISR group. At 15 months of follow-up, no significant differences were reported between DES and BMS ISR groups in terms of DOCE rate (10.9% versus 6.4%; hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, ; P=0.425) and its singular components (Table 4). BVS ISR was the cause of TLR in 8 cases (2 presented as non Q-wave myocardial infarction and the others as effort angina), of those 5 were successfully managed by re-percutaneous coronary intervention with DEB, whereas in 3 cases a DES was implanted (Table 5). Definite BVS in-stent thrombosis occurred in 1 case, 11 months after the index procedure in a patient on DAT, and was successfully treated with BVS implantation. Four patients (3.4%) died. Among these, 1 patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction 30%) died of cardiogenic shock 15 days after the index procedure (probable BVS in-stent thrombosis). Two patients died for unknown reasons (cardiac death caused by possible BVS in-stent thrombosis) BMS Restenosis Type No. of lesions n= (38.5) 78 (61.6) Predilation, n (%) 127 (100) 49 (100) 78 (100) Predilation scoring balloon, n (%) 13 (10.2) 7 (14.3) 6 (7.7) 0.2 Thrombectomy devices use, n (%) 2 (1.6) 0 (0) 2 (2.6) 0.3 Postdilation, n (%) 110 (88) 43 (87.8) 68 (87.2) 0.9 Overlap, n (%) BVS BVS 50 (39.4) 20 (40.8) 30 (38.5) 0.8 BVS DES 3 (2.4) 2 (4.1) 1 (1.3) 0.3 BVS DEB 1 (0.7) 1 (2.0) 0 (0) 0.2 Procedural success, n (%) 126 (99.2) Bailout stenting, n (%) 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 0.4 TIMI flow pre-pci, n (%) TIMI 0 5 (3.9) 1 (2.0) 4 (5.1) 0.4 TIMI 1 7 (5.5) 1 (2.0) 6 (7.7) 0.2 TIMI 2 16 (12.6) 6 (12.2) 10 (12.8) 0.9 TIMI 3 99 (78.0) 41 (83.7) 58 (74.4) 0.2 TIMI flow grade 3 after procedure, n (%) 127 (100) 49 (100) 78 (100) DES P Value Intracoronary imaging pre-pci, n (%) OCT 27 (21.3) 9 (18.8) 18 (23.1) 0.6 IVUS 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 0.4 Intracoronary imaging post-pci, n (%) OCT 29 (22.8) 10 (22.2) 19 (26.0) 0.6 IVUS 1 (0.8) 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 0.4 GP IIb/IIIa Inhibitors, n (%) 5 (3.9) 2 (4.1) 3 (3.8) 0.9 Bivalirudine use, n (%) 4 (3.1) 2 (4.1) 2 (2.6) 0.6 Data are mean±sd or n (%). BMS indicates bare-metal stent(s); BVS, bioresorbable vascular scaffold; DEB, drug-eluting balloon; DES, drugeluting stent(s); GP, glycoprotein; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.

