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2 4 10 4, Mauna Kea 120 Tharsis 4, Hellas Basin 2, ,500 73,000

3 2003 CP AU 0.983AU Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research project LINEAR Boomerang Nebula cosmic microwave background radiation 3K Chen Long 1996 CCD

4 NASA D Chicxulub crater Morgan 70% Cassini spacecraft The Great Dark Spot ) Olympus Mons Tahirih Motazedian HETE 33 GRB gamma-ray burst GRB GRB GRB Chandra X-ary Observatory Center, ESA Science, Space Telescope Science Institute, NASA Space Science, Nature, Science, Spaceflight Now, 5

5 Viking 1984 Alan Hills ALH ALH Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Deep Space I Dr. Nick Hoffman Astrobiology dead planet chaotic terrain 6

6 Ptolemaic System Ptolemy Nicholas Copernicus, Domenico da Novara, Copernican System 7

7 Minor Planet Center 8

8 Trojan War stable Lagrange points 12 4 K02W18T LULIN1 4 9

9 18 Titius-Bode Giuseppe Piazzi( ) ( 1 Ceres ) ( 2 Pollas ) ( 3 Juno ) 40, AU 2.2AU ~

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13 , Meeus AU Meeus 73, AU AU 73, AU AU AU 1. Jean Meeus, 1983, Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, 1st edition, William-Bell Inc. 2. Jean Meeus, 2002, More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, 1st edition, William-Bell Inc. 3. Paul Raeburn, 1998, Uncovering the secrets of the red planet: Mars, 1st edition, The National Geographic Society 14

14 Mariner 4 Ares 2 Mars 2 Phobos fear Deimos panic Mars Pathfinder 1997 Mars Jupiter Juno Mars Global Surveyor Romulus Remus Mars 1976 Viking 20 Mars Vesta Odyssey March Lowell 15

15 Velles Marineris volcano Mount Everest

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17 18 Reference: mirrors/apod/image/0106/allmars mola_big.gif image/olympus.gif ~astrolab/mirrors/apod/image/9906/ tharsisvols_mgs_big.jpg gov/mep/science/vm.html mirrors/apod/image/0112/spmars_mgs_big.jpg mirrors/apod/image/0210/marsgullies42_mgs_big.jpg /mars_duststorm_big.jpg

18 1877 G.V. Schiaparelli, Canali P. Lowell,

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20 7, % 3 % 1-2 % Viking 1, Mars Global Surveyor

21 ( Mars Odyssey ) Mars Pathfinder

22 ~17 25" " " " AU 55,756, ,

23 SEEING " ,000 25" W47 W25 W23A W58 W64 W38 W80A W47 W25 W23A 15 W ~ 25 SCT MAK 24

24 Wratten (W12, W15),. (W21, W23A) (W25, W29) - (W57) - (W64) (W80A, W38, W38A) W46, W47) (W30, W32),,.,,,.,,,..,,,,,. W47 (blue clearing). A.L.P.O. (Association of Lunar &.,,. Planetary Observer Wratten 25

25 1300 x Giovanni Schiaparelli E. M. Antoniadi 1990 Syrtis Major Solis Lacus Elysium Sinus Sabaeus- Meridiani W38 W80A Orographic clouds Mon Olympus Tharsis W Elysium Discrete clouds Libya Chryse Hellas ( Libya Syrtis Major Syrtis Major Syrtis Major 1950 ALPO Syrtis Major 1990 Morning clouds Solis Lacus Elysium( Trivium-Cerberus Evening clouds 26

26 A.L.P.O Mare Regio blue clearing Marineris Pons Lacus Promontorium Sinus Cornu Violet Portus Insula clearing Fretum Mons albedo Palus Nix Depressio Fons 0 3 Lucus W47 Aquae Silva Nodus Wratten 80A 1986 Mare Sirenum Mare Cimmerium W nm 27

27 Invited Article The South African Astronomical Observatory is the premier optical/near infrared astronomical observatory on the African continent. It is one of five national facilities operated by the South African National Research Foundation for the benefit of South African and international scientists. This article presents a brief overview of the history and current developments of this Observatory. The Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope SAAO's history begins with the founding of the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope in the first scientific institute in sub-saharan Africa. The Observatory was originally established to determine precise positions of stars for navigational purposes. At the time, there was a real need for accurate stellar positions in the South- SAAO ern hemisphere, and on October 20, 1820 the British Admiralty received an instruction from the King 'to cause an observatory to be erected at the Cape of Good Hope...', thus establishing the first permanent modern observatory in Africa. The astronomer charged with accomplishing this task was the Reverend Fearon Fallows, a brilliant young Cambridge mathematician, astronomer and clergyman who The South African Astronomical Observatory Peter Martinez & Dave Laney Translated by An-Le Chen 28

