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1 Chapter 4 The Basic Structure of Cells Summary Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/1 Table 1: About microscope (Section 4.2) Microscopes Containing only one lens are called simple microscopes Containing at least two lenses are called compound microscopes Table 2: A comparison of low power and high power magnification (Section 4.2) Low power High power Magnification power Smaller Greater Details of the specimen Less More Field of view Larger Smaller Image brightness Brighter Dimmer Table 3: Basic structure of animal cells (Section 4.3; Figs.4.8 and 4.9) Structure Description Function Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus A thin, elastic layer on the outer surface of the cell Has tiny pores (selectively permeable) A flexible, jelly-like substance with small granules contain glycogen and small vacuoles contain dissolved substances A kind of organelle within the cytoplasm (rod-like) A dense and spherical structure in the cytoplasm Surrounded by a nuclear membrane Contains thread-like structures called chromosomes Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell The site for main activities of the cell Involved in the release of energy from the breakdown of food in respiration Controls the normal activities of the cell Controls the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus Carry genetic materials which determine the characteristics of an organism 1

2 Table 4: Basic structure of plant cells (Section 4.3; Figs and 4.12) Structure Description Function Cell wall Chloroplasts Vacuole Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus A thick and rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane (mainly composed of cellulose) A kind of organelle Contain chlorophyll Oval structures found inside the cytoplasm A large central cavity surrounded by a membrane and is filled with the cell sap Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/2 Presence of relatively large pores enables large molecules to pass through Gives the cell a definite shape Protects the delicate structures inside the cell Absorbs light energy for generating food by photosynthesis Stores photosynthetic products in form of starch grains Stores various substances, including water, food, pigments, enzymes and wastes Same functions as in animal cells Same functions as in animal cells Same functions as in animal cells Same functions as in animal cells Table 5: Similarities between animal cells and plant cells (Section 4.3) Animal cells and plant cells Both possess cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane Both possess mitochondria Both possess a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane Table 6: Differences between animal cells and plant cells (Section 4.3) Animal cells Do not have a cell wall Usually irregular in shape Have small or no vacuoles Do not have chloroplasts Usually have glycogen granules Nucleus usually at the centre of the cell Plant cells Have a cellulose cell wall Usually regular in shape Usually have a large central vacuole Most have chloroplasts Usually have starch grains Nucleus usually at the edge of the cell 2

3 Table 7: Levels of organization (Section 4.4) Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/3 Level Description Example Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Cell is the basic unit of structure and functions Classified into unicellular (e.g. Amoeba and bacteria) and multicellular In multicellular organisms, different types of cells have different shapes and sizes, and are specialized for particular functions; show a division of labour and work in a coordinated way Cells of the same type are associated to carry out a particular function Different types of tissues are grouped together to perform a more complicated function Different organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular process All body s work together in a coordinated way to form an integrated organism Muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells, epidermal cells, root hair cells Bones, muscles, nerves, vascular tissues, parenchyma, epidermis Heart, eyes, ears, leaves, flowers Digestive, muscular, transport Table 8: Levels of organization in a multicellular organism (Section 4.4) Different levels of organization in a multicellular organism Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Table 9: Technological developments of the microscope (Extension Study) (Section 4.5) Equipment A hand lens or a dissection microscope A light microscope An electron microscope Magnification can magnify an object about 10 to 20 times can magnify an object up to times can magnify an object up to times Table 10: Cell theory (Extension Study) (Section 4.5) In cell theory The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things There are many different types of cells but they are similar in their basic structure 3

4 Glossary Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/4 cell 細胞 77 the basic structural unit of organism; consists of a mass of cell content including various organelles and cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane, plant and bacterial cells are also enclosed by a rigid cell wall dissection microscope 解剖顯微鏡 78 a microscope with low magnification; used for observing dissected organisms body tube 鏡筒 79 a part of the microscope; separates the eyepiece and the objective at a fixed distance; can be adjusted upwards and downwards for focusing eyepiece 接目鏡 79 a part of the microscope; mounted on top of the body tube; with a convex lens inside for magnification objective 接物鏡 79 A part of the microscope; consists of a convex lens with magnifying power; mounted onto the nosepiece coarse adjustment knob 粗調節器 80 a part of the microscope; used for raising or lowering the body tube in a greater degree for rough focusing condenser 聚光器 80 a part of the microscope; made up of a set of lenses; provides uniform lighting on the specimen fine adjustment knob 微調節器 80 a part of the microscope used for raising or lowering the body tube in a smaller degree for sharp focusing mirror 反光鏡 80 a part of the microscope; reflects light from a light source onto the stage nosepiece 換鏡轉盤 80 a part of the microscope, carries the objectives; with a disc that can be rotated to bring a particular objective under the body tube stage 載物台 80 a part of the microscope, holds the slide in position by clips; the hole at the centre allows light to reach the specimen 4 生物的基本構造單位, 由大量細胞物質如不同的細胞器和細胞質所組成, 外有一層細胞膜包圍 ; 植物和部分細菌的細胞外層更有一層堅硬的細胞壁包圍放大倍數較低的顯微鏡, 用以觀察已解剖的細小生物顯微鏡的一部分, 把接目鏡和接物鏡分隔至一定距離, 對焦時可隨意調整高度顯微鏡的一部分, 安裝在鏡筒的頂部, 內有一凸透鏡, 用以把物件放大顯微鏡的一部分, 安裝在換鏡轉盤上, 內有具放大能力的凸透鏡顯微鏡的一部分, 能以較大幅度地提升或降低鏡筒作粗略聚焦顯微鏡的一部分, 由一組鏡片組成, 負責把平均的光線聚集在樣本上以較小的幅度提升或降下鏡筒, 以把影像聚焦得更為清晰顯微鏡的一部分, 把來自光源的光線反射到載物台上顯微鏡的一部分, 裝有接物鏡, 有一個能夠轉動的圓盤, 藉以把特定的接物鏡移到鏡筒之下顯微鏡的一部分, 有夾, 以固定玻片的位置 ; 光線可透過中央的孔到達樣本上