6 6 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Table 4. Rate of the Clinical End Points at Follow-Up (Kaplan Meier Estimates) Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 Overall Restenosis Type No. of patients No. of lesions Events at 6 mo BMS DES n (%*) n (%*) n (%*) DOCE 3 (2.4) 1 (2.0) 2 (2.6) Cardiac death 2 (1.6) 1 (2.0) 1 (1.3) Target vessel MI ID-TLR 2 (1.6) 0 2 (2.6) POCE 5 (4.0) 2 (4.1) 3 (3.9) All-cause death 3 (2.4) 1 (2.0) 2 (2.6) Any reinfarction TVR 3 (2.4) 1 (2.1) 2 (2.6) Definite/Probable BVS in-stent thrombosis Events at 12 mo 1 (0.8) 0 1 (1.3) DOCE 11 (9.1) 3 (6.4) 8 (10.9) Cardiac death 3 (2.5) 1 (2.0) 2 (2.8) Target vessel MI 1 (0.9) 0 1 (1.5) ID-TLR 9 (7.6) 2 (4.4) 7 (9.6) POCE 13 (10.6) 4 (8.3) 9 (12.1) All-cause death 4 (3.3) 1 (2.0) 3 (4.0) Any reinfarction 3 (2.7) 0 3 (4.4) TVR 10 (8.4) 3 (6.4) 7 (9.6) Definite/Probable BVS in-stent thrombosis 2 (1.7) 0 2 (2.8) Events at 15 mo HR (CI 95%) DOCE 11 (9.1) 3 (6.4) 8 (10.9) 1.7 ( ) Cardiac death 3 (2.5) 1 (2.0) 2 (2.8) 1.3 ( ) Target vessel MI 1 (0.9) 0 1 (1.5) ID-TLR 9 (7.6) 2 (4.4) 7 (9.6) 2.3 ( ) POCE 14 (12.3) 4 (8.3) 10 (14.9) 1.6 ( ) All-cause death 4 (3.3) 1 (2.0) 3 (4.0) 1.9 ( ) Any reinfarction 3 (2.7) 0 3 (4.4) TVR 11 (10.1) 3 (6.4) 8 (12.4) 1.7 ( ) Definite/Probable BVS in-stent thrombosis 2 (1.7) 0 2 (2.8) BMS indicates bare-metal stent(s); BVS, bioresorbable vascular scaffold; CI, confidence interval; DES, drug-eluting stent(s); DOCE, device-oriented composite end point; HR, hazard ratio; ID-TLR, ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization; MI, myocardial infarction; POCE, patient-oriented composite end point; and TVR, target vessel revascularization. *Event rate (%); calculated by Cox Regression with cluster robust SEs taking in account t for possible nonindependence of multiple observations from 1 patient, considering BMS ISR group as reference. HR was not estimated because of zero events in 1 group, P value was calculated using event rate and its time-specific SD. P Value at 2 and 11 months, respectively, whereas another one died for noncardiac reason. Figure shows the Kaplan Meier curve reporting the incidence of the primary end point (DOCE) at 15 months of follow-up. Discussion Our registry demonstrates that the use of BVS for ISR lesion treatment is associated with favorable long-term clinical results for both DES and BMS ISR.

7 7 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Table 5. Ischemia-Driven Target Lesion Revascularizations Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 Age, y Sex Diabetes Mellitus ISR Stent Type ISR Pattern ISR Type BVS Although DES has significantly reduced the ISR rate compared with BMS, this phenomenon continues to exist and it is not benign. 13 Treating ISR lesions remains a technical challenge, and outcomes are even poorer for patients with DES compared with those presenting with BMS-ISR. 3 Indeed, patients presenting with DES-ISR have already failed the best currently available antirestenosis treatment; thus making it more difficult to achieve an acceptable long-term result. Current recommended treatment options for ISR are DES and DEB, irrespective of the stent type (within BMS or DES). 