28 had studied books on mathematics while working at his father's loom. Fallows began his observations of the southern stars from a wooden hut. His results from these early observations appeared as a catalogue of 273 'principal fixed Stars' in the 1824 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Though intended as a first rough effort, Fallows' positions for southern stars were at least as good as any others readily available at the time. In the mean time, work commenced on the building to house the Royal Observatory, and it was completed in star (other than the Sun) could be calculated. The slight shifts he measured in the position of Alpha Centauri amounted to about one five thousandth of a degree. To achieve this accuracy at the Cape in 1833 with a mural circle in serious need of repair required both skill and determination. Henderson Fallows Henderson SAAO In the 19th century, the most notable astronomer at the Cape was Sir David Gill. When Gill first arrived, he Fearon Fallows found an observatory with limited, aging equipment, so poorly maintained that bees were taking over one wing of Fallows the main building. When he left, the observatory was investigating the physical nature of stars with large modern (1901) refractors. His quadrupled staff included ladies to Fallows measure photographic plates, West African 'Kroomen' and specialist experts on double stars and on spectroscopy (the art of estimating chemical composition, temperature, 1828 etc. from the intensities of the rainbow colours of a spectrum). Early work with the spectroscope at the Cape Fallows' successor, Henderson published a catalogue identified silicon, oxygen and europium in stars. In 1907, of the principal southern stars of an accuracy equal to that the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope was the of the best observatories in the northern hemisphere, and finest observatory in the southern hemisphere. Gill's ultramodern Reversible Transit Circle proved so reliable and which set sidereal astronomy in the southern hemisphere on a firm footing. Henderson also made by far the most accurate that it remained in use until For decades, accurate measurement of the Moon's distance then accurate positions for southern stars depended mainly on available. But his most remarkable achievement was to this one instrument. make the first observations from which the distance of a 29

29 Figure 1: The headquarters of SAAO in Cape Town, Figure 2: The 61 cm McClean telescope, or more originally the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. correctly, the Victoria Telescope, designed by Grubb in Completed in 1828, it was designed to house the main 1897 is housed in a dome planned by the renowned architect Sir Herbert Baker. With this telescope silicon and instruments and to provide accommodation for the Astronomer Royal at the Cape and his Assistants. Today the europium were first detected in stars other than the Sun, building contains the library and provides office space and astrometric and photometric work continued into for the staff. c SAAO the mid-1980's. Today it is mainly used on open nights, introducing visitors to some of the showpieces in the sky. David Gill Through the 20th century the Observatory gradually shifted its emphasis from positional astronomy to astrophysics. In the 1950s and 1960s Dr. Alan Cousins and coworkers began establishing a photometric system to make precise measurements of the brightness of stars with electronic photomultiplier tubes. Precise measurements of the brightness of stars through standard coloured 1907 Gill filters allow astronomers to assess the temperature of a star, its brightness compared to the Sun, its age (if part of 1972 a cluster), and the basics of its chemical composition. Cape 30

30 measurements of standard and variable stars are widely used around the world, and the SAAO systems of standard star brightnesses remain among the world's most accurate SAAO By the mid-20th century, the sky pollution and light pollution in Cape Town was making it difficult to perform astronomical work, and the search for a clearer, darker site commenced. Other Observatories situated in Johannesburg and Pretoria were suffering from the same problem, and it was decided to form a new amalgamated national observatory. In 1971 the Republic Observatory in Johannesburg and the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria were merged with the much older Royal Observatory to form the South African Astronomical Observatory as it is today. SAAO's Cape Town headquarters, on the site of the former Royal Observatory ( ) includes offices, the main library, computing facilities, engineering workshops and historic telescopes. Historic telescopes can be found in a number of domes on the grounds, and a small museum displays historic scientific instruments Alan Cousins The move to Sutherland SAAO Due to the deteriorating conditions of the night skies in Cape Town, the modern SAAO telescopes were relocated a hilltop in the arid Karoo region in The observatory is situated at an altitude of 1770m, close to the village of Sutherland, about 370 km by road from Cape Town. The geographical position of Sutherland (1.0 -m telescope) is "E "S. This location was chosen for its clear, dark skies after extensive surveys of possible sites in South Africa. This location is free of all light and atmospheric pollution and is one of the best astronomical sites in the world. The site has non-seasonal weather patterns, meaning that there is an approximately equal number of clear dark hours on all months of the year. Three telescopes were relocated to Sutherland in 1972, viz, the 0.5-m telescope from the Republic Observatory in Johannesburg, and the 0.75 and 1.0-m reflectors from the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. The 1.9-m telescope was moved to Sutherland in 1974 after 26 years as the main instrument of the Radcliffe Observatory in Pretoria. SAAO

