,, ;,, ;,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, ( ) ISBN T P212 CIP ( 2006) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : : (023 )
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- 灾王 仰
- 7 years ago
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2 ,, ;,, ;,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, ( ) ISBN T P212 CIP ( 2006) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : : (023 ) : (023 ) : http : / /w ww.c qup.co m.cn : fxk@ cqup.com.c n ( ) * : /16 : 17.5 : : ISBN : 22.00,,,
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13 1 1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,,, ;,,, 1
14 , ; cm ;, s ;,,,,,, ;, ( ), 1.1.1,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.1.3,,,,,, 1.1.4,,,,,,,, 2
15 1,,,,,,,, 1.2,, ( ),,,,, A/ D,, ( ) ( ), , :, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( ) :,, 3
16 ;,,, ,, ( ), ,, (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ), (3 ) 4
17 1 (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ), (6 ),,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.4, ;,,, 4 : ;, ; ; : 5
18 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, : ; ; n = n, ( ) (3 ) ( 1.1) :,, ( ),,, (4 ),,,, : ;,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, 1.4.2,,, (1 ),,, 6
19 1 :,, 10-6 K,, ( 10 6 ) ( 8 50 ),,, (2 ),,, 1),, ; ; 2),,, 3), 4), : ; ; ; ( ),,,, (3 ),,,, 7
20 (4 ),,,,, :,,,,,, N a +, K + H +,, Na +, K + H +,, ( ), 1.4.4,,,,,,, ST-3000, CPU, 3 : (1 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4), ; 5) (2 ) 1) ; 2), ; 3), ; 4) ; 8
21 1 5) ; 6) (3 ) 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ?? 1.3? ? 9
22 2 2.1,,,,,, : ; ;, ;,, 2.1.1, 6,, 2.1,,,,,,,,,, 10
23 ,,, ( ),,, 4 20 ma DC,0 5 V DC,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ), :, ( ), ( ), : ( ),,,,,, D/ A : D/ A 11
24 A/ D :, A/ D,,, A/ D,, A/ D,, 2.2, ( ), 2.2.1,,, : R R R ; R ; ; = (1 + 2 ) +, = L L L ; L ; ; ; ( 2.1) ( 2.1 ), :, (1 + 2 ), ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ), 12
25 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( SAW ) 2.2.3,,,,,,,, ( ) ( InSb) 2.2.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13
26 2.2.5 ( ), ; ; ( ), ;,,, 10-9 s,,, :,,, ( CdS ) ( PbS) ( InSb) PN,, ( SnO2 ZnO ),,,,,,,,,,,, O2 N O2,,, N,,, P,,,, CO H2, N, P,,, N, P,,, 14
27 : ; ( ), : y = n x ( 2.2) y ; n, ( ) ; x,,, (2.2 ),, : (,, ) 2.3.2,,,, : 1) : :, ; : : :, ( ),,, I U, P = I U, :, :, :, ( 15
28 ),,,, ( ),, : Rt t ; R20 20 ;, ; t Rt = R20 + ( t - 20 ) + ( t - 20) 2 ( 2.3),,,,,,,, R20 :,, : 2) : :, :, ( ), 3) : 4) : 5) : 6) : (1 ), : :, : ( A/ D D/ A ), 16 :,
29 2, ;,, ( ) (2 ) 1),, 2.2 x, y, k1, k2,, kn 2.2 y = k1 k2 kn x ( 2.4), y,,,,, :, ; 1, 2,, n, : S ; S1, S2,, Sn = n ( 2.5) S = S1 S2 Sn ( 2.6) (2.5 ) (2.6 ) :,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) :,, 2.3, x,, k = k2 k3 kn 2.3 : x = x1 - xf ( 2.7) xf = y ( 2.8) y = k x = k( x1 - xf ) = k x1 - k y ( 2.9) 17
30 : k 1, : 2.3 y = k 1 + k x1 = 1 x1 (2.10) 1 k + y 1 x1 (2.11) (2.11) :,, ( ), ( k2, k3,, kn ) :,, : ; f : - f (2.12) S 1 Sf (2.13) S ; Sf ( ) ( ),, ( ),, :, ( ) ( ) 18
31 2 ;,, ( ),,,, , ( ), :, (1 ) 1), : ; x ; L = x - L (2.14),, 0.5 m,, 2) : ; ; = 100% (2.15) L 19
32 , : L L, x L, : 3) = 100% (2.16) x, ; = 100% (2.17) %, % 4) ( ),, 5) (2 ), ( ) 3 : 1), :,, ( ),,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20
33 2 3) (, ), (3 ),,,, : ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, ( ) 3, 2.4 (a ), 2.4 ( b ), 2.4( c), 2.4.2, : (1 )3 3 > 3,, (2 ), n, > Zc, Zc,
34 2.2 Z c n Z c n Zc (3 ) > G,, G n Pa, G n P a n P a , n x 1, x2,, xn, 1, 2,, n, (1 ), : ( ), :, 0 : 22,, y = f ( x) = 1 2 e- ( x - L) 2 2 (2.18) 2
35 2 y ; x ( ) ; ( ) ; y = f( ) = L ( x ) ;, = x - L 1 2 e- 2 2 (2.19) 2.5 : x = L = 0 2 (2 ) 2.5, L, : ( ) : n ; x i i x = 1 n ( x1 + x2 + + xn ) = 1 n x i (2.20) n i = 1 = n ( xi - L) 2 i = 1 n = n i = 1 n 2 i (2.21), 2.6 :,,, L,,,,,, L,, : i i = x i - x (2.22) 23
36 , : s = n ( xi - x) 2 i = 1 n = n i = 1 n i s L,, (2.23),,,, m, n, : x1, x2,, xm,,, L,, x,, s : x = s n s, x n 2.7, n,, ( n > 10 ), x,, n= 5 10 (3 ), (2.24) 2.7 ( 100% ) : y = ( a, b) : f ( ) = 1 2 e- + yd = 100% - P( a < b) = 2 2 (2.25) b a 2 e- 2 2 d (2.26),, t,, : 24
37 2 t ; P P( - t t ) = 2.4 t 2.4 t 1 + t e d (2.27) - t 2 t P , t = 1, P = , % ; %,, > %, 3, lim, : x = x x ( P = ) (2.28) x = x 3 x ( P = ) (2.29) , 237.2, 237.9, 237.1, 238.1, 237.5, 237.4, 237.6, 237.6, 237.4, : x = ,, xi i 2 i : 25
38 s = x, : n ( x i - x) 2 i = 1 n - 1 = s n = = 0.09 n 2 i i = 1 n - 1 = x = x x = ( P = ) x = (1 ) 0.30 x 3 x = ( P = ) :, :,, :, 5 : (2 ) 1),,, 2) 2.8, ( a) ; ( b) 3) :,,,, :, : 26
39 2 2.8 A = n (2.30) B = ( 1-2 ) 2 + ( 2-3 ) ( n n ) 2, B 2 A - 1 > 1 n, (3 ) + ( n - 1 ) 2 (2.31), : 1),, ; ; ; 2), 3),, 4), ;,, ;, 2.4.5,,,, m,, p : 27
40 1), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = n 1 n 2 n 3 nm (2.32) 2), 1 p1 p2 p3 pm = m (2.33), xp,, :, : x p, : x = xp x p ( P = ) (2.34) x = xp 3 x p ( P = ) (2.35) xp = x 1 p1 + x2 p2 + + xm p m p1 + p2 + + p m = m x i p i i = 1 m pi i = 1 (2.36) xp = m pi 2 i i = 1 m ( m - 1 pi ), i = x i - x p i = 1 (2.37) 2.4.6,,, (1 ) y x1, x2,, xn : y = f ( x 1, x2,, xn ) (2.38),, : d y = f d x1 + f d x2 + + f d xn (2.39) x1 x2 xn, x1, x2,, xn d x1, d x2,, d xn, : (2 ) y = f x1 x1 + f x2 x2 + + f xn (2.40) xn n x 1, x 2,, x n, : 28 y = f x1 2 2 x f xn 2 2 x n (2.41) : y = a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + an x n,?