5 Second-generation DES has shown good results for both BMS and DES ISR, but the use of DES is limited by the addition of a further permanent metallic layer into the arterial wall, especially in patients already presenting with multiple stent layers as a consequence of recurrent-resistant DES-ISR. 14 Therefore, the use of DEB has been widely encouraged as ISR therapy However, DEB is associated with poorer clinical and angiographic outcomes when compared with second-generation DES for the treatment of ISR. 19 First, as ISR is mainly characterized by large volume of hyperplastic tissue, Clinical Presentation Months From IP BVS ISR DAPT Treatment Pt 1 62 Male Yes DES Diffuse Recurrent 3.5/28 STEMI 11 Diffuse Yes BVS Pt 2 53 Male No DES Diffuse De Novo 3.5/28+3.0/28 SCAD 2 Focal Yes DEB Pt 3 59 Male No DES Diffuse Recurrent 3.0/28 SCAD 6 Focal Yes DES Pt 4 71 Female Yes DES Focal De Novo 2.5/28+2.5/18 NSTEMI 15 Diffuse No DES Pt 5 75 Male No DES Diffuse Recurrent 3.5/12+3.0/28 SCAD 9 Focal Yes DES Pt 6 51 Female No DES Focal Recurrent 3.0/18 NSTEMI 10 Focal Yes DEB Pt 7 76 Male No BMS Diffuse De Novo 2.5/28 SCAD 8 Focal Yes DEB Pt 8 45 Female No DES Focal De Novo 3.5/12 SCAD 11 Focal Yes DEB Pt 9 81 Male No BMS Diffuse De Novo 2.5/28 SCAD 12 Focal No DEB BMS indicates bare-metal stent; BVS, bioresorbable vascular scaffold; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; DEB, drug-eluting balloon; De Novo, first restenosis occurrence; DES, drug-eluting stent; IP, index procedure; ISR, in-stent restenosis; NSTEMI, non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; SCAD, stable chronic artery disease; and STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. DOCE rate Kaplan-Meier failure estimates Time to DOCE in months Number at risk BMS-ISR DES-ISR BMS-ISR DES-ISR Figure. Kaplan Meier curves showing the incidence of the primary end point (DOCE) at 15 months follow-up. BMS indicates baremetal stent; DES, drug-eluting stent; and ISR, in-stent restenosis. DEB may not be able to achieve acute luminal gain to the same extent as another stent that can compress this tissue, 20 and may be complicated by acute recoil or dissection requiring a bailout stenting. Second, all currently available DEB are coated with paclitaxel that has now been superseded by sirolimus because of its superiority as antiproliferative drug. Furthermore, on the long-term follow-up the use of DEB for DES-ISR is less efficacious than for BMS-ISR. 21 In this contest, despite currently representing an off-label indication, the BVS has emerged as an attractive alternative therapy for ISR. 6,7 Thanks to its characteristics, BVS can potentially overcome the limitations associated with the use of DES or DEB for ISR treatment. Indeed BVS allows everolimus drug-delivery combined with transient vessel scaffolding. Thus, compared with DES it avoids the addition of a further permanent metallic layer into the arterial wall. Whereas compared with DEB it may achieve greater acute gain, prevent acute recoil, and stabilize dissections. Furthermore, BVS allows a more prolonged drug-delivery, which is comparable with that obtained after DES implantation, 22 and it delivers everolimus, which is known to be a superior antiproliferative drug compared with paclitaxel. 