穨plagiarism2

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1 1999: 623, 649 plagiarism Peter Berger 1991 Invitation to Sociology 1 "Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium." 1 (indented form). 1

2 Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them. Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. Where human beings live or work in primary groups, very potent and subtle mechanisms of control are brought to bear upon the deviant members. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule and gossip. In primary groups, in which people knows each other personally, deviants (actual or potential) are restrained by delicate mechanisms of social control, including persuasion, ridicule, gossip, opprobrium, etc. bibliography Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them. "Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium" (Berger 1991:87). [ ] Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them. According to Berger, [ ] "Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium" (1991:87). [ ] : Where human beings live or work in... primary groups,... very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon the... deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium (Berger 1991:87). 2

3 In primary groups, in which people knows each other personally, deviants (actual and potential) are restrained by delicate mechanisms of social control, including persuasion, ridicule, gossip, opprobrium, etc. (Berger 1991:87). Berger Berger, Peter. (1991). Invitation to Sociology. London: Penguin

4 : : (point-form) "The European powers acquired colonies for a number of reasons: 1. Colonial possessions added to the political influence and power of the parent country and provided sites for military bases. 2. Most Westerners also saw colonialism as a civilizing enterprise, helping upgrade native peoples from their "primitive" conditions There was an important economic motive. From the early years of Western expansion, food, raw materials and other goods were taken from the colonized areas to full western economic development... " (Giddens 1993:529-30) i) The European powers acquired colonies for 1) economic expansion; 2) exercise of political influence; 3) civilization of the "native" people. 4

5 ii) The colonization of "primitive" societies by Europe serves several purposes: economic expansion, exercise of political influence and civilization of the "native" peoples. (terms) (concepts) Hospitals are total institutions, the public access to which is strictly denied. Hospitals are what Goffman calls "total institutions", which is "symbolized by the barrier to social intercourse with the outside " (Goffman 1968:15-16). Hospitals are, in Goffman's famous term, total institutions, the public access to which is strictly denied (Goffman 1968:19-16). (supreme being) : :

6 Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government for provision of social welfare, and this accounts for the political apathy of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong. Society and Politics in Hong Kong According to Lau (1982), Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government for provision of social welfare, and their accounts for the political apathy of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong. Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government for provision of social welfare, and their accounts for the political apathy of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong (Lau 1982). (facts) (research findings) 58 agreements guaranteeing paid holidays had been signed by the unions in Britain in By mid- 20's there were percent of the labour-force who receive paid holidays (Urry 1990:27). Thomas T. P. Wong and Lui Tai- lok 1992 "When asked if they feel themselves belonging to a class, 79% of our respondents said 'yes'; 19 said 'no', and only 2% answered 'don't know'." Wong and Lui (1992:26) demonstrate that near 80% of their respondents feel themselves belonging to a class. (academic journal) 6

7 "In countries where the religiously orthodox differ from modernists in their economic beliefs, the orthodox are far more likely to be to the left of modernists than to be right" (Davis and Robinson 1999:1653). American Journal of Sociology Davis, Nancy J. and Robert Robinson. (1999). "Their Brothers' Keepers? Orthodox, Religionists, Modernists, and Economic Justice in Europe" American Journal of Sociology 104(6): " " ( ) (1983) (religious orthodoxy) (economic individualism) We will measure religious orthodoxy and economic individualism according to the indices as used by Davis and Robinson (1999:1865). i) The review concluded that triad societies... had degenerated from strictly controlled and politically motivated organizations to loose-knit gangs of criminals (South China Morning Post ). (quoted from Ng 1991:23) ii) ( 1995:2 i) South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. (quoted from Ng 1991:32) ii) < > < > < > 1999:39 7

8 (Clifford 1988:58-60). 1995:21 Clifford, Mark. (1988). "Filling for Divorce" and "Playing the Game" Far Eastern Economic Review. 140(16): " " i) (Census and Statistics Department, 1997) 1997:22 ii) iii) 1997:1 p :3 p.30 Census and Statistics Department (1997). Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics: Hong Kong: Government Printer. (1997) 1996:2, 4 8

9 p.36 ii) And although in 1993 world trade experienced a downturn, in it continued to grow at rates over 4% (World bank 1995). quoted from Castells:84 World bank. (1995). World Development Report, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. quoted from Castells:531 (Table and Figure) (sources) i) Source: GATT (1994). Castells 1996:84 9

10 ii) Source: Kuleshov (1994). Castells 1996:138 10

11 iii) : Sources: SOPEMI/OECD; elaborated by Stalker (1994). Castells 1996:233 11

12 ( (1997) Bibliography English Titles Berger, Peter (1991). Invitation to Sociology. London: Penguin. Giddens, Anthony (1993). Sociology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. Goffman, Erving (1968). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Immates. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. Lau, Siu-kai (1982). Society and Politics in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. Urry, John (1990). The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage Publications. Wong, Thomas T.P. and Lui Tai- lok. (1992). From One Brand of Politics to One Brand of Political Culture. Hong Kong: occasional paper no.10. Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Davis, Nancy J. and Robert Robinson. (1999). "Their Brothers' Keepers? Orthodox Religionists, Modernists, and Economic Justice in Europe" American Journal of Sociology 104(6): Castells, Manuel. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell publishers. Ng-Quinn, Michael. (1991). Bureaucratic Response to Political change: Theoretical use of the Typical Case of the Hong Kong Police. Hong Kong: occasional paper no.2. Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong. SC/plagiarism/

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HK_Christian_Poverty

HK_Christian_Poverty [1] [2] [3] 1. 1991 190,788 3,999 12% [4] 4,800 9,000 14.9% [5] 652,000 11.7% [6] Engel Index Engel Curve [7] inflection point [8] 1999 2000 28% 449,000 [9] 1994 1995 15.5% [10] 1998 1,093,000 16.3% [11]

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穨plagiarism2