41 2 1,? (3 ), : = y y (2.42),,,,,,,, : 1),, 2),,, :,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3),, 4), 29
42 2.4.8 (1 ),, n m, : : L - AX = V (2.43), A, : a11 a12 a1m A = a21 a22 a2m (2.44) X ( ), : an1 an2 anm x1 X = x2 (2.45) xm L, : l1 L = l2 (2.46) ln V, : V = 1 2 n, : : (2.43), : 30 (2.47) V V = (2.48) A V = 0 (2.49) A ( L - AX ) = 0 (2.50) ( A A ) X = X = ( A A ) - 1 A L (2.51) A L (2.52)
43 2 2.2 Rt = R0 (1 + t), R ti/ Rt i / : Rt i - R0 (1 + t i) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.53), x = R0, y = R0, : : Rt i, L, : A, : X, : V, : - ( x + ti y) = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,, 7) (2.54) L - AX = V (2.55) L = A = X = x y 31
44 1 2 3 V = ( Matlab ) : A A = = A A = = , ( A A ) - 1 = 1 A A A11 A1 2 A21 A2 2 = A L = = : X = ( A A ) - 1 A L = = (2 ) R0 = x = = y = R = /,,,, : 32
45 2 y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + + bnx n (2.56), ( ), : : n ( x i, yi ), y = b0 y = b0 + b1 x (2.57) + b1 x,, b0, b1, : y1 - y^ 1 = y1 - ( b0 + b1 x 1 ) = 1 y2 - y^ 2 = y2 - ( b0 + b1 x 2 ) = 2 (2.58) yn - y^ n = yn - ( b0 + b1 xn ) = n y^i xi ( i = 1,2,, n) y : L - AX = V L = y 1 (2.59) yn A = 1 x1 (2.60) 1 xn X = V = b0 b1 1 n (2.61) (2.62) 2.2, Rt = R0 ( 1 + t),,, ( xi, yi ),, ( ), ( ) 33
46 2.1?? 2.2??? 2.3??? 2.4? 2.5? , : , , , ,167.87, ,168.00, ,167.82, (1 ) 10, (2 ) 99.73%, 2.7 : x - 3 y = - 5.6, p1 = 1; 4 x + y = 8.1, p2 = 2; 2 x - y = 0.5, p3 = 3; x, y 2.8 Lt = L0 ( 1 + t),, 0 ti/ L ti / m X,, y x,, ( x ) x/ mm y/ kv , : / % / , : (1 ) ; (2 ) 60%, ( 95 % ) ; ( 3) , ( 95 % )? 34
47 3, -,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ;, -,,,,, ( ), : , : ( ),, 35
48 -, : y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x an x n ( 3.1) y ; x ; a0 ; a1 ; a2, a3,, an ( ) 3.1,,,, ( 3.1 ) 3.1( d ) (3.1 ) 3 : 1) 3.1( a), : y = a1 x ( 3.2) 0 : Sn = y x = a1 ( ) ( 3.3) 2) ( + ) 3.1( b ) - : y = a1 x + a2 x 2 + a4 x 4 + ( 3.4), 3) ( + ) 3.1( c) - : y = a1 x + a3 x 3 + a5 x 5 + ( 3.5) ( ),,,, ( ),, 3.2,, ( ) ( ) 36
49 3 L ( ) ; Lmax ; YF S L = Lmax Y FS, Sn Sn = = d y d x 100 % ( 3.6), : ( 3.7), ;,, ;, 3.3,,,, -,,,
50 3.1.3,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) :, -, 3.4 Hmax Y F S : 3.4 H = Hmax Y FS 100 % ( 3.8) ( 3.5 ) Rmax YF S : R = Rmax Y F S % (3.9 ), :,,,, ( ) 3.5 ( ) ( ), ( 20 ) : ST ; ST = yt - y20 t yt, y2 0 t 20 ; t t 20 (3.10) 38
51 3 3.2,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,, T1 T0, T0, < T1 ( ), T0 T1, T0 T1, T0 T1,,, 3.6, : 3.6,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1),, : 63.2%, 3.7,,,, td : 50 % tr : 90 % 39
52 tp : ts : :, 2), :,, y( t) x( t), d x/ d t d 2 x/ dt 2,,, ( ) y( t) x( t) : an dn y dt n + an - 1 d n - 1 dt n - 1 y + + a1 d y d t + a0 y = d m x bm + dt m bm - 1 d m - 1 x + + d t m - 1 b1 d x dt + b0 x (3.11) an,, a0 bm,, b0 : (1 ) x( t), y( t), x1 ( t) y1 ( t) (3.12) x2 ( t) y2 ( t) (3.13) [ x1 ( t) x2 ( t) ] [ y1 ( t) y2 ( t) ] (3.14), N, N 40
53 3,,, (2 ) : ( ) x ( t) = X0 cos ( t),, y( t) = Y0 cos( t + 0 ) :,,,,,,,,, ( 3.11 ),,,, (3.11), x ( t) y ( t) ( t = 0 ) 0, : : Y ( s) ( an s n + an - 1 s n a1 s + a0 ) = X( s) ( bm s m + bm - 1 s m b1 s + b0 ) (3.15), s = + j Y ( s) X( s) = bm sm + bm - 1 s m b1 s + b0 an s n + an - 1 s n a1 s + a0 (3.16) x( t), (3.16) y( t) Y ( s) x( t) X( s), H( s) : H( s) = L[ y( t) ] L[ x( t) ] = Y ( s) X( s),, : H(j ) = Y (j ) = X(j ) bm (j ) m + bm - 1 ( j ) m b1 (j ) + b0 an (j ) n + an - 1 ( j ) n a1 (j ) + a0 H(j ), s = j ( = 0), H(j ), :, ( ) : ( ) : H( j ) = A( )e j ( (3.17) (3.18) ) (3.19) A( ) = H( j ) = [ HR ( ) ] 2 + [ HI ( ) ] 2 (3.20) 41
54 HR ( ) H( j ) ; HI ( ) H(j ) ( ) = - arctan HI ( ) HR ( ) (3.21), (1 ) : : a1 a1 a0 d y( t) d t d y( t) dt + a0 y( t) = b0 x( t) (3.22) + y( t) = b0 a0 x( t) (3.23) a1 a0 ( ), ; b0 a0 Sn Sn,, Sn Sn,,,, :,, (3.23) : a1 a0 d y( t) d t Sn = b0 a0 = 1 (3.24) + y( t) = x( t) (3.25) : : : : : H( s) = a1 a0 1 H(j ) = A( ) = s + 1 = 1 (j ) s + 1 (3.26) (3.27) 1 (3.28) 1 + ( ) 2 ( ) = - arctan( ) (3.29) 3.9 (3.28) ( 3.29 ) 3.9,, A( ) 1, ( ) 0,, 1, A( ) 1,, ( ), 42
55 3 tan ( ) =, ( ),, y( t) x( t) ,, x ( t), y( t), C, R, : x( t) - y( t) R = C ( 0 ), : = RC, : (2 ) X( s) - Y ( s) R H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) d y( t) dt (3.30) = C s Y ( s) (3.31) = 1 s + 1 (3.32) (, 1, x( t) b0 = a 0) :, : : a2 d 2 y( t) d t 2 H( j ) = + a1 H( s) = d y( t) dt s a0 y( t) = a0 x( t) (3.33) 2 n + 2 n s + 2 n 1 2 n + 2j n (3.34) (3.35) 43
56 : : A( ) = n ( ) = - arct an n (3.36) 2 n 2 (3.37) 1 - n, n = a0 a2 ( ), = a1 2 a0 a2 ( ) ( 3.36 ) (3.37) 3.11, n < 1, n, A( ) 1 ( ), ( ), ( ),,, y( t) x( t) = n,,,, :,, < 1, n 3 5, n ( 3 5 ),,, n max 3 5, 44
57 3,, max 2 3,, n 10, :, : 3.12 RLC n ( 3 5) ( 2 3) 10 (3.38) 3.12, RLC, ui, uo, ui ( t) = L i( t) = C d i( t) d t d uo ( t) d t + R i( t) + uo ( t) (3.39) (3.39) ( 3.40 ) ( 0), : (3.40) Ui ( s) = L s I( s) + R I( s) + Uo ( s) (3.41) I( s) = C s Uo ( s) (3.42) I( s), : H( s) = Uo ( s) Ui ( s) = 1 L C s 2 + R C s + 1, y( t) x( t) : A t0 (3.43) y( t) = Ax ( t - t0 ) (3.44),, A t0,, (3.44), : : : : : Y ( s) = Ae - st 0 X( s) (3.45) H( s) = Y ( s) X( s) = Ae- st 0 (3.46) A( ) = H(j ) = Ae - j t 0 (3.47) H(j ) = A( ) (3.48) ( ) = - t0 ( ) (3.49),,, ( ) 45
58 3.1?? 3.2?? , 3.1 / mv / MPa , 3.2 x y ?? 3.6? Hz, 5%,? 50 Hz,? 3.9 = 3 s,, 3.10, : 4 d y dt + 2 y = y ( m ), x ( ) 46 x
59 3 3.11,, t = 0, 10 mv ; t = 5 s 50 mv ; t, 100 mv , 40% 0.8 s, 3.13, 216 H z, 1.4 1, f , = H z, H z, 400 Hz, A( ) ( )?