23 However, the BVS struts thickness (150 μm) associated with a higher BVS/vessel ratio compared with what observed for conventional metallic DES (26% versus 12%) 24 may represent an important limitation to its use particularly in small restenotic vessels (RVD 2.8 mm). However, the biggest available BVS diameters of 3.5 mm may limit its use in larger (RVD >3.7 mm) restenotic vessels. Thus, in patients with diffuse ISR with a small (RVD <2.8 mm) or a large segment (RVD >3.7 mm) involved, a hybrid approach with the use of BVS and DEB distally or BVS and DES proximally may be required, as it occurred in 4 of our patients. Currently, there is an increasing use of BVS in an unselected population including patients with acute coronary syndrome and complex coronary anatomy, 25 and some registries have reported the feasibility of BVS use for ISR treatment. 6,7 What does our study add to the topic? First, we report the largest multicenter study with the longest follow-up available. Second, our registry deals with high-risk patients

8 8 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 (44% presenting with acute coronary syndrome and 61% had previous myocardial infarction) with complex lesions (27% recurrent ISR, 64% diffuse ISR pattern of whom 6.1% occlusive, with mean lesion length of 28±15 mm, and 62% DES-ISR), whereas lesions included in the Restenosis Intrastent of Bare Metal Stents (RIBS) V and IV trials, were not of high complexity and those at greatest risk of recurrence (lesions >30 mm, in-stent total occlusion) were excluded. 19,20 Despite the complex ISR lesions treated in the present registry, the rate of ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization at follow-up was promisingly low (7.8%) and similar to those observed when DEB or DES are used in simpler ISR lesions (13% and 4.5%, respectively. in the RIBS IV trial; 6% and 1%, respectively, in the RIBS V trial). The systematic ISR lesion predilation and the high rate of postdilation (88% compared with 68.4% reported in other studies not involving ISR 26 ) might both explain these favorable results. Particularly, the predilatation is crucial to evaluate the feasibility of BVS in-stent implantation on the basis of the balloon crossability homogeneous predilatation noncompliant or scoring balloon expansion while the postdilation results are important to obtain an optimal BVS in-stent expansion and apposition. Finally, although the long-term follow-up of DEB is less efficacious for DES-ISR than for BMS-ISR, 21 we did not find any differences in terms of long-term clinical outcomes between DES and BMS ISR groups. However, this finding requires to be tested in studies adequately powered for clinical end points. To date, there is no standardized strategy for scaffold failure treatment. When BVS restenosis occurs after 6 months or later, the biodegradation phase has already started and the scaffold has lost its properties, so simple dilatation has unknown outcomes. 