(CIP) : /. :, 2002 ISBN TG4 CIP (2002) ( 1 : ) : * : : : :

Transcription

1 ( )

2 (CIP) : /. :, 2002 ISBN TG4 CIP (2002) ( 1 : ) : * : : : : : http : / /

3 ( ) ( ) : ( ) :

4 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,

5 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 11 ) ( 19 ) ( 24 ) ( 24 ) ( 39 ) ( 66 ) ( 75 ) ( 75 ) ( 78 ) ( 79 ) ( 79 ) ( 99 ) (101 ) (113 ) (113 ) (127 ) (141 ) (152 )

6 (175 ) (190 ) (208 ) (217 ) (228 ) (236 ) (242 ) (252 ) (252 ) (259 ) (266 ) (266 ) (271 ) (278 ) (280 ) (280 ) (289 ) (296 ) (312 ) (317 ) (331 ) (338 ) (355 ) (355 ) (365 ) (369 )

7 :, 1. (1 ), : 1), 2),, 3), 4), (2 ) 1), 2),, 3),,, 4) 2. (1 ) 1),, 1

8 , 2) (),, V, 3),, V, (),,, V 4),,,,,, 5), 6),,, 7) 85 db, 90 db,, (2 ) 1),,,, 2),,, 3) 4) 5),,, 6),,, 7),, 1. (1 ), 2

9 , (2 ) :, ; (3 ) 1) 2), 3 m; 1. 5 m 3),, ;, 4), 4 m 2 ; ;, Lx 5) 10 m,, 6), 7) : ;,, ( ),,, :, 2. (1 ),, 1),,,,, 300 A 500 A, ( ),,,,,,, 3

10 2),, :,,, (2 ), 1),,,,,,,, 2), 3), ;,, 4), 5),, 6),,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ) (, ),, ; (5 ),, (6 ) : ; ; ; (7 ), (8 ), 10 m, 4

11 (9 ),, (10), 36 V 2. (1 ),, (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6), : 1. (1 ),, GB/ T , 11 mm

12 (2 ) : 1), ( ), 2), : ;,,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, 4), :, ;, 5),,,,, 2. (1 ) 1), : ( GB/ T ) ( GB/ T ) ( GB/ T ) (GB/ T ) ( GB/ T ) ( GB/ T ) ( GB/ T ) ( GB/ T ) 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

13 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( GB/ T ), : 1) E 2), MPa 3) 0 1 ( ), 2, 4 4) 5) R ; M, - 1 : (3 ) 1), : J ;, MPa; : 7

14 2) 12, 12, E 4300 J420G E 4303 J422 E 4314 J422Fe E 4301 J423 E 4320 J424 E 4316 J426 E 4315 J427 E 5024 J501 Fe15 E 5003 J502 E 5011 J505 E 5016 J506 E 5015 J507 E 5048 Q345 Q345 1., : (1 ),, : 1) (Q235 ),,, 2),,,, (2 ),, : 8

15 1), 2), 3),, 4),, 5), (3 ),,,, 2., (1 ), : 1), 11,,,,,,, : = 2 ( T1 - T 2 ) ( T 1 + T2 ) T 1 +, mm; 100 % T 2 +, mm : 2. 5 mm, 7% ; 3. 2 mm 4 mm, 5 % ; 5 mm, 4% 11 2),,,, 3),,,, (2 ) 9

16 1),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2),,,,,,,, 75150, 12 h,,, , 1 2 h 3),,,,, 80100,,,, 4 mm, 3.2 mm,,,,,, 5060,,,,, 3., (1 ), (2 ),,, 1025, 60% (3 ), 0. 3 m,, (4 ),, (5 ),, 10

17 : 1., T, a) b) T ( ) c) d) e),, T,,, 2. 11

18 (1 ),,, (2 ) 1),,, : I V V U J, a) I b) V c) V d) U e) J 2) : ; ; ; ; ; (3 ) : ; ; p; b; H; R14, ( GB ), (4 ),,,, 14 a) b) c) b d) H e) p f) R 540 MPa,, 540 MPa,, 12

19 , 3. (1 ), (2 ) 10 mm ( ) 20 mm ( ) 1., ( GB32488 ), (1 ), 13, ( ) 2 I 3 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 13

20 7 U 8 J I, 14 S

21

22 (2 ), ( ) 2 3 (3 ), GB

23 17 V, (4 ) (, ), 15 VVJ,, ,,, 17,,, a) b ) 18 17

24 :, (5 ), e c k h d l S n N 18

25 2.,, ( GB ), ( MIG ) 135 ( MAG ) 141 ( T IG ) : 1., : (1 ),,,,, : 90 V ; 80 V (2 ), 19

26 ,,,, 19,, (3 ),, 19 (4 ),,, 2. (1 ), , ( ) ( ), (2 ) (GB ), : 1, 2, 3, 6 ; 4, 5, 7 ; 3, 4, 6, 7, 20

27 1) B, Z ; A 2) X ; P ; D 3) G 4), 1, 3 ; 1, 3, 5, 7 5) : (3 ) 1),, 2),,,,, t T, : = t T 100% 500 A, 5 min,, ( ) 3 min,, 60%, 15 % 25 % 35 % 60%,,,, 21

28 : =,, 380 V, kw 3. (1 ) 1),,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2),,,, ( kw) ( V ) ( V ) ( V) ( A ) ( A) ( % ) ( min ) BX BX BX BX BX BX BX BX BX BX

29 111 ( V ) ( V ) ( kw) ( V) ( A ) ( A) ( % ) ( min ) ( kg) ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX ZX (2 ),,,,, 1) ( BX1 ),, ;,,,,, 2) ( BX3 ),,, 23

30 ;, 3) (ZXG ) ( ) 4) (ZXS ),,, (3 ) 1), 3 m 2),,, 3), 4),,, 5) 6),,,,, 7),,, 2. 5 m, 8) 9), 10 ), 11 ),, 12 ) 13 ) 14 ) 1. (1 ) (2 ),,, 24 (3 ),

31 ,,, 2. (1 ),,,,, 112,, ;,, 112 ( mm 2 ) ( m ) ( A ) (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,, 25

32 :,, T 1.,,,, : (1 ) 1) 2),,, 3) () 4) (2 ) 1) 2),, 3),, (3 ) 2.,,,,, 26

33 , (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1), 21,,,,,,,, cm,,, 21 2),,,, 21,, , 27