31 CCD camera, photometers, polarimeter 0.75-m reflector Optical & infrared photometers, CCD camera 0.5-m reflector Optical Photometer Figure 3: The domes of the South African Astronomical Observatory in Sutherland. From left to right in this picture, the domes house the 1.9, 1.0, 0.75 and 0.5-m reflectors. c SAAO " " Figure 4: The 1.9-m Radcliffe Telescope was built 1974 by Grubb Parsons in for the Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria. It was moved to Sutherland in The four major telescopes in Sutherland and their c SAAO instruments are the following: 1.9-m reflector Spectrograph, infrared photometer, CCD camera 1.0-m reflector 32

32 The person chosen to manage the establishment of the Sutherland Observatory, and the relocation of telescopes to Sutherland was the former Astronomer Royal, Sir Richard van der Riet Wooley. He was succeeded by Prof. Michael Feast, who joined SAAO from Radcliffe Observatory. Feast strenghtened the Observatory s international reputation in stellar and galactic astrophysics. Under his direction, the Observatory made major contributions to the study of Supernova 1987A in the LMC. networked solar telescopes spread around the world which studies the 5-minute oscillations of the Sun. * Yonsei Survey Telescopes for Astronomical Research (YSTAR) Sutherland hosts the first southern hemisphere station of an international Korean-led effort to monitor variable stars and other transient events. These telescopes will soon be joined by a new 1.2-m telescope as part of the MONET (MOnitoring NEtwork of Richard van der Riet Wooley Telescopes) project, initiated and coordinated by the University of Gottingen (Germany). The two fully automatic Michael Feast robotic telescopes will be located at McDonald Observatory in Texas and at SAAO in Sutherland. SAAO van der Riet Wooley SAAO 1987A SAGOS In addition to the four telescopes mentioned above, SAAO operates the following facilities on a cooperative IRSF basis with a number of institutions world-wide: (BiSON) * South African Geodynamic Observatory - SAGOS. SAAO A co-operative agreement between the National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa and the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Germany. This Yonsei (YSTAR) is a geophysical facility which measures several parameters of the earth system. * Infrared Survey Facility - IRSF. A joint Japanese/ South African project to study the southern sky at near infrared wavelengths. * Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON) Sutherland station. A cooperative programme between SAAO and Birmingham University, UK. This is one of six MONET 1.2 Gottingen SAAO 33

33 Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) Dr. Robert Stewart Stobie assumed the Directorship of SAAO in At this time the largest telescope in South Africa was the ageing 1.9-m Radcliffe Reflector in Sutherland. SAAO had made maximum use of advances in detector and computer technology to prolong the useful scientific life of this instrument, but its limited light gathering Figure 5: An image of the Southern African Large Telescope currently under construction at Sutherland. c SALT SALT power meant that South African astronomers were beginning to lag behind their colleagues elsewhere in there capacity to address topical research problems, particularly in extragalactic astronomy. Stobie therefore assumed the challenge of equipping South African astronomers with a 10-m class telescope. This effort culminated in the Southern African Large Telescope Project which is described below. Sadly, Dr Stobie did not live to see this telescope become a reality. He passed away in May 2002, and as of this writing the SAAO is seeking a new Director to lead the observatory into a new era with the new large telescope. Michael Feast Robert Stewart Stobie Stobie SAAO Between 2000 and 2005, South Africa and its German, Polish, American, New Zealand and UK partners are building the largest single telescope in the southern hemisphere, with a hexagonal mirror array 11 metres across. The Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) will be able to record distant stars, galaxies and quasars a billion times too faint to be seen with the unaided eye -- as faint as a candle flame 1992 on the moon. 1.9 SAAO Stobie SALT 10 34