27 In our registry, operators decided to treat scaffold restenosis with DEB rather than with DES, in case of focal restenosis pattern, irrespective of the presentation time, to avoid a further stent implantation in a vessel already treated with 1 stent and the BVS that has not completed the absorption. Even if the best treatment strategy of a true BVS thrombosis remains to be defined, the use of another BVS in this setting may be considered hazardous. In our specific case, after BVS recanalization the angiography (intravascular imaging was unfortunately not performed) showed a residual stenosis at the proximal edge of the BVS that the operator felt confident to treat with the implantation of another BVS. Limitations The main limitations of the study were its observational nature, based on a single-arm, multicenter registry, and the lack of a direct comparison with the actual standard treatment (current generation DES or DEB). Furthermore, this is a registry of consecutive ISR lesions treated with BVS and not a collection of consecutive all-comers ISR lesions. Indeed, the use of BVS instead of DES or DEB was left to the operator s decision in the presence of suitable patient and lesion characteristics. Of course, this aspect could have influenced our results. In addition, source verification and queries generation from the coordinating center to the participating sites were undertaken to account partly for the unavoidable bias of site-reported events adjudication Moreover, our registry lacks of systematic angiographic follow-up, which may be helpful in evaluating BVS performance, even if the occurrence of angiographically evident but clinically silent restenosis is not a frequent phenomenon. However, this behavior reflects the everyday patient management in different Italian hospitals. Conclusions Our registry suggests that the use of BVS implantation for the treatment of complex BMS and DES ISR lesions might be associated with acceptable long-term clinical outcomes. Larger randomized trials of head-to-head comparison versus contemporary standard of care are strongly needed to fully assess the potential clinical benefit of BVS in ISR lesion treatment. None. Disclosures References 1. Alfonso F, Byrne RA, Rivero F, Kastrati A. Current treatment of instent restenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63: doi: /j. jacc Latib A, Mussardo M, Ielasi A, Tarsia G, Godino C, Al-Lamee R, Chieffo A, Airoldi F, Carlino M, Montorfano M, Colombo A. Long-term outcomes after the percutaneous treatment of drug-eluting stent restenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4: doi: /j.jcin Steinberg DH, Gaglia MA Jr, Pinto Slottow TL, Roy P, Bonello L, De Labriolle A, Lemesle G, Torguson R, Kineshige K, Xue Z, Suddath WO, Kent KM, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Lindsay J, Waksman R. Outcome differences with the use of drug-eluting stents for the treatment of in-stent restenosis of bare-metal stents versus drug-eluting stents. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103: doi: /j.amjcard Byrne RA, Cassese S, Windisch T, King LA, Joner M, Tada T, Mehilli J, Pache J, Kastrati A. 