34 22 CO 2 > >,,,,, CO2 Ar + CO2,,, CaF2,,,,,, ,,,,,, (3 ),,, 1) 22 U, ( ab ),, ; ( bc ),,,, 22,, ; ( cd ),, 2),,,,,,,,,,, 23,,, ( ) 28,,

35 ,, (4 ),,, 24,,, 23 24,,,, : 1),,,, 25, 2),,,,,, ;, 3), a.,,,, 26,

36 , ( 2 6),,,,,,,, b. ( ),, ( T ), 27,,,,,, c.,,,,,,, 28, a., b., c. () d.,, e. 3.,, (1 ),, 1),,,, ( ),, 2),, 30

37 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 23, 3. 2 mm, 23 mm > ,,,, T ;, 5 mm, 4 mm (3 ) 1),,,,,, ( mm ) ( A) ,, 5% 10%, 10 % 15 %,,, ;,, ;,, 10% ; 20% 2),, 31

38 ,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,, 3),, ;,, (4 ),,,,,,, ( ) 45 mm (5 ), : ;, ;,,, 0. 51, (6 ),,,,, ;, 1. ( 29 ) ( 210) 29 a) b) c) 32

39 2. (1 ),, (2 ),, 2 11a (3 ),, 210, 211b, (4 ),, 211c (5 ),,,, 211d 211e (6 ),, 211f 211 a) b) c) d) e) f) 3., : (1 ),,, 212, (2 ),, 213, (3 ),,, , 3, 33

40 (1 ),,,, : (2 ) 1) 214,, 10% 15%,, 50 mm,,, 2),,, 3), ;, mm,,, 1. 34

41 ,,,, 2. (1 ) : Q235; ; (2 ) : E4303, 3.2 mm/ 4. 0 mm; BX3300 (4 ) 300 mm200 mm12 mm; mm, (5 ) : 3 mm, 4 mm; : : 11.5 mm 3. (25) 34 ; : 1 mm; 25 ( mm ) ( A ) (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) 4050, 1),,,,, 0.51 mm, 216,,,,,,

42 , 2/ 3, 1/ 3, 2),, 10 mm, ; 23,,, 3),, 1015 mm,,,,,, (2 ),, 4050 : 1), 2) mm, 3) 217, (3 ) 217,,,,,,, 2 mm;, 1. (1 ), (2 ),,,, 1) 3. 2 mm, A7080, 2), 3. 2 mm, A7080 3), (1 ), 56

43 (2 ),,,, 1) 3. 2 mm, A7080, 70 2), 3. 2 mm, A218 90, 6070,, 1/ 31/ 2 2 mm 218 3) 3.2 mm, A,,,,,, 1/ 2 3. T (1 ) 1) : Q235; : 150 mm80 mm12 mm 2) E4303, 3. 2 mm; BX3300 3) 20 mm, 4) T (2 ) 219 1) 3.2 mm, A, 220,,,,,,, ) 221,,,,,,,, 37

44 ,, 4.,, (1 ) 1) : 20 ; : 108 mm8 mm; ) : E4303, 2. 5 mm/ 3.2 mm; BX3300 4) 20 mm, 5) : 23 mm; : 1 mm; : 0.51 mm; : 10 2, mm (2 ) 1),,, 2. 5 mm, : A 10,,, / 31/ 4, 0. 5 mm,,,,, 38

45 2) 3. 2 mm, A, 3),,, 3.2 mm, A,,,,, : 1. (1 ) 1) : ;, O2, kg/ m 3, ( kg/ m 3 ),, ( ),,,,, 99.2%,, kg/ m 3,, C2 H2, 2 350, , : 2C2 H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2 O ,, MPa, 580, 2.5 % 80%, 2. 8% 93%, 39

46 ,, , 70%,,, 1 L 25 L, ( ),, ( C3 H8 ) ( C4 H10 ) ( C3 H6 ),, ( MPa),,,,,, kg/ m 3,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, 2), :, a) b) c)

47 26 - [ O 2 ] [ C 2 H 2 ],,,,,,, < 1,, ,,,,,,, 11.2,, ,,,,, > 1.2,,, , -,,,,,,,, 24 mm ), -,,,,,,,, ,,,, 41

48 ,,,, (2 ) 1) :,,,,, 2) a., b.,, c., a., b., c., d. e. 3),,, (3 ) 1) :,,, 2) a., b., - c.,, d.,,, -, e. a., b. c.,, d. ( ) 42

49 3),,,,,, 300 mm,,,,, 2. (1 ) 1) 2 26, : 219 mm, mm, 40 L, 15 M Pa, 6 m 3,, ; M Pa,,, 2) (),,,,, 227,,, : 250 mm, 40 L, kg, kg, m

50 ,,, ( ) ( ),,,, 3) 228,, 15 kg20 kg30 kg 50 kg 15 kg, 30 kg MPa, 3 MPa (2 ),, 15 MPa M Pa,, QD1 QD2A QD2O QW216/ ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( m 3 / h) ( mm ) G5/ 8 in G5/ 8 in G5/ 8 in ( M Pa) ( kg ) ( mm ) ),, QD1, 229 : 4, 5, 13, 12, 10 1, 7, 10 2,, 8 44

51 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ),, 230,,, -,,,,, 3) 231,,,,, mm 45

52 ( ) ,, , , (3 ),, :,,,, ( ) ( ) 46

53 1) : 232 5, 12345,,, H H01 6 H01 12 H ( mm ) ( mm) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( m 3 / h) ( L/ h) ( mm ) : 2),

54 G01 30 G G ( mm ) ( mm ) ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( m 3 / h ) ( L/ h ) ,,,, G01100 : 1 mm; 2. 8 mm; 1 mm,, G (4 ), : 1) GB/ T255091,, 18 mm, 8 mm 1.5 MPa 48

55 ,, ,,, ) GB/ T255192,,, 16 mm, 10 mm, 0. 3 MPa,,,, (5 ) 1),,,,,, 37 2) 3),, 4) 3. (1 ) H08AH08MnA, 2 4 mm,, (2 ) : ; ; ;,

56 213 CJ ,,, 650,,, CJ201, CJ , 560,, CJ401,,, 1. (1 ),, 1),,,,,,,,, mm ) (, 26 ) 3) (L/ h) (),,,,,,,, ; 4) ( ),

57 ,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 8090,,,,,, ), 3040, 90100, 236 6),,, (2 ) 1), a) b),, 51

58 ,, 240b,,,,,, 240a :,,,,,, 2),,,,, :,,, ( ) ;,,,,,, a) b) c) d ) 238abc ; 238d 238 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, 510 mm,,,,,,,, 52

