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1 24 1 (2005 ) : S tudies in the H istory of N atural Sciences Vol. 24 No. 1 (2005) (, ),,,,,,,,,, N092: R2092 A (2005) ,,,,,,,, [ 1, 2 ] (M., Eliade, ), ( trance), ( [ 3 ], 5 ) ( [ 3 ], 448 ),,,, ( [ 4 ], 74 ) ( [ 3 ], 24 ), ( Shamanic ecstasy) : ; : :, 1955,,,

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14 Chow Tse2tsung1 Ancient Chinese W u ( ) Shamanism and Its Relationship to Sacrifices, H istory, Dance2music, and po2 etry [ J ]1Tsing Hua Journal of Chienes, 1979, 12 (12) : Eliade M1SHAMAN ISM 2A rchaic Techniques of Ecstasy[M ]1Princeton University Press, Pearson J L. Sham anism and The AncientM ind, A Cognitive Approach to A rchaeology[m ]1New York:Alta Mira Press, R ip insky2naxon M1 N a tu re of S ham an ism, University of New York, S ubstance and Function of a R elig ious M etaphor[ M ] 1New York : State 6 1 [A ]. [M ]1 2., 1 :, Samorini G1 The O ldest Rep resentations of Hallucinogenic Mushroom s in the World ( Sahara Desert, B. P. ) [ J ]1Integration, 1992, 2 /3: ( ) 1 [M ]1 :, ( ). [M ]1 :, Happer D1 W arring StatesNatural Philosophy and Occult Thought[A ]1The Cam bridge H istory of Ancient China, F rom the O rigins of Civilization to 221 B 1C1 [M ]1Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ( ). [M ]1. :, ( ). [M ]1 :, ,,. [A ]1 [ C ] 1 :, , 1 [ A ] 1 [ C ] 1. :, [M ]1 :, , , 1 [ J ] 1, 1988, ( 4 ) : [A ]1 [M ]1 :, [ J ]1 ( ), 2003, 33 (144) 1 19 [M ] [M ]1 :, [M ]. :, [A ]1 [M ]1 7 1 :, [M ] [M ]1 :, , [M ]1 1 :, [M ]1 :, McKenna T1Hallucinogenic Mushroom s and Evolution[ J ]1ReV IS ION, 1988, 10: [A ]1,. [ C ]1 1., 1 :, ( ) 1.. : ( ). [M ]1 31 :, [A ]1 [M ]1 :, ( ). [M ]1 8. :, [M ]1 :, ( ) [M ]1 :, [ A ] 1 1 ( ) [ Z ] 1 :, [A ]1 ( ) [M ]1 :, ,. [M ]1 :, ( ) [M ]1 :, ( ) 1 [A ]1 [M ]1 :, , ( ) 1 [A ]1 [M ]1 8 1 :, ( ) 1 [ A ] 1 ( ) [ C ] 1 :,

15 1 : [M ]1 92. :, Jacobs B L1How Hallucinogenic D rugswork[ J ]1Am erican Scientist, 75: Siegel1 Intoxication: L ife in Pursuit of A rtificial Paradise[M ]1New York: New York Dutton, [M ]1 :, [M ]1 :, [M ]1 :, [A ]1 [ C ]1 :, [M ] [M ]1 :, [M ]1 :, [M ]1 82. :, [A ]1 [ C ]1 :, [M ]1 :, ,, 1 [M ]1 :, ( ) 1 [M ]1. :, ( ) 1 [A ]1 9. [M ]1 :, [M ]1 :, [M ]1 :, , 381, 387, 391, A lekseev A1Healing Techniques Among Ev n Shamans [A ]1 BalzerM M ( ed) 1Sham annic W orlds R itual and Lore of S i2 beria and Central Asia [ C ]1New York: M1 E1Sharpe, [M ]1 :, [ C ]1 1 1 :, Concern ing the Ha lluc inogen s for Shaman ic Ecsta sy in Anc ien t Ch ina WANG Jichao ( Hubei Provincial M useum, W uhan , China) Abstract A s a religious phenomenon, Shamanism had always existed in the society of Chinags p re2q in period and Han Dynasty1 Its main features relied on the technique of causing ecstasy to com2 municate with the world of ghosts and gods, to call back the sp irit of the dead, and to heal1 In Sha2 manic ecstacy, hallucinogens served not only as Shamanic tools and signs for the combination of witchcraft and medicine, but also as symbols of ritual and objects for religious worship1 In the archaic Chinese society, the worship of medical p lants m ight have existed1after the Sp ring and Autumn and the W arring States periods, because Confucian thinking had become the main trend of official con2 sciousness, the divinity p roduced by the trance of Shamanic ecstasy came to be inhibited by the ideol2 ogy of Heaven2destiny of the government, which brought about the separation of witchcraft and medicine, and possibly affected the change of direction for Shamanic technique of medical treatment, but also extended the scope of use of hallucinogens, thus p romoting the technical development in med2 ical treatment1during Han Dynasty, the independent development of the technique of medical treat2 ment was p robably the reason for the gradual falling into oblivion of Shamanic hallucinogens1on the basis of relevant historical documents, this paper attemp ts to inquire into ancient Chinags drugs for Shamanic ecstasy1

16 28 24 Key words Shamanic ecstasy, narcotic, p re2q in period and Han Dynasty, documents on bam2 booslip s and silk : 2005,,, 2005,,,,, 40 ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,, (, ) : 137 ( : ) E2mail: xuehui@ ihns. ac. cn : luoxb@ ihns. ac. cn, www. cshst. org. cn, ;,

穨台灣童乩的社會形象2.PDF

穨台灣童乩的社會形象2.PDF * 1 * Paul Katz 2002321 2002415 200277 1 (1994-2000.5) (2000 1918 1114 2 1091 3 1937 329 1941 578 4 1945 5 1970 6 1976 7 1982 8 ) 40-90 1951-1990 (2001)( ) 2 ( 1937) ( )1(1942) 90-102 3 ( 1992) 18 4 5