5 Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/5 diaphragm 光欄 81 a part of the microscope; regulates the amount of light entering the condenser inclination joint 傾斜關節 81 a part of the microscope; allows tilting of the microscope for easy observation cell membrane 細胞膜 70, 87 thin, selectively permeable membrane covering the surface of all cells, mainly made up of fatty acids, proteins and cholesterol chromosome 染色體 87 thread-like structures visible in the nucleus of a cell during cell division, containing the hereditary information of the cell cytoplasm 細胞質 70, 87 living matter of the cell bounded by the cell membrane, except the nucleus mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) nuclear membrane 線粒體 87, 178 organelle in the cytoplasm of cells; the major site of production of ATP in respiration 核膜 87 a perforated, envelope shaped membrane that surrounds the genetic information inside the nucleus nucleus 細胞核 23, 87 a circular or oval organelle present in eukaryotic cells and it contains heredity materials in the form of chromosomes organelle 細胞器 23, 87 A specialized part of the protoplasm which performs a particular function selectively permeable 選透性 87 allows only certain substances to pass through, to describe the nature of membranous structure which possesses small pores over the surface vacuole 液泡 87, 89 a membrane-bounded cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, filled with a fluid containing water, dissolved food and gases chromatin 染色質 88 thin thread-like material inside the nucleus, chromatin is transformed into chromosome during cell division 顯微鏡的一部分, 調節進入聚光器的光線的多少顯微鏡的一部分 ; 將整座顯微鏡傾斜地設置, 以便觀察樣本覆蓋細胞表面的一層選透性薄膜, 可在所有細胞中找到, 主要由脂肪酸蛋白質和膽固醇組成在細胞分裂期間, 細胞核內肉眼可見的線狀構造, 含細胞的遺傳資料在細胞膜包圍以內的所有有生命的物質, 但不包括細胞核細胞質內的一種細胞器, 是呼吸作用中產成 ATP 的主要位置佈滿細孔如套般的薄膜, 包圍細胞核中心的遺傳資料真核細胞中呈圓形或橢圓形的細胞器, 內藏帶有遺傳物質的染色體原生質內的專門部分, 負責進行某種特定功能只讓某些物質通過, 形容佈滿細孔的膜狀構造的性質在細胞的細胞質中, 被膜包圍的空間, 內藏的液體含有水已溶的氣體及食物等細胞核內的幼線狀物質, 細胞分裂期間, 染色質轉成染色體 5

6 Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/6 cell sap 細胞液 89 the liquid contained within the vacuole of plant cell; it is a solution of small organic molecules in water cell wall 細胞壁 89 a rigid, non-living layer outside the cell membrane of plant cell, mainly made up of cellulose chlorophyll 葉綠素 89, 143 chloroplast 葉綠體 89, 152 pigment 色素 89, 154 the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy to carry out photosynthesis the organelle in plant cells containing chlorophyll the natural colouring matter in the cells of organisms vacuole 液泡 87, 89 a membrane-bounded cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, filled with a fluid containing water, dissolved food and gases epidermis 表皮 96, 167 the outermost layer of cells in plants or animals parenchyma 薄壁組織 96 soft plant tissue that composed of cells that have thin wall, large vacuole and are not well differentiated; for storing food or acts as loose connective tissues tissue 組織 96 a group of similar cells which work together to perform a special function vascular tissue 維管組織 28, 96 composed of xylem and phloem in plants, extend from the roots through the stem to other parts of the plant body; in some plants, there is a thin layer of cambium separating the xylem and phloem organ 器官 97 a structure consisting of several tissues which work together to perform a particular function circulatory 循環系統 98 the body consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood that circulates blood throughout the body; delivers nutrients and other essential materials to cells, and removes waste products 植物細胞內液泡中的液體 ; 是細子的有機分子溶於水中的溶液植物細胞中, 細胞膜外面的一層無生命的堅韌組織, 主要由纖維素組成植物中吸收光能來進行光合作用的綠色色素植物細胞中的細胞器, 內含葉綠素生物身體細胞中天然的有色的物質在細胞的細胞質中, 被膜包圍的空間, 內藏的液體含有水已溶的氣體及食物等動植物身體表面, 由細胞組成的最外層由薄壁有大液泡及未完全分化的活細胞組成的柔軟植物組織 ; 負責儲藏食物或作為鬆散的結締組織由一組相似的細胞組成, 各細胞並合作進行某種特定功能由植物的木質部和韌皮部組成, 從根部經莖伸延至植物的其他部分 ; 在一些植物中, 維管束內有一層薄薄的形成層, 分隔開木質部和韌皮部由多個組織組成, 彼此合作進行某種特定功能由心臟血管和血液組成的身體系統, 負責把血液循環輸送至全身, 把營養素和其他有用物質帶到細胞, 以及運走廢物 6