60 4 4.1 ( ) ( ), :,,,,, ,,, : R ; ; L ; A R = L A ( 4.1) F,, ( ), (4.1 ) : 48 d R = L A d + A d L - L A 2 d A ( 4.2)
61 4 (4.1 ) : d R R 4.1 = d + d L L - d A A,, A = r 2 ( r ), : ( 4.3) d A = 2 rd r ( 4.4) ( ) : d A A = 2 d r r, d, d L, d A, L, r, : L L R R = + L L - 2 r r ( ),, : = L L, : r r = - L L ( 4.5) ( 4.6) ( 4.7) = - ( 4.8) (4.8 ),,,, (4.7 ) (4.8 ) ( 4.6) : R R = + ( ) ( 4.9), : K = R R = (4.10), :, (1 + 2 ),, ( ), 1 2 ;,,,, K 4.1.2,, 49
62 : ; E = E (4.11), (1 ) ( ) 4.2 (a),,,, mm 4.2( b),, mm,,,,,, ( ),,, K ( ) (2 ) ( ) 4.3,,, (1 + 2 ) ( ),,,, : = = E (4.12),, : K = E ( ) (4.13) 50
63 4 (4.11), = E,, K = R R =, : (1 ) : Rt, R0 t 0 ; ; t (4.14), t, : (2 ) Rt = R0 ( t) (4.14) R = Rt - R0 = R0 0 t (4.15),,, 0 L0, s g, : Ls Lg = L0 (1 + s t) (4.16) = L0 (1 + g t) (4.17), L, R : L = Lg - Ls = ( g - s ) L0 t (4.18) = L L0 = ( g - s ) t (4.19) R = K R0 = K R0 ( g - s ) t (4.20), : Rt R0 = R + R = [ 0 + K ( g - s ) ] t (4.21) R0, : ( t) ; ( K, 0, s ) ; ( g ), : t = Rt R 0 K = 0 K + ( g - s ) t (4.22) 51
64 4.2.2, (1 ) , U o : U o = Ua - Ub = R1 R1 + R2 U - R3 R3 + R4 U = R1 R4 - R2 R3 ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) U (4.23) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) (4.24) g = g U ( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 ) (4.25) (4.24), R3 R4, R1 R2 U o :, R2, 4.4 ( b) : R4, R1 1), R1 R2, ( R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 ) U o = g ( R1 R4 - R2 R3 ) = 0 (4.26) ( ), ( R1 = R2 = R3 = = R2 ),, : 2) U o = g [ ( R1 + R1 ) R4 - ( R2 + R2 ) R3 ] = 0 (4.27), R 1 = R1 K,,, : 52 U o = g [ ( R1 + R 1 ) R4 - R2 R3 ] = g R 1 R4 = g ( R1 K ) R4 (4.28)
65 4 (4.28), U o,, :, R3 = R4 R1 R2,, K R0, (2 ), ( 4.21 ), 0 + K( g - s ) = 0 (4.29) (4.29),, Rt R 0 = 0 (4.30) 4.3,, , ( K 2),, ,, (1 ) 4.5 RL ( ), : Uo = E Uo (4.31) : R1 R1 + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 ( 4.31 ) = 0,, R1 R2 = R3 R4 ( 4.32 ) 4.5, (2 ),,,, R1 ( R1 ),, Uo 0, ( ) : 53
66 ( R1 + R1 ) Uo = E ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 - R3 R3 + R4 R1 R4 = E [ ( R1 + R1 ) + R2 ] ( R3 + R4 ) R4 R1 = E 1 + R1 R1 R3 R1 + R2 R1 1 + R4 R3 (4.33) R2 R1 = n, R1 R1, R1/ R1, R1 R2 = R3 R4 : : Uo KU = = E Uo R1 R1 n R1 (1 + n) 2 R1 (4.34) = E n (1 + n) 2 (4.35),,, (4.35) :,,, n, n E, KU, d KU/ d n = 0 d KU/ d n = E 1 - n2 (1 + n) 4 = 0 (4.36) n= 1( R1 = RB = R3 = R4 ), KU, : Uo = E 4 R1 R1 (4.37) KU = E/ 4 (4.38), E R1/ R1,, (3 ) (4.30) R1/ R1, : : 54 n R1 R1 U o = E 1 + R1 + n ( 1 + n) R1 (4.39)
67 4 L = R1 Uo - U o R1 = Uo 1 + n + R1, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, n = 1, : R1 (4.40) L = R1 R1 2 + R1, , R1/ R1 R1 (4.41) = KU, KU, KU = 2, R1/ R1 = KU = 10-2, ( 4.41 ) 0.5%,,, KU = 125, , R1/ R1 = KU, R1/ R1 = KU = 0.125, (4.41) 6 % : 1) (4.40),, ( 4.35 ),,, 2) ( a), : Uo ( R1 + R1 ) = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) R1 = R2, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, :, Uo R1 : KU Uo = E 2 R1 R1 - R3 R3 + R4 (4.42) (4.43),, = E/ 2, 4.6 ( b ),, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, : 55
68 Uo R1 + R1 = E ( R1 + R1 ) + ( R2 - R2 ) - R3 - R3 ( R3 - R3 ) + ( R4 + R4 ) (4.44) : Uo = E R1 R1 (4.45) KU = E (4.46),, ,,,, Z1 Z2,, ( C1, C2 ) Z1 : ZR = R1, ZC 1 = 1, : j C1 Z1 = ZR ZC 1 = ZR ZC 1 ZR + ZC 1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.47), : Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.48) Z3 = R3 : Z4 = R4 U o = U Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 ( Z1 + Z2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.49) 56 U o = 0, : Z1 Z4 - Z2 Z3 = 0 (4.50) (4.48) (4.50) :
69 4 R1 R4 1 + j R1 C1 : = R2 R3 1 + j R2 C2 (4.51) R1 R4 + j R1 R2 R4 C2 = R2 R3 + j R1 R2 R3 C1 (4.52), : R1 R4 = R2 R3 ( ) R4 (4.53) = C1 = R2 R1 C1 = R2 C2 ( ) R3 C2 R1,, ,, ;,,,,, R1 R1 + R1, R2 R2 - R2, : Z 1 = Z1 + Z1 (4.54) Z 1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 (4.55) Z1 = R1 1 + j R1 C1 (4.56) Z1 = R1 + R1 1 + j ( R1 + R1 ) C1 - R1 1 + j R1 C1 R1 (4.57) ( 1 + j R 1 C1 ) 2 57
70 , : Z 2 = Z2 + Z2 (4.58) Z 2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 (4.59) Z2 = R2 1 + j R2 C2 (4.60) : Z1, Z2 Z2 = R2 - R2 1 + j ( R2 - R2 ) C2 - R2 1 + j R2 C2 - R2 (4.61) ( 1 + j R 2 C2 ) 2,,, U o = U Z 1 Z4 - Z 2 Z3 ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) ( Z3 + Z4 ) (4.62),, 5 10,, R1 C1 1, R2 C2 1, Z1 R1, Z2 - R2, R3 = R4, R1 = R2, Z1 = Z2, C1 = C2,, R1 = R2 (4.62), : U o = U 2 R1 R1 (4.43),, R1 (4.63) 4.4,, ( ),,,, ( ) 4.4.1,,, BLR t ( ), ; ;,,,,,, 58
71 4,,,,,,, (1 ) ( ) 4.9,,,,, R1 R3, R2 R4,, 4.9 ( ) (2 ) 4.10,,,, C 0, 4.10 A, B, A : h ; b ; = 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2) ] bh 2 E 1-2 (4.64) 59
72 E ; F, +, - B : 3 F[ R - ( h/ 2 ) ] = bh 2 E 2, -, + (4.65) R/ h > 5,, h/ 2, = 3.14 A, B A : A = + + F B : B = - - F 1.09 FR bh 2 E 1.91 FR bh 2 E (4.66) (4.67) A, B, F, : 4.11 Uo U o = f ( R R ) R R ( 3) R R = K U = f( F ) F 4.11, R1, ( ), ( ) F,,,,,,,, F,,, ( ) 4.12,, p,, : 60