59 (3 ) 1) ),, ( ) 239 a) b) c) d ) T e) 215 ( mm ) 1 ( mm ) c ( mm ) ( mm ) I Y > a.,, 57 mm, mm, 240 b., 2030 mm, mm, ,, 53

60 a) b), ;, 3),, mm, 24 mm,,, a., 30 mm,,,, 243,,,,, b.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, c.,,,,,,,, 244,, : 54

61 a. b.,,,,, c., 60,, d.,, 244,,,, e.,,,,,,, 245,,, 246 : a) b) a. b., 6575,,, c.,,,,,,,,, 247, : 55

62 a. b.,, c.,, d.,,, 247 e.,, f.,,,, ( ),, g.,, (4 ) 1),,, ;,,, 3 mm, ; 3 mm,, V, / mm V V V / mm / mm :, ), 20 mm, 70 mm,, mm 46, a) 70 mm b ) 70 mm

63 , 248 3), ( < 2 mm), ;,,,,,,,, a., 5070, 249,, ;,,, b.,,, 1030, a.,, 7 mm,, b. : : : 80, 251 : 60, 252 : 90, , 252 c.,,,, 253 :, ;,,,,,,, ( ), 57

64 ,, r, / 2 (253), a,,,,,, 255,,,,, 90 ; 45,,, ( ),,,, ,, 510 mm,,, 1020 mm 58

65 2. (1 ) 1),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 211 2), ;,, ;,,,, 256,,,,, 3),,,, ,,,, ( L/ h),,,,,,,, 4),, 257,,

66 217 ( mm ) < > ),, 35 mm 20 mm,, 20 mm,,,,, (2 ) 1) 1020 mm, G0130 2,, a.,,,,, ( ),,,,,, b.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60

67 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) 6 mm,,,,, : mm, G ),,,,, 258,,, (2025 ),,,,, 23,, , ( ),, 259, 61

68 , : a. b. c.,, 1.,, (1 ) : : 1),,,,, 2) 3), 4) (2 ),,,, (3 ) 1) 2) 3),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,, 2. 62,

69 (1 ) 1),, 2),,,, 3),,, 4),, 5) 6) 5 m 7),, 8),, 9), M Pa,,,, 10 ), 11 ) (2 ) 1),,,, 2),,, 20 min 3) 4040, 4), 5),,,, 1 1 2, 3 4 6), 7), (0.1 M Pa) 8), 9), 40 (3 ) 1) GB5442, 63

70 2) 5 m, 3), 20%,, 4), 40 5), 6), 7), 8),, 9),, 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ) 5 ;,, (5 ),,,, (6 ),, (7 ) (8 ), (9 ),, (10) :, ;, ; (11) 4. (1 ) ( JB/ T ) ( JB/ T ) ( JB/ T ) 64 (2 ),,,, (3 ) :

71 ;, ;, ;,, ;,, (4 ),,,, ;,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,, (6 ) (7 ), (8 ), (9 ),,, (10),,, 5. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), ( ), (4 ), (5 ) 1015 m,, (6 ), 4 6. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) 65

72 (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ),, 5 m, (9 ) ( ) ( ),, (10),,,, (11),,,,, (12),, (13) (14), (15), ( ),,, (16), (17) 100 mm, (18),,, (19) (20) : (1 )

73 ,,,, ,,,,,, (2 ) 1) 4,, 2),, 3),,,, 4),, 5),,, (3 ) 1) 2), U 3), 4) 5) 6) 7) 2. 67

74 (1 ),,,,, AX1500ZXG500,,,, (2 ),, MPa,,, MPa 3. (1 ), :, ;,, : ; ; ; ; ; 1),,, 261,,,, : ;, ; ; 450 A 2),,,,,,,,,, ,,, 263,, 68

75 (2 ), : ; ; ; ; ;,,, mm, m,,, GB , ( mm ) B505 B B5412 B (1 ),, , 69

76 (2 ), 220,, 220 mm , 2 mm,,,,,,,, 25 mm, ( mm) ( A ) ( mm ) ( A ) (3 ),,,,,, m/ min (4 ),, MPa,,, 222,,,,,, 70,

77 222 ( A ) ( MPa) ( A) ( MPa) (5 ),,, 12 mm, ;, (6 ) 264,,, ;,,, mm, 2030 mm (7 ), 265, ;, ( mm ) ( A) ( m/ min) ( mm ) mm

78 ( mm ) ( A) ( m/ min) ( mm ) mm mm (1 ) 1) mm, 2),,,,, 3),,, ;,,,, 2545,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1) U, U 7 mm,, 266 a,, 266b 72

79 266 U a) U b ) U 2), 12 mm, (3 ) 12 mm,,,, U, 267 (4 ) X,,,,, a) b ) 268 (5 ) 1),, mm,, 1 mm, 73

80 ,, 2) Q345 ( 16 Mn),, mm,, Q Q345 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V) ( MPa) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( m/ min) ( mm ) ,,,,,, 1 mm,,, 3. (1 ), ( ) (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ) 74

81 : 1.,,, ( 35 ), 2.,,,,,, 31 1., ( ), 32,,,,,, ( 0. 5 mm ), : ; ; ; :,,, 2. 75

82 31 a) b ) c) 90 d ),, a) b) 33 3.,, 34,,,,,,, 76

83 34 a) b ) c) :, : ; 4.,,,,, : ; ; ;,, ; : ; ; ; ; 5.,,, :,, ;, ; : ; 6.,, 35 35, : ; ; ; :, ;, 77

84 : 1.,,, ; 0. 5 mm ; 0. 5 mm;, 2. :,,,,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), : ; ; ; ; ; 2. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, 78 (6 ),

85 ,,, : 1. (1 ),,,,, 7 9 1),, 2),,,,, 3), 4),,,,,, 79

86 5), 6), 7) 8), (2 ),,, ( GB/ T ) 1) 30%,,,,,,, E4301E5001 2) 30% 20 %,,,,,, E4303 E5003 3),,,,, E4311E5011 4) 35%,,, E4312 5),,,,,, E5014 6),,,,,,,,, E4315E5015 7),,,, E4316E5016 8) 25%, 80

87 ,,,,,,,, E5018E5048 (3 ),, 1),,,,,,, ( ),, ( Fe2 O3 Fe3 O4 MnO2 ) ( CaCO3 MgCO3 ),,,,,,, CO2,,, FeO,,,, MnOSiO2,,, (1 270),,,, 2) FeS MnS FeS,, FeS Fe FeO,, MnS,, : % % ; 0.025% 0.03% ; 0. 02%,,,,, MnO CaO 3) Fe2 P Fe3 P 81