7 Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/7 digestive endocrine excretory muscular 消化系統 98 where digestive activities occur; food are broken down into molecular level for absorption; digestive, consists of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus 內分泌系統 98 a collection of glands in certain areas of the body, which produce hormones that control the normal physical and mental development of the bodies of mammals 排泄系統 98 a group of organs work together to excrete wastes out of the body 肌肉系統 98 the body that is composed of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue; functions include movement of the body or of materials through the body, maintenance of posture, and production of heat nervous 神經系統 98 the body that is composed of electrically active cells, sending signals (impulses) through nerves, to co-ordinate the activities within an animal and with the environment outside reproductive respiratory 生殖系統 98 the body of sex organs, sex glands and associated ducts concerned with reproduction 呼吸系統 98 the body responsible for carrying out gas exchange between the body and the surrounding, includes the nose, the lungs and various air passages in mammals skeletal 骨骼系統 98 body in vertebrates, consists of bones and joints that give posture of the body; coordinates with muscular to allow movement 系統 98 a group of organs which work together to perform a particular function 消化活動發生的場所, 食物被分解至簡單的分子層次, 以供吸收 ; 消化系統包括口食道胃小腸大腸和直腸, 最後是肛門由位於哺乳動物身體各部位的腺體構成, 腺體產生激素, 以控制動物的生理和心理的正常發展包括一組器官, 器官共同合作把廢物從身體中排走由骨骼肌平滑肌和心肌組織組成的身體系統, 負責帶動身體的移動讓物質在體內循環流動保持身體的姿勢及產生熱由不斷地發生電荷轉變的細胞所組成的物體系統, 以神經傳送訊息 ( 神經脈衝 ), 去協調動物體內, 與及其與體外環境之間的一切活動身體系統之一, 由與生殖作用有關的性器官腺體與其相關的導管構成身體系統之一, 負責在生物身體與四周之間進行氣體交換, 在哺乳動物中包括鼻肺及氣道脊椎動物的身體系統之一, 由骨和關節組成, 讓身體能做出不同的姿勢, 並與肌肉系統協調, 使身體能夠活動由一系列器官組成, 各器官合作進行某種特定功能 7

8 Bk1Ch04 Basic Structure of Cells/8 cell theory 細胞學說 99 the generalization that all living things are composed of cells and cell products, that new cells are formed from pre-existing cells, that there are fundamental similarities of all cells, and that the activity of an organism is the sum of the activities and interactions of its cell units Robert Hooke 虎克 99 a British scientist in the 17th century; found the first cell in a thin piece of cork under simple microscope electron microscope scanning electron microscope Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 電子顯微鏡 100 a modern microscope, can magnify images by several thousands times, by firing electrons at the specimen, the resultant consequence of these electrons produces an observable image of false colour 掃描電子顯微鏡 100 an electron microscope that forms a three-dimensional image on a cathode-ray tube by moving a beam of focused electrons across an object and reading both the electrons scattered by the object and the secondary electrons produced by it 列文虎克 101 a Dutchman ( ); observed and produced the first drawings for bacteria, protozoa, fungi and sperm cells 歸納指出所有生物均由細胞和細胞產物構成, 新的細胞由現存的細胞所形成, 並指出所有細胞均具基本的相似之處, 而生物的活動乃其細胞單位的活動與相互關係的總和十七世紀的英國科學家, 首位使用簡單顯微鏡, 觀察到軟木薄片細胞的科學家能把影像放大至數以萬倍的新式顯微鏡, 運作示理是把電子投射到樣本, 產生的放大影像的顏色與樣本真實的顏色不同掃描電子顯微鏡用聚焦的電子束掃過物件, 根據物件所散射的電子, 與所產生的次級電子記錄讀數, 再於陰極射線管顯示器上形成三維 ( 立體 ) 的影像荷蘭人 ( ); 首次在觀察細菌原生生物真菌和精子細胞後製作有關繪圖 8

Microsoft PowerPoint - 1.2细菌形态结构

Microsoft PowerPoint - 1.2细菌形态结构细菌的形态与结构 Bacteria: Morphology and Structure 2008 年 9 月刘树林北京大学医学部病原生物学系病理楼 334 室电话 :82802961, 传真 :82802961, slliu@ucalgary.ca 1 细菌的定义 Definition of Bacteria 细菌属于地球