34 SALT is a flagship project, intended to demonstrate that the frontiers of science are not entirely reserved for the developed world. It will provide a first-class facility for fundamental research in Africa in a field where South Africa has a long history of excellence. It will strengthen ties with researchers around the world, and provide opportunities for young scientists and engineers in a stimulating high-technology environment. With a giant mirror gathering more than 20 times as much light as the largest existing African telescopes, SALT will have the power to tackle fundamental unsolved questions: * What was the Universe like when the first stars were forming, and quasars were common? * What kinds of worlds orbit other suns? * How are the stars in nearby galaxies different from stars near the Sun? * What can these stars tell us about the scale and age of the Universe? * How do quasars and gamma ray bursts outshine trillions of stars like the Sun? The construction of SALT is visible live on a web cam at the following address: SALT default.htm Education at SAAO The SAAO is committed to promoting science and mathematics education at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. SAAO offers Science Education workshops and resources for educators and learners, and participates in developing curriculum standards nationally. Technikon students learn the practical side of scientific support through six-month in-service training programs in SAAO's mechanical and electronics engineering workshops. SAAO's annual summer school gives university science and mathematics undergraduates from around the country a four-week taste of real scientific research, and postgraduate students working at SAAO can complete advanced degrees under joint supervision by an SAAO sci- SALT entist and a faculty member at the student's home university. Most of these students receive financial support for the studies from SAAO. The Observatory was also instrumental in the establishment of a new collaborative post- graduate training programme by a number of South African universities. This programme is aimed at producing 20 SALT highly qualified African scientists to make use of the SALT facility. 35

35 SAAO SAAO SAAO ( SALT (www. salt.ac.za SAAO Peter Martinez David Laney SAAO SAAO SAAO An-Le Chen SAAO SALT Conclusion SAAO has a history spanning 180 years. During this time the Observatory has experienced periods of vigorous growth or development, followed by phases where these developments matured to produce long-running, productive scientific programmes. As scientific interests and technological capabilities have changed, SAAO has responded to them through its long history. With the construction of SALT, with and the training of a new generation of African astronomers, SAAO is again poised to enter another growth phase of its history. For more information about the South African Astronomical Observatory, visit the websites of SAAO (www. saao.ac.za) and SALT ( SAAO 180 SAAO SALT SAAO 36

36 M31 spiral 4 96 galaxy dark elliptical galaxy M31 matter Whipple galaxy Sc dark energy Hubble Deep Field 37

37 NASA WMAP ilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Big Bang WMAP Big Bang Dr. Max Tegmark t linear proportional Hubble Law 1929 V Hr H t t 1/H Hubble constant H 1/H 22 38

38 100 general relativity cosmological principle homogeneous isotropic 39

39 40 infinite critical density bound case unbound case critical case close open flat 10-29

40 / /4 You can not get something for nothing. 41

41 Can you get everything for nothing creation hot big bang 2.73K 2.73K K

42 35% % string theory supersymmetry 0 0 theory of everything 43

43 109 P/Swift-Tuttle 44

44 45

45 Observation Guide SUM ZHR P/ Pons Winnecke

46 MER Observation Guide SAO SAO

47 Observation Guide SUM ZHR

48 MER Observation Guide perihelic opposition 0.373AU

49 2003/02/06 16:16 (UT) CM I:70.8 CM :48.7 C235 mm EM-200 XP-14 mm Nikon E4500 1/4sec 40 Frames stacked Seeing 6/10 Trans 5/10 Registax & Photoshop processed 2001 SKY & TELESCOPE 2001/ C C

50 DC DV WEBCAM CCD AVI2BMP DV WEBCAM Registax Photoshop DV 10 (DC) WEBCAM WEBCAM 1 DCL 1 CCD CCD WEBCAM WEBCAM DV WEBCAM WEBCAM

51 Registax "Select input" JPG *.avi *. jpg *.bmp *.jpg *.bmp 1024*1024 1/2 1/125 photoshop *.avi avi bmp avi2bmp 2 *.jpg *.bmp 400 1/2 80 Nikon Coolpix DV WEBCAM 5~10 60~ ~1200 1/3 2/3 3 1.Avi2bmp skyobserver.org/softwares.htm Registax avi bmp 2. Registax Registration properties FFT spectrum net/registax/html/download.html 3. Photoshop 52

52 Align Stack Frames quality n (quality) 300~600 Stack 8 Stack Save image processing /3 53

53 Image NASA ACS Advanced Camera for Surveys Abell bell Abell 1689 dark normal matter matter Abell 1689 IMAX 54

54 55

55 A stronomical photo gallery 56

56 :32 U.T. EM200 Celestron. C9-1/4 ( 235/2350, F10 ) + Pentax XP-24mm Philips ToUcam 400 1/33 5/10 CM: I83.8 CM: II85.8 CM: III

57 58

58 : 5

59 VIXEN SP-DX Nikon FM2 F1.4 f=50mm 7 FUJI NHP

南華大學數位論文

南華大學數位論文南華大學 ( 文學所 ) 碩士論文論文題目 ( 陳千武小說活著回來及其相關事例研究 ) 論文題目 (Chen Chien Wu Return Alive And Some Research About It) 研究生 : 朱妍淩指導教授 : 林葉連中華民國一 0 一年 6 月 8 日陳千武小說