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Early results following everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173: doi: /j. ijcard Moscarella E, Varricchio A, Stabile E, Latib A, Ielasi A, Tespili M, Cortese B, Calabrò P, Granata F, Panoulas VF, Franzone A, Trimarco B, Bonzani G, Esposito G, Colombo A. Bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation for the treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis: results from a multicenter Italian experience. Int J Cardiol. 2015;199: doi: /j. ijcard Ormiston JA, Serruys PW, Regar E, Dudek D, Webster MW, Onuma Y, Garcia-Garcia HM, McGreevy R, Veldhof S. Bioabsorbable everolimuseluting coronary stent system for patients with single de-novo coronary artery lesions (ABSORB): a prospective open-label trial. Lancet. 2008; 371: Mehran R, Dangas G, Abizaid AS, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Stone GW, Leon MB. 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9 9 Moscarella et al Bioresorbable Scaffold for In-Stent Restenosis Treatment Downloaded from by guest on July 8, Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, Boam A, Cohen DJ, van Es GA, Steg PG, Morel MA, Mauri L, Vranckx P, McFadden E, Lansky A, Hamon M, Krucoff MW, Serruys PW; Academic Research Consortium. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: a case for standardized definitions. Circulation. 2007;115: doi: / CIRCULATIONAHA Reiber JH, Serruys PJ. Quantitative Coronary Angiography: Methodologies. Quantitative Coronary Angiography. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1996: Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Gomez J, de Bruyne B, Dudek D, Thuesen L, Smits P, Chevalier B, McClean D, Koolen J, Windecker S, Whitbourn R, Meredith I, Garcia-Garcia H, Ormiston JA; ABSORB Cohort A and B investigators. Comparison of in vivo acute stent recoil between the bioresorbable everolimus-eluting coronary scaffolds (revision 1.0 and 1.1) and the metallic everolimus-eluting stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;78:3 12. doi: /ccd Dangas GD, Claessen BE, Caixeta A, Sanidas EA, Mintz GS, Mehran R. In-stent restenosis in the drug-eluting stent era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56: doi: /j.jacc Buchanan GL, Basavarajaiah S, Chieffo A. Stent thrombosis: incidence, predictors and new technologies. Thrombosis. 2012;2012: doi: /2012/ Byrne RA, Neumann FJ, Mehilli J, Pinieck S, Wolff B, Tiroch K, Schulz S, Fusaro M, Ott I, Ibrahim T, Hausleiter J, Valina C, Pache J, Laugwitz KL, Massberg S, Kastrati A; ISAR-DESIRE 3 investigators. Paclitaxeleluting balloons, paclitaxel-eluting stents, and balloon angioplasty in patients with restenosis after implantation of a drug-eluting stent (ISAR- DESIRE 3): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet. 2013;381: doi: /S (12) Song HG, Park DW, Kim YH, Ahn JM, Kim WJ, Lee JY, Kang SJ, Lee SW, Lee CW, Park SW, Han S, Seong IW, Lee NH, Lee BK, Lee K, Lee SW, Nah DY, Park SJ. 