73 r = t = R, h ; x ; p ; ; E (4.68) ( 4.69 ) : 1) x = 0, : 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2-3 x 2 ) 8 h 2 E 3 p(1-2 ) ( R 2 - x 2 ) 8 h 2 E r = t = 2) x = R, : 3 p( 1-2 ) R 2 8 h 2 E (4.68) (4.69) (4.70) t = 0 (4.71) r = - 3) x = R/ 3, : 3 p(1-2 ) R 2 4 h 2 E (4.72) r = 0 (4.73) 4.12 ( a) :, ;,,, 2 x = R/ 3 0,,,,, ( R1, R4 ) t, ; ( R2, R3 ) r, ;, 61
74 ,,,,, : S ; ; g ; h 4.13 Uo = S h g (4.74) h g, : h g = Q A (4.75) Q ; A (4.74) ( 4.75 ) : Uo = S Q A (4.76) (4.76),, 4.4.4,,,, : 62
75 4 a ; F ; m a = F/ m (4.77) , 4,,, a,,,,,, (10 60 Hz) 4.1? 4.2?? 4.3?? , m 2, E = N/ m 2, 50 kn 1, kn,, 20 mm, 18 mm, 8,4, 4, 120, 2.0, 0.3, Pa, : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 10 V, 63
76 , ( ), E = 4 V, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 100 (1 ) R1,, R1 R1 = 1.0, Uo (2 ) R1, R2,,,, Uo (3 ) R1, R2,, R1 = R2 = 1.0,,, Uo , R1 K = 2.05,, R1 = 120 F, = 800 m/ m : (1 ) R1 R1/ R1 (2 ) R1, 3 V, (3 ),? 64
77 5, ( ) L M, L M,,, ( ) ( ) :, ;, ;, ;, 5.1 ( ) ,,,, : ; L = = W I I I ; ( 5.1)
78 W ; : Rm : = IW Rm ( 5.2),, Rm = L1 1 A1 + L2 2 A2 0, 1, 2 ; L A0, L2, ; A0, A1, A2 ( A0 = A1 ) ; ( 0 1, 0 2 ), :, ( 5.3) : (5.1 ) (5.2 ) ( 5.6) : 2 0 A0 2 0 A0 Rm L = W2 Rm L1 1 A1 L2 2 A2 2 0 A0 = W2 0 A0 2 ( 5.7), W, L Rm A 0 ( 5.3) ( 5.4) ( 5.5) ( 5.6) ( 5.7),, (, ) L- (5.7 ), L, 5.2 0, L0, : L0 = W2 0 A ) ( 5.8), = 0 -, : L = L0 + L ( 5.9) 66
79 5 (5.7 ) : : L = L0 + L = / 0 1, ( 5.10 ) : : 2) W 2 0 A0 2 ( 0 - ) = L0 1-0 (5.10) L = L0 + L = L (5.11) L = L0 L L = L (5.12) 0 0 0,, = 0 +, : = (5.13) L = L0 1-0 L L0 = 1-0 (5.13) ( 5.15 ), : (5.14) (5.15) 0 0 L L0 = 0 ( ) : K0 = L L0 = 1 0 (5.16) (5.17) (5.17),,,, ( ) K0 : K0 5.2,,,,, : K0 = L L0 =, K (5.18) 0 0 0,,,, : K0 = L L0 = (5.19)
80 , K0 : : L L0 L L0 = (5.20) 0 0 = (5.21) 0 0,, ( ), 5.3,, 5.3,,,,,,, ( ),, L, L1, L2 (5.12) ( 5.14 ), : L = L1 + L2 = 2 L (5.22) ( ) : : L L0 K0 = = 2 0 L L0 = 2 0 : 1) ; (5.23) (5.24) 2) / 0 (,, L 2 ;, L L0 0 L0 2 3 ), / 0 1, 0 68
81 (1 ) 5.4 Z1 Z2,, : Z1 = Z + Z1 ( 5.25 ) Z2 = Z - Z2 ( 5.26 ) Z = R + j L0 ( 5.27 ) Z ( R ) ; Z1, Z2, Q( Q = L/ R), :, : U o = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 (5.23) ( 5.25 ) ( 5.31 ) : Z1 j L1 (5.28) Z2 j L2 (5.29) Z j L0 (5.30) R R + R = U Z2 - Z1 2 ( Z1 + Z2 ) U o = - U 0, = - U Z1 + Z2 2( Z1 + Z2 ), Z1, Z2, U o = U 0 (2 ) (5.31) (5.32) 5.5, Z1, Z2,, U o : U o = U A - U B = U Z2 Z1 + Z2 - U 2 = Z2 - Z1 Z1 + Z2 U 2 (5.33), Z1 = Z2 = Z,, 0, Q,, Q : ; ; 69
82 : 5.5, Z1 = Z + Z, Z2 = Z - Z( :,, Z1 Z2 ), Q : U o = - U 2 Z Z = - U 2 L L0 (5.34), Z1 = Z - Z, Z2 = Z + Z, U o = U 2 Z Z = U 2 L L0 (5.23), (5.35),,,, ( ) (3 ) 5.6, L, C, U, U o,, L ( ), 5.6 ( b ) L0 ( ),, , L, 5.7 ( b), f L L C, : 1 f = (5.36) 2 LC L,, f , 70
83 5 :, P P,,, C : C,,,, 1 2 (, ),, 5.2 ( ),,,,, mm, (1 ) 5.10 A, B W1 a = W1 b = W1 W2 a = W2 b = W2,,,, a0 = b0 = 0, W1 a, W2 a M a W1 b, W2 b M b,, e2 a = e2 b,, U o = e2 a - e2 b 71
84 = 0, a < b, Ma > Mb,, e2 a > e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b > 0;,, a > b, Ma < Mb,, e2 a < e2 b, U o = e2 a - e2 b < 0, : 5.10 (2 ) 5.11, r1 a L1 a, r1 b L1 b ( Q ),, : 1) U o = a - b a + b W2 W1 U i (5.37) a = b = 0, U o = 0 2) a = 0 -, b = 0 +, : U o = - 0 W2 W1 U i (5.38), U o, -,, 3), : U o = 0 W2 W1 U i ( 5.39 ), 5.12 U o
85 5 (5.38) (5.39) K :, : K = U o = W2 W1 U i 0 (5.40) U i, ;, K, W2/ W1 0 K W2/ W1 0, mm,, (, ),,, 5.12, Uo :,, ; (, ), ( ),,,,, (1 ) 5.13 ( W1 ) (, W2 a W2 b ), 5.14,,, ( ),, ( M1 = M2 ), ( E 2 a = E 2 b ), 0 (U o = E 2 a - E 2 b = 0), ( = I W, Rm, Rm 73
86 ),, M1 > M2, E 2 a, E 2 b ;, E 2 b, E 2 a, x, : 5.15 I1 = U o = E 2 a - E 2 b, 5.15,,, 0, r1 ( 2) 5.14 U i + j L1 (5.41) U 1 ; U i ; I 1 ; r1, L1, : M1, M2 ; E2 a = - j M1 I1 (5.42) E2 b = - j M2 I1 (5.43) -, : 74 U o = E2 a - E2 b = - j ( M1 - M2 )U i r1 + j L1 (5.44)
87 5 : : U o = 1) ( x = 0) : E 2 a = E 2 b, U o 0, 2) ( x > 0) : E 2 a, E 2 a ( M1 - M2 )U i (5.45) r ( L1 ) 2 M1 = M2 = M (5.46) U o = 0 (5.47) M1 = M + M, M2 = M - M (5.48) U o = 2 MU i r ( L1 ) 2 (5.49) > E 2 b U o U i 3) ( x < 0) : E 2 b, E 2 a (3 ) M1 = M - M, M2 = M + M (5.50) U o = - 2 MU i r ( L1 ) 2 (5.51) < E 2 b U o U i,,,,,, 1) ( ), 5.16, (a ) ( c) ; ( b ) ( d) R0 (c),, C1 2 4, C2 6 8, : Uo = U24 - U68 (5.52), U2 4 = U68, Uo = 0;, U24 > U68, Uo > 0 ;, U2 4 < U68, Uo < 0 Uo, 75
88 2) ( ) (a) VD1 VD4, 1 4 A B u y ( ) u0 ( ) A, B R u0 A ( u = u1 + u2 ),, u0 uy u0, ( ), Rf 1), x( t) > 0, u y u ,, u y ( ) uy, uy u0,, u y u0, u y u0 ( 0 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 VD1 VD3 76 u1 4, u01 1, u1 u01,, 4 1, u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3, u02 u2,, 3 2,, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u2,
89
90 ( b ) : n1, n2 B, A u0 1 = u0 2 = u0 2 n2 u1 = u2 = u y 2 n1 (5.53) (5.54) u0 1, u02, ( 5.17 ( b -2 ) ), 5.18 : : if = u2 (5.55) R 2 + Rf ( b -2) u y = if Rf = Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) (5.56), ( 2 ), A u1, u2 ; B u0 1, u02 u1 4, u01 1,, 4 1, VD1 u1 4, u02 3,, 3 4, VD4 u2 2, u01 1,, 1 2, VD2 u2 2, u02 3,, 2 3, VD3, VD1, VD4, VD2, VD3, u1, (c) ( 5.56 ), 0, ( ) 2) x( t) < 0, u0 u y, ( 0 ), u0 ( d) ; ( 2 ), u0, ( e), : u y = if Rf = - Rf u2 n1 ( R + 2 Rf ) u y u y (5.57),,,, : u y x ( t), u y x ( t) ( ) u y u0,, , u y 4 : : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 ;