88 ,,,,, % ; %, CaO,, CaF2,, 2. (1 ) ( GB/ T ),, : 1) E 2), MPa 3), 0 1, 2 4), 5) ( 41 ), -,,, - 41 E - A 1 E - B 1 B 5 E - C 1 C 3 E - NM E - D 1 D 3 E - GM M 1 W 6) L, : E B 3 - VWB (2 ), 550 MPa

89 42 E G J507MoNb,, 12SiMoVNb 15MoV E G J507MoW, 10 MoW VNb J507NiCu E G J507C rn i J507 NiCuP J507CuP E G J507 FeNi E G J557 J557Mo J557MoV, 15Mn Ti, 15MnV, 15MnV N E G J556RH E G J607Ni, E G J607RH E D 2 J707 Cr9Mo15 MnMoV14MnMoVB18 MnMoNb E G J E A 1 R Mo E B 1 E B 1 E B 2 E B 2 E B 3 - V WB E B 3 - V WB E B 3 E B 3 R202 R207 R302 R307 R340 R347 R400 R Cr Mo Cr Mo 620 Cr2. 5Mo E1-5MoV - 15 R507 Cr5MoV R1-9Mo - 15 R707 Cr9Mo E1-11MoV NiW - 15 R Cr11MoV 44 W Mn2V E C 1 W707Ni Mn2V, 3. 5Ni E C 2 W907Ni Ni W107Ni AlNbCuN, 06MnNb 3. 5Ni 83

90 (3 ),,, 4 90 MPa 980 MPa,,,,, (1 ) ( GB/ T ),, : 1) E 2) E,,, 3) L, H, R 4) -, E ( ) - 15 E ( ) - 25 E ( ) - 16 E ( ) - 17 E ( ) - 26 : 5.0 mm : E 308 L - 15, (2 ), 46 84

91 46 ( ) ( ) ( ) E E G202, E E G207, 0Cr13, 1Cr13, E E G217 E E G302,,, E E G307, Cr17 E308 L - 16 E308 L - 15 E E A002 A002A,,, 00Cr19 Ni10, 00Cr19Ni11 T i E E E E E A102 A107 A112 A ,,, 0Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9 Ti E E A302, E E A307 E E A402, 0Cr25 Ni20 E E A407, Cr5Mo, Cr9Mo, Cr13 E E Nb - 1b A132, 0Cr18 Ni9, 0Cr19Ni10, 0Cr18Ni9 T i, E E Nb - 15 A137 1Cr18 Ni9 Ti E E Mo2-16 A202, E E Mo2-15 A207, 0Cr17Ni12 Mo2,, E316 L - 16 E Mo2-16 A022,,,, E E Mo2Nb - 16 A212 0Cr18 Ni12Mo, 00Cr17Ni14Mo2,, E318 V - 16 E318 V - 15 E Mo2 V - 16 E Mo2 V - 15 A232 A237,, 0Cr19 Ni10, 0Cr17Ni12Mo (3 ),,, 46 47,, 85

92 47 0Cr18 Ni9 ( A102 ) E Cr18Ni9 Ti 300, ( A107 ) E Cr18Ni9 Ti ( A002) E308 L Cr18 Ni9 0Cr18Ni9 Ti 1Cr18Ni9 Ti 300,, ( A122 ) Ti Cr18Ni9 ( A132 ) E ( A137 ) E ( A112 ) E Cr18 Ni10 ( A002) E308 L - 16 ( A202 ) E Cr18Ni12Mo2 Ti 1Cr18Ni12Mo2 Ti 0Cr23Ni28Mo3Cu3 T i 0Cr18Ni18Mo2Cu2 T i 0Cr13 1Cr18Ni9T i ( ), ( A207 ) E ( A022) E316 L - 16 ( A212 ) E ( A022) E316 L - 16 ( A222 ) ( A032 ) ( A302 ) E ( A307 ) E ( A402 ) E ( A407 ) E Cr18 Ni12Mo2 Ti, ( A312 ) 0Cr17 Mn13Mo2N ( A707 ) :,,, 1., (1 ) 1), : ; ; ; : ;, 2), ( ) 3), ( 400),,, 86 (2 )

93 1),, 25 mm, 2),,,, 3),, (3 ) 2. (1 ) 1) ( GB/ T ), : F b ( M Pa) s ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) F4 - H F5 - H A, P 27 J, ( J) ( ) F 0 - H F 2 - H F 3 - H F 4 - H F 5 - H F 6 - H , ( GB/ T14957 ) : 87

94 F 4 A 2 - H08A 27 J MPa 2) ( GB/ T ),, : F, ,, b s 5 ( X1) ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( % ) , 0, 1,, ( X 3 ) ( ) ( J) ,,

95 412 ( X 4 ) w ( CaO + MgO + MnO + CaF 2 ) > 50 % 1 2 w ( SiO 2 ) 20 % w ( CaF 2 ) 15 % w ( Al 2 O 3 + CaO + MgO) > 45 % w ( Al 2 O 3 ) 20 % 3 w ( CaO + MgO + SiO 2 ) > 60 % 4 w ( MnO + SiO 2 ) > 50 % 5 w ( Al 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ) > 45 % 6 -, GB1300 : F H08MnMoA, H08MnMoA,, MPa, 380 M Pa, 22. 0% - 20 V 27 J, 3) ( GB/ T ), -, : F, % w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn ) w ( P) w ( S) w ( Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) F308 - H F308 L - H F309 - H F309Mo - H F310 - H F316 - H F316 L - H F316CuL - H w ( Cu) : F317 - H F347 - H w ( Nb) : 8C %

96 w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn ) w ( P) w ( S) w ( Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) F410 - H 0.12 F430 - H : L,, b ( MPa) 5 ( % ) F308 - H F308 L - H 480 F309 - H 520 F309Mo - H F310 - H 520 F316 - H 520 F316 L - H 480 F316CuL - H 480 F317 - H 520 F347 - H F410 - H F430 - H , YB/ T5092 : (2 ) F 308 L - H00Cr21Ni10 MnOSiO2 CaF2, : 1) HJ 2) MnO, 415 3) SiO2 CaF2,

