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19 This article seeks to validate the importance of regional structure in molding the evolution of foreign trade, and stud2 ies the native developmental logic of foreign trade after the opening of the ports. The author hopes to do this by, on the one hand, focusing on concrete practical processes and drawing attention to practical logics that were not expressed in prac2 tices, and, on the other hand, by changing the angle of analysis by selecting a regional analysis centered on Tianjin as a starting point to explore the inherent linkage between regional famine and foreign trade. The article argues that, as one of the main factors affecting changes in the regional structure, disasters directly affected both the evolution of the structure and trends in trade. As for the relationship between foreign trade and regional social disasters, for a long time academics have mainly emphasized the importance of foreign trade in molding regional society. However, analysis of the inherent links between regional disasters and foreign trade shows that these links are not unilateral. As one of the important factors in regional structure, disasters embody an acting force in regional society, and shape the evolution of foreign trade. The analytical frameworks of impact2response, imperialism and tradition vs. modernity acknowledge the West as an acting force, but do not give enough credit to regional structure as an acting force. This obviously needs further re2consid2 eration. The Evolution and Background of the Integration of Education and Politics in the New County Organization System Cao Tianzhong (74) The integration of education and politics in the New County Organization System underwent successive processes of evolution, conflict and adjustment as education and politics passed through phases of combination, separation, and joining hands. The crux of the process was during the phase of combining education and politics, when the three positions of village (town) headman, B ao head and school headmaster were held by one person. The main problem was a personnel conflict : should the leader treat village headman and B ao head as his main positions, with school headmaster as concurrent post? Or should he treat school headmaster as his main position, with village headman and B ao head as concurrent posts? Subjectively, the integration of education and politics was related to a conflict of interests between political and educa2 tion circles, including that between the CC Faction in control of the ministries of Education and Interior Affairs, and the New Political Sciences Faction. Objectively, it was confined by economic level, and by contradictions between social syn2 thesis and the division of labor. We can not simply condemn it by saying that its aim was to strengthen thought control. These tortured disputes show that the relationship between education and politics, which theoretically should be non2prob2 lematic, had complex dimensions in modern China s particular environment and actual practice. Secret Societies along the Yangtze River in Hubei Province, 1930s 1940s Youn Eunj a (92) Ideal and Reality : Spending in the Nanjing Nationalist Government s Development of Local Judiciaries Wu Ya n (107) An Out of Tune Fair : A Study of the 1935 Wuxi Domestic Products Mobile Fair Fu Haiyan (125) Modern Population Pressure Revisited : The Appropriate Ratio of Land to People in Ding County, Central Hebei L i J inzheng (139) Not the A Cycle of Cat hay that We Know: Corrections and Supplements to the Chinese Version of W. A. P. Martin s A Cycle of Cat hay Wa ng Wenbi ng (150) Summary of the Fifth Seminar on the History of Disasters in China Yang Pengcheng, Yang Xiangrong (159) English abstracts translated by Du Chengjun and edited by Alexander Beels Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical A bst racts and A merica : History and L if e

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