91 : u y 0,,, 0 ; : u y 0,,, 0 (4 ), 5.20,,,,,,, % Pa, 5.21 CPC 5.20 CPC, P1 P2,,,,, 5.22,, A, 79
92 x( t), 5.21 CPC ( ) :,,,,,,, : ;, ,,,,, Z : 80
93 5 ; Z = F(,, r, f, x) ( 5.58 ) ; r ; f ; x,, (5.58),, Z,, x, ,,, 5.24 R2, : R2 = 2 h ln ra R2 ; ri (5.59) 5.24 ; R1 R1, L1 ; h ( h = ra ; ri : I1 + j L1 I1 - j M I2 = U 1 - j M I 1 + R2 I 2 + j L2 I 2 = 0 R2, L2 ; M (5.60) : 0 r f ) ; (5.60) Z = U 1 I1 = R1 + 2 M 2 R2 + R ( L2 ) 2 j L1-2 M 2 L2 R ( L2 ) 2 (5.61) = Req + j Leq Req ; Leq 81
94 (5.62) ( 5.63 ) : Req = R1 + Leq = L1-2 M 2 R2 (5.62) R ( L2 ) 2 2 M 2 L2 (5.63) R ( L2 ) 2,, ( ) ( ),,, : Qeq = Leq M 2 Req = = (5.64),, ( ) (1 ) 5.25, LC,,,, (2 ) ,, ( f 0 ) i0 LC : Z = j L 1 j C = LC : (5.65), 1-2 LC = 0, = Uo j L 1-2 LC = i0 Z = i0 j L 1-2 LC 1, = 2 f0, f0 = LC (5.65) (5.66) 1 2 LC ( LC ), ;, L 1-2 LC < 0 L 1-2 LC > 0, Z,, LC ( ) f 0, 82
95 5,,, L,,, ( 5.27 ), ( 5.6) L,,, (1 ) (5.54),,, 0 30 mm, 80 mm, 0.1% 5.28 (2 ),,,, 5.28 ( a),,, (3 ),, 5.28 ( b),,, (4 ), 5.28 ( c),,,,,,,, 83
96 5.1,? S = 1.5 cm 2, L = 20 cm, r = 5 000, 0 = 0.5 cm, = 0.1 mm, 0 = H/ m, W = 3 000, L/,? 5.4? ? 5.5, U = 4 V, f = 400 Hz, R = 40, L = 30 m H,, 5.28 : ( 1) R3 R4 ( 2) Z = 10, ?? 5.8,? 5.10? 5.11?? 5.12?,? 5.13, 84
97 6, ( ) :,, ; ;,,,, ; ; ; ( ),,,,, 6.1 : 6.1, C = A d A ; = 0 r A d ; (6.1 ) 0 ( ) ( F/ m) ; r ; d 6.1 (6.1 ), A r d, C,,, 85
98 ,, 3 : ( a) ( b ), (c) ( h), (i) (l) 6.1.1, d0 C0 = 0 r A d0, : ( 6.2), ( ) ( ), d, C, : C = C0 + C = 0 r A d0 - d = C0 1 - d d0 ( 6.3) ( 6.1), C = f ( d), ( 6.3 ), 6.3, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C = C0 + C = C0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + ( 6.4) ( 6.4),, :, C d (6.5 ), d, d0 C = C0 d ( 6.5) d0,
99 6, d0,,,, 6.4, : C0 Cg = 0 g A dg = 0 r A d0 : = 0 A d0 C = Cg C0 Cg + C0 = (6.6 ) (6.7 ) A dg + d 0 0 g 0, g = 7, ( : r = 1 ) 6.4 ( 6.8) 7,,, m,, , A, x, : C0 C = C0 = 0 r ab/ d ; C = 0 r xb/ d - C = 0 r ( a - x) b/ d ( 6.9), C x 6.5 : 6.6 C C0 = x a 6.7 (6.10) 6.6,, A = A0 - r 2 / 2, A0 = r 2 / 2, 87
100 6.7 : : C0 C = 0 r A0 = d 0 r A0 1 - d A = A0 ( 1 - ) (6.11) = C0 ( 1 - ) = C0 C = C - C0 = C0 - C0 = C0 - C (6.12) (6.13), C, (6.13),,, 10 6 H z, TiO ,, 6.8 1, h, H, d, D,,,, : C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) C2 ln D d = h ln D d (6.14) (6.15) : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.16) 88
101 6 ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d h ln D d = 2 0 H ln D d h( 1-1) ln D d = C0 + 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.17) C = C - C0 = 2 h 0 ( 1-1) ln D d (6.18), 1 (6.18), C h 6.2,,,,,,,, d/ d0 1, (6.3 ) : C C0 = d d0 1 + d d0 + d d0 2 + d d0 3 + (6.19), d ( ) : C d ( ) : K = C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 1 d0, ( ) d0 (6.19) d d C C0 d0 = d d0 1 + d d0 d0 2 = d d0, (6.19) : + d d0 2 (6.20) (6.21) (6.22) (6.22) ( ), : = d d0 d d % = d d0 100% (6.23) 89
102 6.9 ( 6.21 ) (6.23),, d0 d0,,,,,, 6.9 d0 C0 d, C1 d1 d0 - d, C2 d2 d0 + d : C1 C2 = C0 = C d d d d0, (6.24) (6.25) (6.24) ( 6.25 ),, d/ d0 1, : C1 = C0 1 + d C2 = C0 1 - d0 d d0 + d d0 + d d d - d0 d d (6.26) + (6.27), ( T ),, : : C = C1 - C2 = C0 2 d C C0 = 2 d d0 1 + d d0 d d + d d0 d d + d d0 d (6.28) + (6.29) (6.29) ( ), : : K = C 2 d C0 C/ C0 d d0 = 2 d0 (6.30) (6.31) (6.29) ( ),, : 90 = 2 d d0 2 d d % = d d % (6.32)
103 6 (6.21) ( 6.23 ) ( 6.31 ) (6.32),,, 6.3,, C, ;,, 6.10 Rs, ;,,,, 6.10 L ; Rp, ;,,, 6.10 L C,,,,, : Rs Rp, Zeq ; ZL ; ZC : 1 j Ceq Ceq : Zeq = ZL + ZC (6.33) Ceq =, : Ceq = = j L + 1 j C C 1-2 LC C 1-2 LC + 2 LC C = (1-2 LC ) 2, ( 6.35 ) (6.36) : (6.34) (6.35) C (6.36) (1-2 LC ) 2 91
104 Ceq Ceq = LC C C (6.37) (6.37), L,,, 6.4,, T, , : L ; f = 1 2 LC C : C = C0 C C0 (6.38) ; C f : 6.11, C = 0, : f0 = 1 2 LC0 (6.39) ( ), C 0,, f 0 = 1 2 L ( C0 C) = f0 f (6.40),, ( f ),,,,, ( u), 92 :, 0.01 m ;
105 6 ; ; ( ), 6.4.2,, 6.12 Cx ( K = ), O, ( Zi = ),, Ii = 0, : U i = ZC 0 I 0 = U 0 = ZC x I x = : 1 j C0 I 0 ( 6.41 ) 1 I x ( 6.42 ) j Cx I0 + Ix = 0 ( 6.43 ) U o = - -, : (6.44), : U o Cx C0 Cx = A d 6.12 U i (6.44) (6.45) = - U i C0 d (6.46) A, :, K = Zi =,,, T T 6.13 e E ( 6.13 ( b ) ), D1 D2, R1 = R2 = R, C1, C2 1) ( C1 = C2 ) : e, D (c), C1 D2, C1, R1 RL, I1, D2, D1, C2, 6.13 ( d ), C2, I1 R2 RL, RL I2 = I2,, RL 0 93
106 2) ( C1 C2 ) 6.13 T, I1 I2, RL, ( ) : f C1, C2 RL, : U0 = IL RL = 1 T T [ I1 ( t) - I2 ( t) ] d t RL 0 R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.47) U0 M E f ( C1 - C2 ) (6.48) M = R( R + 2 RL ) ( R + RL ) 2 RL ( ) (6.49) (6.48), Uo, T ( (6.28) ) ( E f ), Uo C1, C2 :,, ( f ), 1 k, 20 s,, A C1, C2, R1 = R2, A1, Q, Q Q = 1( ) Q = 0 ( ),, A, ua ( ) R1 C1, M u M : um = ua 1 - e - t 1 (6.50) 94, D1, ( 6.50 )