97 415 w ( MnO ) H J1 < 2 % H J2 2 % 15 % H J3 15 % 30 % H J4 > 30 % 4), SiO 2 CaF 2 HJ1 w ( SiO 2 ) < 10 % w ( CaF 2 ) < 10 % HJ2 w ( SiO 2 ) 10 % 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) < 10 % HJ3 w ( SiO 2 ) > 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) < 10 % HJ4 w ( SiO 2 ) < 10 % w ( CaF 2 ) 10 % 30 % HJ5 w ( SiO 2 ) 10 % 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) 10 % 30 % HJ6 w ( SiO 2 ) > 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) 10 % 30 % HJ7 w ( SiO 2 ) < 10 % w ( CaF 2 ) > 30 % HJ8 w ( SiO 2 ) 10 % 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) > 30 % HJ9 5), : HJ 4 3 1, : 1) SJ 1 2), 417 3), SJ1 w ( CaF 2 ) 15 % w ( CaO + MgO + MnO + CaF 2 ) > 50 % w ( SiO 2 ) 20 % SJ2 w ( Al 2 O 3 ) 20 % w ( Al 2 O 3 + CaO + MgO) > 45 % SJ3 w (CaO + MgO + SiO 2 ) > 60 % SJ4 w ( MnO + SiO 2 ) > 50 % 91

98 SJ5 w ( Al 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ) > 45 % SJ6 3. (1 ) 1) ; ; A ;, 400 A ; ;,, ;,, 2), ( ), ;,,,, 3) H08A H08MnAH10Mn2,,, H J130 Mn Si F H10Mn2 H J131 Mn Si F Ni Ni H J150 Mn Si F 2Cr13 3Cr2 W8 H J172 Mn Si F Cr H J173 Mn Si F Mn - Al H J230 Mn Si F H08MnAH10Mn2 H J250 Mn Si F H J251 Mn Si F Cr - Mo 92

99 H J260 Mn Si F H J330 Mn Si F H08MnAH10Mn2 H J350 Mn Si F Mn - MoMn - Si Ni H J430 Mn Si F H08AH08MnA H J431 Mn Si F H08AH08MnA H J432 Mn Si F ( ) H08A H J433 Mn Si F H08A SJ101 H08MnAH10Mn2 H08MnMoA H08Mn2MoA SJ301 H08 MnA H08MnMoA H10Mn2 SJ401 SJ501 H08A H08A H08 MnA SJ502 H08A (2 ) ( )8 40 ( ) :,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ),,,, : 1) h 2) h (4 ),,,, 1. (1 ) ( Ar) ,,,,,,, 93

100 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 99.99%, (3 ) - 184,,, 33 L40 L44 L, 15 MPa,,,, 2. (1 ) ( CO2 ) CO2, 1. 5,, CO2,, CO2,,,,,, CO2,, CO2 CO, 40% 60% CO2,,, CO2 (2 ) CO2, 99.5%, - 40 CO %,, 12 h,, CO2,,, 23 minco2,, CO2,, MPa 94

101 (3 ) CO2 CO2 CO2 40 L 25 kg CO2, 80%, 1 kg CO2 509 L CO2, MPa,, CO2,, CO2,, CO2,,,, (GB/ T ) (GB/ T ) (YB/ T ) : 1. H 2. H ( ) ( ) 3., 1%, 4. AE C,, S P : H 0 8 Mn2 Si A,S.P 0.03% Si 1% Mn 2% C 0.08% 419, ( % ) w ( C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) w ( V ) w ( Cu ) w ( S) w ( P ) H08A H08 E

102 ( % ) w ( C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) w ( V ) w ( Cu ) w ( S) w ( P ) H08C H08MnA H15Mn H10Mn H08Mn2SiA H10 MnSi H10MnSiMo H10MnSiMo TiA w ( Ti ) H08 MnMoA w ( Ti ) 0.15 ( ) H10 Mn2MoA w ( Ti ) 0.15 ( ) H08Mn2MoV A w ( Ti ) 0.15 ( ) H13CrM oa H08CrMoVA H08CrNi2 MoA ( % ) w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn) w ( P) w ( S ) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) H0Cr21 Ni H00Cr21Ni H1Cr24 Ni H1Cr24Ni13Mo

103 ( % ) w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn) w ( P) w ( S ) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) H1Cr26 Ni H0Cr19Ni12Mo H00Cr19Ni12Mo H00Cr19 Ni12Mo2Cu H0Cr19Ni14Mo w (Cu) : H0Cr20 Ni10Nb H1Cr H1Cr w ( Nb ) : 10w (C) 1.00, 1., (1 ) 99.85%, ( ), ( 5 900),,,,,, (2 ) 1 % 2% ( Th ),,,,,,, (3 ) 2% ( Ce),, 50%,,,,, 5% 50%, 5% 8 %,,, 2. 97

104 (1 ), ( % ) w ( ) ( ) w ( ) w ( ) w ( ) w ( ) ( ) W W WT h WT h WT h WCe WZr : W Ce 20 (2 ) 2% mm : 1. 6 mm2. 0 mm2. 5 mm3.2 mm4.0 mm 0. 5 mm1. 0 mm,,,,, 3., 422,,,

105 : 1. (1 ) 20 mm,, (2 ), (3),, mm, 2030 A,,,, (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),, 2. (1 ) 20 mm,, (2 ) ( 60 mm ), ; ( mm), ; (159 mm ), 1015 mm, 23 mm,,,,, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 3. (1 ) 1015 mm, (2 ), 10 mm, 23 mm,, 99

106 (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ),, 1., (t ),, 100 (t100 ),,,,,,, 2.,, ( ) ( mm ) ( ) ( mm ) ( ) % C - Mn ( 16Mn) Mn - V (15MnV ) Cr Mo ( 12CrMo) 1Cr Mo ( 15CrMoZG20CrMo) 1 2 Mn Mo - V (14MnMoV MnMoNbg ) 1Cr Mo - V (12Cr1MoV ZG20CrMo) Cr - 1Mo - V ( 15Cr1Mo1V ZG15Cr1Mo1 V ) 2Cr Mo - VW (12Cr2MoWV ) 3 4 Cr Mo - V Cr - 1Mo (12Cr2Mo) 3Cr - 1Mo - V Ti (12Cr2MoV SiTiB) 9Cr - 1Mo 12Cr - 1Mo - V

107 3. ( ) mm, (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (,, ),,,,,,,, (3 ) 220 m ( ),,,,, 1. (1 ), : 1) 2) 3) :, (2 ) 1),, ;,,,,, 101

108 ,, ( BX ) ( BX ),,, 41 a. a) b) c) d) ZXG1000R b. ZX ),,,,,,, v ( ) v ( ), : a. ( ),, 42 A ( L 0 ), v= v L0 L1, A B, IA IB, I1 = IA - IB, v, v> v, A, v= v,