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J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50: doi: /j. jacc Muramatsu T, Onuma Y, García-García HM, Farooq V, Bourantas CV, Morel MA, Li X, Veldhof S, Bartorelli A, Whitbourn R, Abizaid A, Serruys PW; ABSORB-EXTEND Investigators. Incidence and shortterm clinical outcomes of small side branch occlusion after implantation of an everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold: an interim report of 435 patients in the ABSORB-EXTEND single-arm trial in comparison with an everolimus-eluting metallic stent in the SPIRIT first and II trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6: doi: /j. jcin Capodanno D, Gori T, Nef H, Latib A, Mehilli J, Lesiak M, Caramanno G, Naber C, Di Mario C, Colombo A, Capranzano P, Wiebe J, Araszkiewicz A, Geraci S, Pyxaras S, Mattesini A, Naganuma T, Münzel T, Tamburino C. Percutaneous coronary intervention with everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds in routine clinical practice: early and midterm outcomes from the European multicentre GHOST-EU registry. 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10 Downloaded from by guest on July 8, 2018 Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Implantation for the Treatment of Coronary In-Stent Restenosis: A Multicenter Italian Experience Elisabetta Moscarella, Alfonso Ielasi, Francesco Granata, Sebastian Coscarelli, Eugenio Stabile, Azeem Latib, Bernardo Cortese, Maurizio Tespili, Akihito Tanaka, Claudia Capozzolo, Luigi Caliendo, Antonio Colombo and Attilio Varricchio Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9: doi: /CIRCINTERVENTIONS Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX Copyright 2016 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: Online ISSN: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: Data Supplement (unedited) at: Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at: Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions is online at:

11 冠状动脉疾病 生物可吸收支架治疗冠脉支架内再狭窄支架的长期临床研究 一项意大利多中心研究 背景 --- 支架内再狭窄 (in-stent restenosis,isr) 的治疗仍然是一个挑战 生物可吸收支架 (bioresorbable vascular scaffold,bvs) 治疗支架内再狭窄是有一定吸引力的, 因其载药的同时可短暂的支撑血管 本研究的目的是探讨 BVS 治疗 ISR 的长期疗效 方法和结果 ---- 本研究对意大利 7 个中心接受 BVS 治疗 ISR 的患者进行前瞻性分析 主要终点是最长随访时限内器械相关的复合终点 ( 心脏死亡, 靶血管心肌梗死和缺血驱动的靶病变血运重建 ) 从 2012 年 4 月 ~ 2014 年 6 月,116 个 IRS 患者 (127 个病变 ) 接受 BVS 治疗 在 ISR 病变中, 大多数为药物洗脱支架 ISR(78,61.6%), 原位再狭窄 (92,72.4%) 和弥漫性 ISR(81,63.8%) 所有的患者均手术成功, 且无住院期间死亡 心肌梗死或者血运重建的发生 在 15 个月的随访,Kaplan-Meier 方法统计的器械相关复合终点的发生率为 9.1% 药物洗脱支架和金属裸支架 ISR 两组的器械相关复合终点无显著差异 (10.9% vs. 6.4%, 危险比 1.7;95% 可信区间,0.5~6.5,P = 0.425), 单事件终点也无显著差异 ( 心源性死亡 :2.8% vs. 2.0%, 危险比 1.3;95% 可信区间,0.1~14.1,P = 0.843; 靶血管心肌梗死 : 1.5% vs. 0%,P = 0.421; 靶病变血运重建 :9.6% vs. 4.4%, 危险比 2.3;95% 可信区间,0.5~10.8,P = 0.309) 结论 ---- 我们的研究表明 BVS 植入治疗复杂的药物洗脱支架和金属裸支架支架 ISR 的长期临床效果是可以接受的 (Circ Cardiovasc Interv.2016;9:e DOI: /CIRCINTERVENTIONS ;9:e DOI: /CIRCINTERVENTIONS ) 关键词 : 冠脉再狭窄药物洗脱支架心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗支架 于介入专家而言, 支架内再狭窄 (in-stent 对 restenosis,isr) 的治疗仍然是一大挑战 几个研究表明由于存在顽固性支架膨胀不良或者新生动脉粥样硬化, 药物洗脱支架 (Drug-eluting stent,des)isr 比金 [1-4] 属裸支架 (Bare-metal stent,bms)isr 更具有挑战性 尽管如此, 不管是 DES-ISR 或者 BMS-ISR, 目前的推荐治疗仍然是 DES 或药物洗脱球囊 (Drug-eluting balloon, DEB) [5] 然而这两种技术均存在缺陷, 近来生物可吸收支架 (Bioresorbable vascular scaffold,bvs) 被认为是 [6,7] 治疗 ISR 的更佳选择 ( 注 :Absorb 全吸收式生物血 12