107 6 1 = R1 C1 t 1, : um = ua, C1,, um t ( 6.51 ) 1, 1 t, M ur, um > ur, A1,, Q = 0 ( ) Q = 1( ), A, C1 D1 0 ;, 6.14 B, R2 C2, (6.50 ), 2 = R2 C2, N ur, un > ur, A2,,, Q Q ( A, B ) (6.50) : 6.15 t = 1 ln = ua ua - um = R1 C1 ln ua u A - um (6.52), C1 C2 ur ( ua ub 95
108 ,, ua = ub ) : T1 = R1 C1 ln u A ua - ur (6.53) T2 = R2 C2 ln ub u B - ur = R2 C2 ln ua u A - ur (6.54) C1 = C2, R1 = R2,, T1 = T2,, A, B u AB, ( ) 0( 6.15( a) ) C1 C2, C1 > C2, C1 C2, 1 > 2, uab, 6.15 ( b ), uab ( ) 0, : uo = ( uab )DC = ua - ub = T1 T1 + T2 uam - T1 T2 + T2 ub m = R1 C1 uam - R2 C2 ub m R1 C1 + R2 C2 (6.55), uam, ub m ua, ub R1 = R2, ua m = ub m = um, ( 6.55 ) : 1) uo = ( uab ) DC = C1 - C2 C1 + C2 um (6.56) d1 C1 d2 C2 ; uo = d2 - d1 d1 + d2 um (6.57) C1 = C2 = C0, d1 = d2 = d0, uo = 0 ; C1 C2, C1 > C2, d1 = d0 - d, d2 = d0 + d, : C1 < C2, d1 = d0 + d, d2 = d0 - d, : uo uo = + d um (6.58) d0 = - d um (6.59) d0, uo d ( C d ) 2) C1 > C2, A1 = A0 + A, A2 = A0 - A, : C1 < C2, A1 = A0 - A, A2 = A0 + A, :, uo A uo uo = + A um (6.60) A 0 = - A um (6.61) A 0,, 96
109 ,,,, (,,,,, ) PL PH,, P = PH - PL, P = 0,, CH = CL = C0 ; 6.16 P > 0,,, CL CH, CH : < CL CL CL - CH + CH = K ( PH - PL ) = K P (6.62) K (6.62) CL CL - CH + CH,,, (6.62 ) ( 6.56 ) ,,,,, 6.2, : C 2 d C0 d0 (6.63) : S = d = 1 2 at2 (6.64) 97
110 6.17 S ; a ; t ( 6.64 ) ( 6.63 ), : C 2 d C0 d0 = at2 d0 (6.65),, ( 6. 58), ( 6.59 ) :, 6.5.3, 6.18,, ( ),,,, C= C1 + C2 6.18,,,,, ,,,,,, :, : C0 = 2 0 H ln D d (6.66) 98
111 6 C1 = 2 0 ( H - h) ln D d (6.67) : C2 = 2 0 r h ln D d (6.68) H ; h ; D ; d ; r, ( ) : C = C1 + C2 = 2 [ 0 H + 0 ( r - 1) h] ln D d = C ( r - 1 ) h ln D d (6.69) 6.19,, C h C = C - C0 = 2 0 ( r - 1) h ln D d (6.70) K : K = C/ C0 h = 2 0 ( r - 1 ) h ln D d 2 0 H ln D d h = r - 1 H (6.71) : ( r - 1), D d, C, K, r, 6.19 d D,, C, ( C/ h) (a),,,,, 6.20 ( b) 0.05 m 99
112 ,?? , a = 10 mm b = 16 mm, d0 = 1 mm, 2 mm, K ( r = 1 F/ m, 0 = F/ m) m 5 m,, 80 %, C = f ( x) 0, 2 > 1, W , = d = 1 mm, ( 50 mm) 1 = 1, 2 = 4 x = 0 50 mm, 0
113 7,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ) ; ( ),, ( ) : ; ; ; ; ; :,, 7.1 : :, : :, :,,, = ;, = 101
114 :, :,, 1680,1948,, ( ) SiO2,,, 7.1 (a), x, y, z z :,,, x : z x, ( ), y : x, z y, (a) (b ) (c) 7.1 y, 7.1 (c) (1 ) x yoz, : qx = d11 f x ( 7.1) d1 1 x ; f x x qx f x (7.1 ), qx (2 ) y y z,, : qy = d12 a b f y = - d11 a b f y ( 7.2) d1 2 y (, d12 = - d11 ) ; 102 a ;
115 7 b ; f y y (7.2 ), qy - y x (3 ) z,,, 7.2 (a) x ( b) x (c) y (d ) y 7.2, 7.3 (a) ( b) x (c) y 7.3 Si 4 + ( ) O 2 - ( ),, x Oy, 120,,,,, 0, 7.4( a) 1) x,, 7.4( b ), 103
116 ,, x,, y (,, ) 2) y,, 7.4 ( c),,, x, y (,, ) 3) z x y,,,, 7.4 ( d) ( ),,,,,, 7.5 (a),,,,,,,,,,,, 7.5 ( b), 104
117 7,,,, ( ), 7.5 ( ),,, ( BaTiO3 ), ( PbZrO3 - PbT io3, PZT, Pb, Zr, Ti ), ( 70 ),,, 7.1.3,,,,,,,,,, -,,,
118 7.1 ( PZT ) PZT- 4 PZT-5 PZT-8 / ( C N - 1 ) d 11 = 2.31 d 14 = 0.73 d15 = 260 d31 = - 78 d 33 = 190 d15 = 410 d31 = d 33 = 230 d15 = 670 d31 = d 33 = 600 d15 = 330 d31 = - 90 d 33 = 200 / ( 10 9 N m - 2 ) / ( m) > > / / ( 10 3 kg m - 3 ) / ( 10 5 N m - 2 ) : : ; :,, ; :, ; :, ; :,,, : 573 ; , 10-6 / ; ;,, : ; 120 ; ; ( ) ; ( ),, PZT, PbT io3 PbZrO3 Pb( ZrT i) O3,, ( Nb) ( Sb) ( Sn ) ( Mn) ( W ) PZT 300,,,, 106
119 7 7.2,,,, 7.6( a) : A ; d ; r Ca = r 0 A d ( 7.3) (a) ( b) (c) 7.6, Q,, : Q Ca U = ( 7.4), Q Ca, 7.6 ( b), 7.6 (c),, Cc, Ri, Ci Ra,, 7.7 ( a) ( b)
120 7.3,, : ( M ) ( 100 ) ;,, : Ra Ri ( ), Ca Cc Ci C, 7.8 ( b) Cf K Rf,, Rf 10 9,,,,1/ Rf Cf, (1 + K) 1 : Rf 108 U i = C f = (1 + K ) Cf ( 7.5) Q Ca + Cc + Ci + C f
121 7 : Uo = - Uo = - K Ui ( 7.6) - K Q Ca + Cc + Ci + (1 + K ) Cf K 1 ( K = ), ( 1 + K ) Cf > 10( Ca + Cc + Ci ), : : Uo - Q Cf ( 7.7) = UC f ( 7.8),, Q Cf UC f ( ), Uo Cc, Q, Q,, ( c) ( d) Ra, Ri R, Cc Ci C, : R = Ra Ri Ra + Ri ( 7.9) C = Cc + Ci (7.10) f = Fm sin t, : : d ; Um = d Fm Ca U = Q = Q Ca d f = d Fm sin t (7.11) = d Fm Ca R, C : ZRC = 1 j C R = 1 j C + R R, C Ca, : Z = 1 j Ca, : + Z RC = sin t = Um sin t (7.12) 1 j Ca R 1 + j RC + R 1 + j RC (7.13) (7.14) U i = ZRC Um (7.15) Z : U i = d F j R m 1 + j R ( Ca + C) = d F j R m 1 + j R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.16) 109
122 : Uim = : d Fm R (7.17) R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 = - arctan[ R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) ] (7.18) 2, Ra Ri, (7.9 ) R, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 1, ( 7.17 ) : U i m = df m Ca + Cc + Ci (7.19) (7.19) :,, R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) S = U im d =, Ri Fm Ca + Cc + Ci (7.17) (7.19) : Ui m = U im 1 = : Uim R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) (7.20) R 2 ( Ca + Cc + Ci ) 2 1 R( Ca + Cc + Ci ) = U im = 1 (7.21) / 1 (7.22) 1 + ( / 1 ) 2 = - arctan 2 1 (7.23) 7.9, / 1 > 3 Uim,, ( = 0 ), 0,,,,,,,,,, ,,
123 7 7.9, ( ),,, 7.10,,, 7.10 (a),,,,,, 2,, 7.10 ( b),,,,,, ( a) ( b)
124 7.4.2,,, 7.11 ( a) ( b) (c) (d) , -, : ; ( ) ;,,,, 7.12,,,, N, 0.01 N, , k Hz, 1% , 112
125 7 7.12,,,,,,,, 7.13,,,,,,,,, : f = m a,, Q,,, : Q = d11 f = d11 m a (7.24) d1 1 ; m ; 113
126 a,, 7.1?? 7.2??? 7.3?? ,? ,, 7.10? 7.11??