109 , L0 L2,, A0, v= v,, b. ( ), MS,,,,, MS,,,,, MS,,, 43,,,,,,, : a.,,,, b.,,,, c.,,, :, ; ; 3) MZ1000, MZ11000MZ1000 MZ

110 24MZ MZ a( ) 10 ( ) NZA1000 MZ1000 MZ11000 MZ MZ11000 MZ62500 MU MU11000, ( A) ( mm) : ( cm/ min ) ( ( 35 V) ) ( cm/ min )

111 NZA1000 MZ1000 MZ11000 MZ MZ11000 MZ62500 MU MU11000 ( ) MZ1000 (1 ) 1),,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),, 1, ( ),,, 105

112 , 2,,, (2 ),, 1) ( ),,,,, 2),,,, (3 ),, : 1), ;, 2) g, g = , 2045,, g d K, 3),,, 1., ; 106

113 47 : (1 ) 47 TIG ),,,,,, 2) a V khz,,, b., a.,, b. :,, kr ( ),, c., ;,, (2 ) : 107

114 (3 ), ( < 200 A) ;, (4 ),,, (5 ) ( > 150 A), (6 ),, WS WS250 WS300 W S500 ( V/ Hz) 380/ / / 50 ( kw ) ( A ) ( % ) ( V ) ( s ) ( s ) ( L/ min) > 1 > 1 > 1 ( mm ) ( kg ) WSJ WSJ300 WS J400 1 WS J500 ( V ) ( V ) ( % ) ( A) ( A ) ( mm ) ( kg )

115 427 WSE WSE160 W SE315 WSE500 ( V ) ( V ) ( A ) ( % ) ( mm ) ( kg ) ;, 48 (1 ) 48, 1),,,,, :,,,, ;,,,, 109

116 2) 49, L, : 49, ;,,, 3),,,,,,,,, 4),,,,,, (2 ) ( ), : 1) 2),, 3), 4),, ;, 5) () (3 ) ; : 1), mm, 110

117 35 m,, 2),, 0.8 mm,,,, 3),,, (4 ) ; ;, (5 ) 111

118 1),,, 5 MPa 2),, 36 V110 V220 V, W 3), 4), CT30194CR 5),, DF 2 3, Q22D NBC160 NBC250 NBC400 NBC200 NBC350 NBC500 NBC630 ( V) ( Hz) / 60 50/ 60 50/ ( A) ( A) ( V) ( V ) ( % ) ( % ) ( kw ) L L L L ( m/ min ) ( kg)

119 ( ) ( ) ( ) (, ), : 1. (1 ) 1) : 20 g : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 51 : : : E4303 2) BX3300,,, mm, 3) 2. 0 mm, 2.5 mm,, 1015 mm,

120 1. 2 mm (2 ) ( 51 ) 51 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 ), 52 1), 7580, 90,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 11. 5, 12 mm (53),,,,,,,, a) b),, 10 mm, 114

121 a., 15 mm,,,, 90,,, ;, : b., 10 mm,,, 11.5 mm, 3 mm 2) 10 mm,,, 7080,,, 11.5 mm,,, 3) 7080,,, 12 mm,,,, 2/ 33/ 4, 15 mm,, 4),,,,,, ( 54 ), 1. 5, mm,,,,,,, 2. (1 ) 1) : 16 Mn : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 55 : 115

122 54 a), b) c) 55 : : E5015 2) ZX5400 ZX7400,, 3) 3. 0 mm, 4.0 mm,, 20 mm, mm (2 ) ( 52 ) 52 ( mm ) ( A) ( 1 ) ( ) ( 678 ) (3 ), 56 1),,,,,,, 57, 58, 59,

123 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,, 1 s,, 0. 8 mm,,,, 10 mm,,,,,, 2), 511, 1/ 2, 12 mm,, 117

124 3),, 1/ 2 12 mm, 12 mm ),, 512 a) b ) 1 2 3,,,, 3. (1 ) 1) : 20 : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 513 : : : E4303 2) BX3300, 3) 3. 0 mm 514,, 1015 mm, 34 mm,, 0. 8 mm (2 ) ( 53 ) (3 ) 118

125 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1), 75 80, 7075, 515,,,,,, mm, 1/ 3,, 1 s, s,,,,, 7080,, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 mm, 119

126 ,, 2), 10 mm,,, 1/ 31/ mm, 3),, 80, 12 mm 8590, 1/ , 12 mm, 4),,,, 1. (1 ) 1) : 20 g : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 516 : : : E4303 2) BX3300, 3) 3. 2 mm, 4.0 mm,, 15 mm, mm (2 ) ( 54 ) (3 )

127 54 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ,,,,, 1),,,,,,,, mm,,,,, 90, 7585,,, 1/ 2,,,,,,,, 810 mm,, a., 10 mm,,,,, b mm,,,, 2) 7085, 90,,,,,,, mm, 1/ 3,,,, 121

128 , mm,,,, 3035 / min, v 1 v a) b ) ( ),, 10 mm, 1015 mm,,,,, 1015 mm, 85,,,,,,,, 12 mm 8590, 90,,, 12 mm,,, 1015 mm,,, a.,,, b. 122

129 c.,, 2. (1 ) 1) : : : : E4303 2) 519 BX3300, 3) 3. 0 mm 514,, 1015 mm, 34 mm,, 0. 8 mm (2 ) ( 55 ) 55 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 ) 1) ; 2 ; 34, ; 5 521, 5 mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 mm,, 58 mm 123

130 ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 34 mm,,,,,,,, 10 mm, 2),,,,,, mm, 10 mm,,,,,, ( ), 10 mm 3),, 12 mm, 3. (1 ) 1) :

131 : :, : E5015 2) ZX5400,, 3) 1015 mm,, (2 ) ( 56 57) 56 ( mm ) ( A ) ( mm ) ( A ) (3 ) 1),,,,,,

132 524 a) b),,, 10 mm,,,, 10 mm, 525, 1/ 32/ 3, 525 2), T,,, ( ),, 6 ( )6, 3,,, 3 10 mm, 3, , 0, ( ),,,,,

133 526 a) b) :, 1. (1 ), 527,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : , 127

134 ,,,,,, (2 ) 1) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2), :,,,,, 100 A,,,,,,, (3 ) 1) 5 mm,, 2),,,,,

135 (1 ),, 1), ( B ) ( H), = B/ H, 528,,,, 1. 32, 2) Fm ( Fm + Ft ) ( r ), : r = Fm Fm + Ft 100 % Ft (529 ) ,,,,,,, 10% 85 %, 60% 70% r, (2 ),, 1),,,, ( ), 530 : 129

