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1 BIBLID (2000)18: pp ** morphology phonemics * ** 1 morphology form 61

2 62 2 Bloomfield 3 syntax word phrase inflection derivation compounding reduplication morphological lexeme compound non-compositional 2 Aronoff 1983: Bloomfield 1933:

3 63 stress sandhi phonetic modification koa n5 lang 5 koa n5 lang 5 4 lexical integrity 5 * * exocentric head word-internal syntax word-external syntax Douglas Postal 1969, Huang a

4 64 san 1 -sui 2 soa n1 chui 2 Hockett 1954 Item and Arrangement IA Item and Process IP IA IP Word and Paradigm WP 8 inflectional paradigm word morpheme Baudouin de Courtenay 9 root affix Beard 1995 Separation hypothesis 10 WP 11 IA IP WP Morpheme-based approach Lexemebased approach 8 Robins 1959 Aronoff 1976 Matthews 1982 Anderson Stankiewicz ed. 1972: 135, Vendryes 1921: 86 sémantèmes morphèmes Beard

5 65. lexeme free morpheme 12 phrase bound 13 form substance 14 c55 c33 minimal pair phoneme distinctive morphophonemic alternants c55 c c 33 c c c c c c 12 Bloomfield 1933: 178 word the minimum of free word b. Sproat and Shih de Saussure 1959: 113

6 66 allomorph c55 c33 c toneme morphophoneme bak 8 bok 8 bak 8 X bok 8 gan 2 bak 8 bok 8 bak 8 kng 115 gan 2 kng 1 bak 8 siek 4 gan 2 siek 4 bak 8 chien 5 gan 2 chien 5 bound morpheme chronological strata c c c 15

7 67 16 productivity functional load 17 -ng- choan 5 chng 5 choan 5 chng 5 chap 8 chng 5 chhun 1 chhoan 1 chhng 1 chhun 1 chhoan 1 chhng 1 chhoan 1 chhng 1 chng 1 internal reconstruction 18 affixation demorphologization 16 Wang and Lien Lien in press 17 Martinet Downer 1959 Jaxontov Baxter and Sagart 1997

8 68 derivation compounding reduplication homophony 19 synthetic analytic Bloomfield 1939 external or syntactic sandhi internal sandhi or morphophonemics morpholexical variation Bloomfield a 2 19 Chmielewski 1949

9 69 1 sam + a a ma/m 2 in + a a na/n 3 ha + a a a/ 4 ap + a a ba/p 5 ts at + a a la/t 20 6 tek + a a ga/k V CV C coda V C V/VC _ 21 morphophoneme ma na a ba la ga e morphophonemic alternant complementary distribution 22 morphophonological morpholexical d *d l : 25-28, Chiang Trubetzkoy morphophonological rules morpholexical rules Kiparsky 1996

10 70 phonology morphology lexicon semantics syntax phoneme morpheme lexeme sememe taxeme 24 Martinet 1960 primary articulation secondary articulation distinctive 25 a a 2 isolation tone a 2 combination tone 26 kim chun tho phau Matthews 1991: lexical phonology Kiparsky 1982

11 71 kau thiau hioh tek diminutive suffix empty morpheme + term of address + giek 8 giok 8 giok 8 giek 8 giok 8 + giek tone sandhi affixation lexicon real potential blocking phonotactics portmanteau /pia / accidental gap 29 Pinker Aronoff 1976

12 72 31 * 32 word-internal syntax argument structure conceptual structure +V V +V+ external argument internal argument externalize head Aronoff and Anshen Anderson Selkirk 1982 Lieber 1992 Tang 1994

13 73 cognitive affective empty morpheme 35 interlocutor speaker addressee pragmatic 36 creativity context alligator shoe Lees Downing Spencer and Zwicky 1998 eds.