127 8 ( ),, 8.1,, -,,,, ( H z), , ( Michael Faraday ) :,, N,,, : E = - N d d t v, (8.1 ) : B ; L ; ( 8.1) E = - NB L v ( 8.2) E = - NB S ( 8.3) 115
128 S,, B, L, S, N, E v, (1 ) ( ) 8.1,,,,,,, 8.1 (a) ( b ),, ;,, ( a) ( b) 8.1,,,, ( ),,,,,, : E = - NB L v ( 8.4) N ( ) ; B ; L ; v 116
129 8 (2 ),,,,,, 8.2 (a) ( b) ( a), ; ( ),,,,,,,, 8.2( b ),,,,,, ;,,,,, 50 Hz, 100 kh z ( 8.3 ), Io Rf ; R Io = E R + Rf = N B Lv R + Rf : ( 8.5) 117
130 : : 8.3 SI = Io v = NB L R + Rf Uo = Io Rf = N B LvRf R + Rf ( 8.6) ( 8.7) SU = Uo v = NB L Rf R + Rf ( 8.8) : B, S, B ; L S, ( L R ), : 1) 8.3,,, R Rf 2),,,,, (8.6 ) : (1 ) = d S I SI = d B B + d L L - d R R ( 8.9) :, I, I,, :,,, I,, 118,
131 8 8.4, I,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), (8.5),,, E, % ; 200,, R, 10, 4% Rf, R1 ( ) R2 t, (8.5 ), : I o = ; 1 R1 ; 2 R2 ; R1 ; R2 : E(1 - t) R(1 + 1 t) + R1 (1 + 1 t) + R2 (1 + 2 t) = I o - Io Io (8.10) 100 % (8.11) 119
132 (8.11), E, R Rf, I o < Io,,,, ( ),,,,, : (3 ),, ( e/ v) ;,,,,, ; ( ),,,,, 10 H z, H z 8.1.3,,, v = d x dt a= d v d t ( x = vdt),
133 8 (1 ),, CD-1 CD-6 ZI-A CD-1, CD-1, 8.6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.6 CD-1 (2 ) 8.7, ( ) ( ),,
134 ,,, ;,,, 0 180,, 0 0 : n ( ),, 0 = n (8.12), , ( Edwin H. H all),, 8.2.1,, , l b d,, ( x ) I, ( z ) B,,, f L, f L : fl = eb v (8.13) e ; 122
135 8 B ; v f L, f L EH ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, : UH, : b ee H = evb EH = vb (8.14) UH = EH b (8.15) UH = vbb (8.16) n, v, ( ) : d (8.18) (8.16), : I = - nevbd (8.17) v = - U H = - N, RH (8.19) : UH : RH = - = RH I nebd IB ned 1 ne IB d (8.18) (8.19) (8.20) (8.21) KH = RH d, ( 8.21 ) : KH [ mv/ ( ma T ) ] UH = KH IB (8.22) :, ( 8.22) : UH = KH I Bcos N : KH = - 1 ned (8.23) 123
136 P : KH KH = 1 ned (8.24) N KH, P KH ( 8.22 ),, UC, UC = E l, :, (8.16) (8.25), : UH v = E (8.25) = buc B l, UC (8.26) B, d, l RH d,, d = mm, 1 m ( 8.23) (8.24 ),,, (8.26),,, N, N, (1 ), ( 4 mm 2 mm 0.1 mm), a b, ; c d, (a) ( b) (c) 8.9
137 8 (2 ) Rin :, Rou t :, Rin Rou t 20 5 roff :, : a) ; b) ; c) : Uoff ; I roff = Uoff I (8.27) :, 1, U0 :, : a),, ; b),, 1 mv, (3 ),, 1),,,, 8.10,,,,,,,,,, (a) ( b)
138 ,,,,,, 2),, ( ),, UH = KH I B : ( 0.1% ), I KH,, : KH = KH0 (1 + T) (8.28) KH0 T0 KH ; T, T = T - T0 ;, ( 1 + T ), KH I, I,,, 8.11, RP, RP, I, 8.11 T0, RI0, KH 0, RP0 : IH0 = I RP0 RP0 + RI0 (8.29) 126
139 8 T, : ; : IH = I RP RI + RP, U0 RI = RI0 (1 + T) (8.30) RP = RP 0 (1 + T) (8.31) = RP0 (1 + T ) I RI0 (1 + T ) + RP 0 ( 1 + T), (8.32) UH0 = UH (8.33) KH 0 IH 0 = KH IH (8.34) (8.28) ( 8.29 ) (8.32) (8.34), T 2 RP0 = ( - - ) RI0 : (8.35), (8.35) (4 ), 8.12 ;,, ,, ; ;,, 127
140 (1 ) 8.13,,,, B = 0, UH = 0; z, B 0, : UH = KH IB = K z (8.36) K ( a) ( b) 8.13 z,,, 1 2 mm, 5 mm, mm ; 30 mv/ mm (2 ), 8.14,, ( a), ( b),,,,,, 128 (a) ( b ) 8.14
141 8 8.15, M, H, A,, c d, ;,,,,, 8.15 (3 ), ( Eug ne Bourdon ),,,,, 8.16,,,,,
142 ,? ?? 8.5?? 8.6 l, b, d 1.0 cm, 0.35 cm, 0.1 cm, l I = 1.0 ma, lb B = 0.3 T, 22 V/ ( A T ), 8.7 U1, U2,,, 0
143 9,,, ; 9.1 ( thermocouples ) ,,,, (1 ) 9.1, ( t > t0 ),,,, 1821 T.J.Seebeck, ( Seebeck effect ), A, B, ( t),,
144 ( t0 ),,,, (2 ) A, B,,, A, B, A B,, A B B A, A A E AB ( t) n A > n B 9.2 B, B,,, 9.2,, A B, A B B A,,, EAB ( t) EAB ( t0 ), : EAB ( t) = EA ( t) - EB ( t) = EAB ( t0 ) = EA ( t0 ) - EB ( t0 ) = kt ln na - q0 kt0 ln na - EAB ( t), EAB ( t0 ) A, B t, t0 q0 kt ln nb = kt ln n A q0 q0 kt0 ln nb = kt0 q0 q0 nb ln na n B ; EA ( t), EB ( t) A, B t ; EA ( t0 ), EB ( t0 ) A, B t0 k, J/ K ; t, t0 ; na, nb A, B ; q0, C (3 ) t, t0 ( 9.1) ( 9.2) ; ( t > t0 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( thermo electromotive force), ( na, nb, ) : EA ( t, t0 ) = EA ( t) - EA ( t0 ) = EB ( t, t0 ) = EB ( t) - EB ( t0 ) = EA ( t, t0 ) A t, t0 132 kt ln na - q0 kt ln nb - q0 kt0 ln na = q0 kt0 ln nb = q0 ; k( t - t0 ) ln na ( 9.3) q0 k( t - t0 ) ln nb ( 9.4) q0
145 9 EB ( t, t0 ) B t, t0 (4 ), : ( 9.1),,, ; EAB ( t) EA B ( t0 ), A B, A B, : t2, t3, :, : ( na EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = k q0 ( t - t0 ) ln na n B = nb ),, 0 ( 9.5) ( t = t0 ), A, B, 0 ( na, nb ) ( t, t0 ), A, B t1, t3, t1, t2, : EA B ( t1, t3 ) = EA B ( t1, t2 ) + EA B ( t2, t3 ) = EA B ( t1 ) - EAB ( t2 ) + EA B ( t2 ) - EAB ( t3 ) = EAB ( t1 ) - EAB ( t3 ) ( 9.6) A, B, EAB ( t, t0 ) t t0, : EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f ( t0 ) ( 9.7), f ( t0 ) = C( ),, EAB ( t, t0 ) t EAB ( t, t0 ) = f ( t) - f( t0 ) = f ( t) - C = ( t) ( 9.8) (9.8 ) t0,, t, 0,,,,,, ,, : tm = tl + tm ; EM tm ; th ; E H th ; tl ; EL tl EM - EL ( th - tl ) ( 9.9) E H - EL 133
146 : B ( 0 ) / / mv : S ( 0 ) / / mv
147 9 : K ( 0 ) / / mv : E ( 0 ) / / mv : T ( 0 ) / / mv
148 / / mv (5 ) 1),,?,,, ( a),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) (9.10) t = t0, 0, : EBC ( t0 ) + ECA ( t0 ) = - EA B ( t0 ) (9.11) (9.10) (9.11) : EA BC ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.12) 9.3( b ),, : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBC ( t1 ) + ECB ( t1 ) + EBA ( t0 ) (9.13) EBC ( t1 ) = - ECB ( t1 ) (9.14) : EAB C ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EB A ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EAB ( t0 ) = EA B ( t, t0 ) (9.15), ( 9.12 ),,, :, ( 136