136 530 a) b),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),, ( ),, U a) b ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 130

137 ,,,,, ( A) ( V) ), 532,,,,,,,,, 532 4),,,,,, ( mm ) ( A) ,, 4 mm 5),,,, ;, mm ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 131

138 mm 7),,,, 533c,,, 533, a) b) c),,,, (533a), ( 533b) 8) ( 534a),,,,,,, > 612,, ( 534b),,, < 68,, 9),,,,, 535, 534 a) b) 535 : , 12 mm,,,, 1220 mm,,,, 132

139 511 ( mm) ( A) ( V ) ( mm) ( m/ h) I V ,,,,, ( GB98688) ( mm ) ( ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) 6 I I I I I V V V V MZ1000 (1 ) 1) (536 ) 133

140 134

141 2), 3) ; 4) 5), 6), 7),, 8) 9), 10 ), (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) 1) 2) :,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, 3), 4),, 5),,,, mm I ( ) (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 400 mm100 mm12 mm : I 537 2) : H08A, 5 mm : HJ

142 : E4303, 4 mm, 3) MZ1000 4) 1520 mm, 5) 23 mm mm 100 mm100 mm12 mm (2 ) 1) (513 ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V) ( m/ h) ), 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 136

143 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 40% 50%, 4),,, :, 60% 70 %,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, mm V (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 400 mm100 mm25 mm : V

144 2) : H08A 4 mm : HJ431 : E mm, 3) MZ1000 4) 1520 mm, 5) 2 mm mm 100 mm50 mm6 mm, mm100 mm10 mm, (2 ) 1) (514 ) 514 ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) ( m/ h) ( ) ),,,, 3) ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,, 4),, 1012 mm, 45 mm U,, 5) V 138

145 4. 80 mm U V (1 ) 1) : Q g : 400 mm100 mm80 mm : U V ) 3) : H08A, 4 mm : HJ431 : E5015, 4 mm 5 mm, 4) 1520 mm, 5) 2 mm 2 mm 100 mm50 mm6 mm, mm100 mm10 mm, (2 ) 1) (515 ) 542 2) V, U 139

146 515 ( ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) ( m/ h ) V ( ) V ( 2 4 ) U ) , ) , 4 h 5) V,,,,,, 6) U ; ; ; ; ;,,, 7) U, 543, ;, 34 mm, 544,, 45 mm,,,,, 543 U

147 5. (1 ), 100% (2 ) (3 ) (4),, (5 ), (6 ), (7 ),, (8 ),, (9 ), (10),, (11), (12),, (13),, : 1. (1 ),, 545,,, ,, 141

148 ,,,,, (2 ) 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),, 530,, 4) (3 ),,,,,, 2. :, (1 ), , 142

149 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,, ( mm ) ( A) ( A) ( A ) (4 ),,,,,,, 1024 V (5 ),,,,,,,, : : Q, L/ min; Q = ( ) D 143

150 D, mm (6 ),,,,,, (7 ),,,,,,, 514 mm, : D = ( ) d : D (), mm; d, mm (8 ),,,,,, 515 mm (9 ),,,,, 36 mm,, 78 mm ( ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( A) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) ( mm/ min) : 144

151 519 ( ) ( ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( l/ min) (1 ) : 1) : Q235 : 546 : : : H08Mn2SiA,, % ),,, 20 mm,, 145

152 3) mm, 520, 1015 mm, 0. 6 mm (2 ) ( 520) 520 V ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) (3 ),,, : 1) (, ), ( 47 mm ), 45 s, 548,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1520 mm,,,,,,, (), 10 s, 146

153 2) 520,,,,,,,, mm,, 3) 520,,, mm,,, (4 ),, ; ; 2. (1 ) 1) a. : 20 b. 549 c. : d. : e. : H08Mn2SiA;, E5015 ( J507 ) % a. Ws7400 Zx7400st /,,, 147

154 ,,,,, b. 20 mm,, c. a mm b., 2 mm, 1. 5 mm,, 1015 mm, c. 0.5 mm 2) (521 ) 521 / ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( 1 1 ) ( 1 2 ) ) 521 (1.5 mm),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 mm,,,,,, 521,, ; 148

155 ; (2 ) 1) a. : 20 b. 550 c. : d. : e. : H08Mn2SiA; ; E5015 ( J507 ) a., Ws7400,, ;, Zx7400st /, (, ), ;,,, 550, b. 20 mm,, c. a mm b., 1015 mm 2 10, 551, 6, c. 1.0 mm 2) (522 ) 522 / ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( 1 )

156 / ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) (2 ) (3 ) ),,, a. 5 ( ) 7 ( ) 551, 12 mm ;,,,,, b. 4 8, , ( 552ab),, mm,, a) b) c. 90,, , 552a 10 2, d. 23 mm,,,,,,,,, 150

157 ,,,,, e.,, 10 mm,,,,,,,,, f., 23,,,,,,,,,,, 12, 510 mm, (1 ), 5 m,, 10 m, 553 (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ),, (,, ), (6 ),,,,,,, 151

158 :, 1. (1 ) CO2, CO2, 554 CO2, CO2,, ( ),,,,, CO2 CO2 (1.2 mm) CO2 ( 1. 6 mm) CO2 554 CO CO CO 2,, CO2 CO2 CO2, CO2, CO2,, CO2 (2 ) 1) CO2,,,, CO2,, 40%, 37% 42%,, CO2,,,,,,,,, 2) 152

159 ,,,,, ; (3 ) CO2, CO2 CO2,,,,, CO2, :, CO2 CO2 = CO + O, CO,, : Fe + O = FeO Mn + O = MnO Si + 2O = SiO2 C + O = CO,, FeO,, MnO SiO2,,, CO,, CO2, CO2, CO2,,, H08Mn2SiA SiO2 (4 ) MnO,, CO2,,,,, 2. CO2 (1 ),,,,, 555 1),,,, 153

160 ,, a) b) c) 556 T T r T d u I d I w, :,,, 556,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 154

161 2) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 555b,,,,,, 3),, :,,,, 555c (2 ) CO2 CO2,, CO2 CO2,,,,,,, CO2,,,,,, 3. CO2 (1 ) CO2,,, CO2 : CO2, 1) CO2, FeO CO2, Si Mn,, CO2,, CO2 2), CO2, CO2,,,,,,, CO2, 3), CO2,, (2 ) 155