14 74 Isaendo. B. N 1958a Isaendo. B. N 1958b V *s Anderson, Stephen R A-morphous morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aronoff, Mark Word formation in generative grammar. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 1. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Aronof, Mark A decade of morphology and word Formation. Annual Review of Anthroplogy 12: Aronoff, Markand Frank Anshen Morphology and the lexicon: lexical-

15 75 ization and productivity. The handbook of morphology. Andrew Spencer and Arnold M. Zwicky eds., Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd. Baxter, William H. and Laurent Sagart Word formation in Old Chinese. New approaches to Chinese word formation. Jerome L. Packard ed., Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Beard, Robert Lexeme-morpheme base morphology: A general theory of inflecion and word formation. Albany: State University of New York Press. Bloomfield, L Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Bloomfield, L Menomini morphphonemics. Etudes phonologiques dédiées à la memoire de N.S. Trubetzkoy. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 8: Chiang, Wen-yu The prosodic morphology and phonology of affixation in Taiwanese and other Chinese languages. University of Delaware: Ph.D. dissertation. Chmielewski, J The typological evolution of the Chinese language. Rocznik Oreintaliztyczny. Tom 25: de Saussure, Ferdinand Course de general linguistics, translated by W. Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library. Douglas, Rev. Cartairs Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. London: Trubner and Co. Downer, G.B Derivation by tone-change in Classical Chinese. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 22: Downing, Pamela On the creation and use of English compound nouns. Language 53: Hockett, Charles F Two models of grammatical descriptions. Word 10: Huang, C.-T. James Phrase structure, lexical integrity, and Chinese compounds. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 19:

16 76 Jaxontov, ˆ ˆ Sergej Evgen evic Consonant combinations in Archaic Chinese. Papers presented by the USSR delegation at the 25 th International Congress of Orientalists. Moscow: Oriental Literature Publishing House. Kiparsky, Paul Lexical phonology and morphology. Linguistics in the Morning Calm. ed. by Linguistic Society of Korea, Seoul: Hanshin. Kiparsky, Paul Allomorph or morphophonology? Trubetzkoy s Orphan. Proceedings of the Montreal Roundtable Morphonology: Contemporary Responses. Rajendra Singh and Richard Desrochers eds Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Lees, R. B. Lees Problems in the grammatical analysis of English nominal compounds. Progress in linguistics. M. Bierwisch and K. E. Heidolph, The Hague: Mouton. Lieber, Rochelle Deconstructing morphology: word formation in syntactic theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lien, Chinfa. In press. Competing morphological changes in Taiwanese Southern Min. Sinitic grammar: synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Hilary Chappell ed.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Martinet, André Function, structure and sound change. Word 8: Martinet, André Eléments de linguistique générale. Paris: Armand Colin. Matthews, P. H Inflectional morphology: A theoretical study of Latin verb conjugation. Reprinted. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Matthews, P. H Morphology: An introduction to the theory of word-structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pinker, Steven Words and rules. Lingua 106: Postal, P.M Anaphoric island. Papers from the 5 th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society Robins, R. H In defense of WP. Transactions of the Philological Society Selkirk, Elizabeth The syntax of words. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Spencer, Andrew and Arnold M. Zwicky eds The handbook of mor-

17 77 phology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd. Sproat, Richard and Chilin Shih A corpus-based analysis of Mandarin nominal root compound. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5: Stankiewicz, Eward ed A Baudouin de Courtenay anthology: The beginning of structural linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Tang, Tingchi On the relatioin between word-syntax and sentence-syntax: A case study of Chinese compound verbs. In honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary studies of language and language change. Mattew Chen and Ovid Tzeng eds., Taipei: Pyramid Press. Trubetzkoy, N.S Sur la morphophonologie. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 1: Vendryes, Joseph La langage: Introduction linguistique à l histoire. Paris: Michel. Wang, William S-Y and Chinf Lien Bidirectional diffusion in sound change. Historical linguistics: problems and prospectives. Charles Jones ed., London: Longman Group Ltd.

18 78 Exploring Morphological Issues Chinfa Lien Abstract This paper explores such morphological issues as the demarcation line between words and phrases, models of morphological analysis, the distinction between phonemes and morphophonemes, the relationship between morphology and typological evolution in Chinese, the distinction between morphophoneme and morpholexical variation, and the interaction between morphology and other components in the linguistic system. Key Words: morphology, morphophoneme, morphological analysis, typological evolution, morpholexical variation

A B A B S + V + Pt or Complement + Num-MP + O a b SVO c 2 9 * 10 * X Y

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