149 9 ) 2) 9.4, A B t, t0 EA B ( t, t0 ) t, tc tc, t0 9.4 EAB ( t, tc ) EAB ( tc, t0 ), : EAB ( t, t0 ) = EA B ( t, tc ) + EAB ( tc, t0 ) (9.16),,,,,,, ) A, B C, A, B : EA B ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) (9.17) EAC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) (9.18) EBC ( t, t0 ) = EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) (9.19) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAC ( t) - EAC ( t0 ) - [ EBC ( t) - EBC ( t0 ) ] (9.20) : EAC ( t) - EBC ( t) = EAB ( t) (9.21) - EAC ( t0 ) + EBC ( t0 ) = EBA ( t0 ) (9.22) : EAC ( t, t0 ) - EBC ( t, t0 ) = EAB ( t) + EBA ( t0 ) = EAB ( t) - EA B ( t0 ) = EAB ( t, t0 ) (9.23) (9.17),, 137
150 ,,,,,,,, 100 0, 2.95 mv, mv, : 4) 2.95 mv - ( mv) = 6.95 mv,, (1 ), 9.6 1) 9.6,, mm,, mm, mm, 350 mm,, 2 4 6,, 5 M,,,, ( ) 138
151 9 2),, ( Sheath), , :, ;,,, ( m ),, ( ) ( 2),, 9.8,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ), ( IEC ) IEC 6 IEC R 13 -, 10 -,, 4, (B ) 3 0-6, ( S ) 1 0 -, ( K ) % 13 % 139
152 -, ( E ) B S ( ) ( ),,,,,, - K - E - J - T, ( ) B, S, ,, ( ),,, ,, E ( ), , ( ) 9.1.3,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) 1 m,,,,, 9.9, :,,
153 9, 0 150, ( ),,,,, 9.7,,, ( 0.6% ) - : - - : (2 ), (, 0 ), 0, (3 ) 0, t0, (9.16) ( ), : E( t, 0) = E( t, t0 ) + E( t0,0 ) (9.24) t ; t0 ; 0 ( 0, ) ; E( t, t0 ) t t0, E( t, 0), E( t0,0 ) 0, t t0 ( ) 9.1 -, t0 = 30, E ( t, t0 ) = mv, : E( 30,0 ) = mv E( t, 0) = E( t, 30 ) + E( 30,0 ) = = ( mv) : E(970,0 ) = mv, E( 980, 0) = mv 141
154 , ( 9.9) : t = ( ) = 977 ( ) ,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, ,, R1, R2, R3 RC u, 20 ( 0 ), A, B,,,, RC u,, A, B,, U AB E AB ( t, t0 ), : t0 : UAB = E ( RCu + R1 ) ( R2 + R3 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) EAB ( t, t0 ) + UAB = (9.25) RC u UAB R2 RC u - R1 R3 E = E 1 + R2 - R1 R3 RC u = R1 RC u ( R2 + R3 ) = (9.26), 20,, 20, ( ),, 142
155 ,,,,,, (1 ) 9.11, A, B 9.11,, (2 ) ( ) 9.12 ( t1 - t2 ), ( A A, B B),,,, t1 t2 ET, ( 9.5) : ET = EAB ( t1, t0 ) - EAB ( t2, t0 ) = EAB ( t1, t2 ) (9.27) t2, t1, t1 - t2,, t0,, ( t0 ) (3 ) ( ),, 1) 143
156 9.13,, R,,, ( 9.5) : ET = = E1 + E2 + E3 3 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) 3 EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EAB ( t3, t0 ) 3 = EAB t1 + t2 + t3 3, t0 (9.28) E1, E2, E3 :,, 2 ) 9.14,,, : ET = E1 + E2 + E3 = EAB ( t1, t0 ) + EAB ( t2, t0 ) + EA B ( t3, t0 ) 9.14 = EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, 3 t0 ) t 0 = 0 EAB ( t1 + t2 + t3, t0 ) (9.29), 3, (9.29) 0,, 0,, :,,, 9.15,, :, AD594C AD594C,, J 10 mv/ , AD594C - IN + IN,, A1, A1 U o AD594C A/ D, 144
157 9 9.2,, : ;,, ;,, ; ;, 9.16, , 9.16 (a ),,,, 9.16 ( b) 9.2.1,,,,,,, IP T S- 68, , : Rt = R0 ( 1 + At + Bt 2 ) (9.30) : Rt = R0 [1 + At + Bt 2 + C( t ) t 3 ] (9.31) Rt t ; R0 0 ; A, B, C, A = /, B = / 2, C = / 4 145
158 (9.31), t R0, R0 = 10 R0 = 100, Pt1 0 Pt10 0, Pt100 ( Rt -t ) 9.8, Rt, Pt10, ; Pt50, 9.8 : Pt100 R0 = 100 / / ,,, ,, : Rt = R0 (1 + t) (9.32) 0 ( = / ),, :,,,, 100, : Cu50 ( R0 = 50 ) Cu10 0 ( R0 = 100 ) Cu Cu10 0, :,, :,, 146
159 9,, 6 ma 9.9 : Cu50 R 0 = 50 / / ,,,, 3 (1 ) (, ) 9.17,,,,, 9.17 (2 ) (, ), 100, 1 3 ( 9.8),, 9.18 Rt,, r, ;,, : ( Rt + r) R2 = ( R3 + r) R1 (9.33) 9.18 : Rt = ( R3 + r) R1 - rr2 R2 (9.34) R1 = R2, r = 0, r : R1 = R2,,,, (3 ) (, ),, 9.19 I,, r1, r4 r2, r3,, r1, r4,, 147
160 (, ), 9.3, ( NiO MnO2 CuO TiO2 ),,,, 1 mm, 3 mm, ( ) ( ), ; ; ; 9.21 ; ;, :, ; ;,, , , 3, ( Negative Temperature Coefficient, NTC) ( Positive Temperature Coefficient, P T C) ( Critical Temperature Resistor s, CTR ) 9.22, 9.22 : Rt = R0 exp B - t 148 B t0 (9.35)
161 9 Rt, R0 t t0, K; B (, B K ) ; t0 0, t0 = K 9.23 ( NT C) B -,,, N TC, P T C,,, 9.23 NTC - CTR,,,,, ( 10 ),,,,,,,, Rt (1 ) 9.24, VT1 V T2, VT1, V T3, VT4,,, VD, C RP,,, 9.24 (2 ) 9.25 Rt1 Rt2, Rt 1, Rt2 149
162 , R1 R2, 9.25,,, Rt 1 Rt 2, Rt1,, Rt1, 9.1? 9.2? 9.3? ?? 9.6, 9.7 K, 9.26 t1 = 420, t0 = 30, mv,? t1 E,,? , 50, 60 mv,? ,, 281, ( ) mv/, 1 200,, 50, ,,? 9.12? , 150
163 9 9.15, B K, 500 k,
164 10 ( ) ( ),,,, 4 : (1 ),,, (2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11 (3 ), CCD( Charge Coupled Device, CCD) CCD, MOS MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, MOS ) (4 ) ( LED) ( LD),,,, (, ),,,,, 152
165 ,, ;, ;, 4 : (1 ),,,, 10.1 ( a),,, (2 ), 10.1 ( b) :, ;, (3 ),, 10.1( c), ( ) 10.1 (4 ),,,, 10.2 ( ), ( ), 0 1 3,, 153
166 , ;,, , : E = h (10.1) h, h = J s; :,, E A 0,, : Ek = 1 2 mv2 = h v - A0 (10.2) m ; v,,,,,, ,,,,,, (1 ) 1) 10.3 ( a),,,,, 154
167 10,,, 10.3,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) , 10.4 ( a) ( b ), ( ),, , 2, ( ) 155
168 10.6, ;, 10.6, 1 2, 3 ( ),,, (2 ) 1),,,,, ( Photo multiplier tube, PM T) ( ) 3,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3 6,,, 3 6, ( ), ,,,, 2) M M n, : 156
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