12 13 Moscarella 等 生物可吸收支架治疗支架内再狭窄 重合并症 禁忌症或者可能无法耐受 12 个月的抗血小板治疗 ) 研究现状 支架内再狭窄的治疗仍是一大挑战 目前的选择包括药物洗脱支架或药物洗脱球囊 ; 但两种策略均具有 近期来看, 生物可吸收支架被认为是治疗再狭窄的选择之一 本文的新启示 本研究是迄今有关生物可吸收支架应用于支架内再狭窄可行性的最长期随访 最大型注册研究 我们的研究结果提示, 应用生物可吸收支架治疗支架内再狭窄的长期结果可接受, 或可作为支架内再狭窄的可选方案 管支架系统在中国仅被用于临床研究, 尚未被批准作为商业使用 ) BVS 载药的同时可短暂的支撑血管, 避免 [8] 了 DES 或 DEB 的缺陷 与 DEB 相比,BVS 可获得较大的即刻管腔 防止血管急性弹性回缩 稳定夹层 与 DES 相比, 它避免了再次植入一层永久金属 因此相较 DEB 和 DES,BVS 理论上可以减少长期临床事件发生 但是在某些情况下,BVS 的应用可能被其厚度所限制, 特别是已有多层支架植入的小血管 此外, 已植入的金属支架可能使 BVS 的一些优势丧失 ( 比如恢复血管功能和正性重塑 ) 已有研究表明 BVS 在 ISR 的应用是可行的, [7] 并与早期及中期临床获益相关 然而到目前为止, 仍然没有 BVS 治疗 ISR 的 (>12 个月 ) 长期研究 本研究旨在探讨 BVS 治疗 DES-ISR 或者 BMS-ISR 的长期临床疗效 研究中生物可吸收支架的有效长度是 和 28 mm 手术操作 [9] ISR 病变根据 Mehran 分类法分类 BVS 均应在预扩张后置入, 是否应用切割球囊由术者决定 置入的 BVS 应覆盖靶病变两端 2~5 mm 处 非顺应性球囊后扩张 ( 最大直径比 BVS 大 0.5 mm) 光学相干断层成像术(OCT) 和血管内超声 (IVUS) 的应用不是强制性要求的 BVS 的重叠策略 ( 标记到标记或者标记重叠 ) 血管通路( 桡动脉或股动脉 ) 以及围术期抗血栓药物的应用 (IIb/IIIa 受体拮抗剂和肝素或比伐卢定 ) 均由术者决定 即使没有 BVS 置入后长期抗血小板治疗的理论证据, 但根据其他研究者和目前治疗常规, 所有患者均需终身服用 >75 mg / 日的阿司匹林和至少 12 个月的氯吡格雷 (75 mg / 天 )/ 替格瑞洛 (90 mg bid/ 天 ) 或普拉格雷 (10 mg / 天 ) 治疗 患者随访 临床数据在术后 30 天 1 年和 2 年的医院就诊记录或电话随访收集 血管造影随访仅在症状复发或者无创检查可诱发出 [10] 心肌缺血时执行 临床事件的定义依据学术研究共识而定 研究终点 主要终点是器械相关的复合终点, 包括心脏死亡 靶血管心肌梗死 缺血驱动的靶病变血运重建 次要终点是患者相关的复合终点, 包括各种原因导致的死亡, 所有心肌再梗死和所有血运重建 此外, 我们也对器械相关复合终点和患者相关复合终点中的独立事件 及确定或者可能的 BVS 支架内血栓进行分析 手术成功定义为残余狭窄 <30% 且无住院期间患者相关 复合终点事件 方法 患者 数据收集及操作过程 尽管 BVS 治疗 ISR 超出制造商的说明书, 我们对意大利 7 个中心接受 BVS 治疗 ISR 的患者进行前瞻性分析 这项研究遵循赫尔辛基宣言, 并且获得所有患者的知情同意 BVS 的主要特性其他文章已有描述 [8] 这项研究入选了所有接受 BVS 治疗的原位冠脉和 / 或桥血管 DES-ISR 或 BMS-ISR( 支架内或支架边缘 5 mm 内直径狭窄 >50%) 植入 BVS 还是应用新一代 DES 或 DEB 由术者根据以下情况决定, 例如病变的解剖 ( 靶病变近端是否存在弯曲或严重钙化 ) 血管直径( 靶病变的参考血管直径范围为 2.3 mm~3.7 mm 且无严重血栓负荷 ) 和临床特征 ( 不存在严 血管造影分析 定量冠状动脉造影由一个专门人员使用自动边缘检测法进行分析 在每个病变中, 主要分析支架本身和支架边缘近端和远端 5 mm 内的冠状动脉节段 所测量的参数为 : 参考血管直径 最小管腔直径和直径狭窄百分比, 急性回缩百分比被定义为球囊最高压力扩张时的直径和球囊扩张后支架节段平均管腔直径的百分比 再狭窄率被定义为狭窄大于管腔直径的 50% [11] 统计分析 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检测用于数据分布的正态性检验 连续变量由平均值 ±SD 表达 患者的临床 超声心动图 血管造影或操作相关资料的比较采用 T 检验方法或者 Wilcoxon 秩和

13 生物可吸收支架治疗支架内再狭窄 Moscarella 等 14 检验 ( 连续变量 ), 或者卡方检验 ( 分类变量 ) 生存分析中, 没有经历终点事件的将被删失 危险比和 95% 可信区间以 BMS-ISR 组为参照 如果有一组的事件率为 0, 将不计算危险比, 而只比较两组的事件率 所有分析均由 SPSS 20.0 版本软件分析, 所报告的 P 值均为双侧 当 P < 0.05 时被认为有统计学显著意义 结果 从 2012 年 4 月 ~ 2014 年 6 月, 一共有 116 例患者 (127 个病变 ) 接受 BVS 治疗 ISR 临床基线和患者特征按 BMS 和 DES 类型进行分组 ( 表 1) 血管造影资料在表 2 描述 病变类型中大多数为 DES-ISR(78,61.6%), 且有 35(27.7%) 例为复发病例 ( 已接受过 DES 或者 DEB 治疗 ) 根据 Mehran 分类法,81 例为弥漫性 ISR(63.8%),46 例为 ISR(36.2%) 靶病变长度为 28.18±15.44 mm, 平均使用 1.4±0.6 个 BVS( 长度为 34.9±18.4 mm) DES 与 BMS 组的定量造影数据没有差异 50 例患者需要 BVS 重叠 ( 占 39.4%) 3 例患者须 BVS 与 DES 重叠 (2.4%) 和 1 例须使用 DEB(0.8%), 其主要原因在于血管大小不适合 BVS BVS 急性回缩程度平均为 0.13 mm±0.13 mm [12] (3.92±4.09%), 与其应用在冠脉原位病变时类似 手术资料描述于表 3 表 1. 患者基线数据 再狭窄类型 No. 患者例数人口学特征 年龄,y, 均值 ±SD 男性,n (%) 体重指数,kg/m 2, 均数 ± SD 心血管危险因素, n(%) 高血压高脂血症糖尿病 IDDM 吸烟史 心脏病史,n (%) 心梗史搭桥史 临床特征 外周血管病,n(%) LV 射血分数, 均数 ±SD 慢性肾病 (egfr<60 ml/min), n (%) 卒中史,n (%) COPD,n (%) 临床表现,n (%) 总数 值 稳定型 数据显示为均数 ±SD 或例数 :n(%);bms, 金属裸支架 ;CAD, 冠心病 ;COPD, 慢性阻塞性肺病 ;DES, 药物洗脱支架 ; egfr, 估计肾小球滤过率 ;IDDM, 胰岛素依赖糖尿病 ;ISR 支架内再狭窄 ;LV, 左心室 ;NSTEMI, 非 ST 段抬高心肌梗死 ;STEMI,ST 段抬高心肌梗死 ; UA, 不稳定心绞痛