162 CO2,,,,,, 1) CO2 CO2,, CO2,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,, CO2 3),,,,,, 557a,,,,,, 557b,,, 557 a) b),, 4),,,, 558 () 558 5),, CO2, 4., 156

163 (1 ), 1.6 mm ;, 1. 6 mm, ( mm ) ( mm ) > 6 (2 ) ,,,,,,,,, mm,, A,, A ( mm ) ( A) (3 ) CO2,,,,, 1624 V,, 2540 V, (4 ) 157

164 ,,,, CO m/ h, 90 m/ h (5 ),, 10,,,,,, (6 ) CO2 CO2,,, CO2 515 L/ min; CO L/ min (7 ) 1) CO2, 2) ( mm ) ( mh ) CO2,

165 CO CO 2 ( mm ) C ( mm ) ( mm ) ( V ) ( A) ( L/ min) (1 ), CO ,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1) CO2, 159

166 ,,,,,, 23 mm,,,,,,,,,, 563, 20 mm,,, ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 565,,,, CO2, 565,,,, (3 ), 160

167 1), 20 mm,,,,, 5 66a, 20 mm,,,,, b a) b ) 2), 5 67,,,, (4 ) CO2 : 1), 2),, 3),, (5 ) CO2,,,,, (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 300 mm100 mm2 mm : I 2) H08Mn2SiA, 0.8 mm 3) KR

168 4) 1520 mm,,, 5) 00.5 mm (2 ) 1) ( mm) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) (cm/ min ) ( L/ min) ), 572,,,,,,, 572 3),, 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, 162

169 ,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ) 1) (529 ) 529 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ),, 573,,, T 3), 4),,,,,,,,, 574a,,, 574b,,, a) b),,,,,, 163

170 (4 ) 1) : ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ), 575 3),,, 4),,,,, 576, 575,,,, (5 ) 1) (531 ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ), 577 3),,,,, 4) 577,,, 164

171 ,,,, ;,,,, 3. T (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 200 mm100 mm6 mm : T 2) H08Mn2SiA, 1.2 mm 3) KR350 4) 1520 mm,,, 5) 02 mm 1015 mm, 6 mm,, 578 (2 ) 1), 2) (532 ) 578 T 532 ( mm) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) ( L/ min ) ( cm/ min) ), 579,, 1 2 mm,, 579 a) b) 165

172 ,,,, 580a ;, 580b (3 ) 1), 2) (533 ) 580 a) b ) 533 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ), 581,, 10, 582,, ;, (4 ) 1),,,, 2) (534 ) 534 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min)

173 3), 583,,,, 583,,,, 4. (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 300 mm100 mm12 mm : V, : = ) H08Mn2SiA, 1.2 mm 3) KR ) 1520 mm,,, 5), 585, 6),, (2 ) 1) (535 ) 167

174 535 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : ) (536 ) 536 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ),, 4), 587, a., mm,,,,,, b., 12 mm, 589, ;,,,,,, c. 589,,, d., 23 mm, 168

175 4 mm, 590 a., b.,,, c mm,, 591,, a., b.,,, 2 mm, c., d.,, (3 ) 1) (537 ) 537 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : ) (538 ) 538 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ),, 4),

176 a., mm, 12 s,, b.,, 592, 10,,,,, 593, ;, ;, a) b) c), c. 12 mm, 594,, d.,,,, 594 a., b.,,,,, c mm,, a., b. 170

177 ,, 2 mm,, (4 ) 1) (539 ) 539 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : ) (540 ) 540 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ),,,, 4),, a., mm,,, 596,,

178 b., 1 2 mm, 597,, c.,,, 597 a., b., 598 2,, 010, ; 3,, 010,, c mm, 0. 5 mm, 2 mm,, a., b. 599,, 2/ 3 4,,, 5, 4 1/ 22/ 3 6,,, (5 ) 1) (541 ) 172

179 541 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : ) (542 ) 542 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ),,,, 4), 5100 a., mm,,,,,, b.,,, 5101,,,,, a., 173

180 b.,, c mm,,, a., b.,,, 2 mm, c.,, 5. CO2 (1 ) CO2 CO2, CO2, CO CO, CO,,, CO2 CO,,, (2 ), (3 ) ; (4 ), ;, (5 ) CO2,, (6 ) CO2, 36 V, (7 ) CO2, CO2,, (8 ), (9 ), ; (10), (11),,, 174

181 : 1. (1 ), (2 ),, ( ),, 1),, :,, 2),,, : Q = 0.24 I 2 R t 175

182 : Q, J; I, A; R, ; t, s, R,,,,,,, 5103,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : R= L F : R, ;, m; L, cm; F, cm 2, R, ( ) R,,, ( ) R, 3),,,, 5104,,

183 , ( ),,, (,, ),,,,,,,, 5105,, ,,,, 2 mm,,, a., ( ),,, ( ),,, 5107,,,, b.,,,,,,, (, ),,,, 5108,,,,, 2. (1 ) 1) 177

184 ,,,,,,,,, 1 s 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,, (2 ),, ; ; mm 2 ; ; 5 000, 40 m, ;, ) (,, 1. (1 ) 178

185 1) : ( 50 Hz ) ( ) ( ) 2) 5109,, :,, ; ;, ;,,,,, ;, ;, ,,, 179

186 , (2 ) 1) 2) 5111 ( ),,,,,, , : ;, ; ;,, 100 kw ;, N ;,,, ;,,, ;,, : ;, ;, : 180

187 , ( ) 2. (1 ),, 5112 : ), 4 5 ( 100 ), 240 ka, ( ka),, 10 V,, 24 V, 1 ( ),, 2 ),, 50 kw, kw,, 1 2,,, ,, 3),,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (2 ) ( 2, ),, N1, U2, I2, : U1 U20 N 1 N2 = K : U1, V ; U20, V ; N1 ; 181

188 N2 K ; N2 = 1, U20 U 1 I2 U 20 Z : Z,, ,,, 3., N1, (1 ), : 1) 2) ), 4),,, ;,, CrCdBeAlZnMg (2 ) 1), 5114,,,,,, 2 3 mm,, mm 2),, mm,,, 3), 5116 (3 ) 182

189 5114 a) b) c) 5115 a) b) c) d),,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) 1),,, ;,,, 543, 543 2), a.,

190 543 mm b.,, :, : a.,, b.,,, c., d.,, ( mm) 3),,, ;,, 4), 5) ( ),, 6),, (2 ) ( I ) ( t ) ( P ) ( d)

191 544 ( mm ) d ( mm) P ( kn ) t ( ) d ( mm ) I ( ka) d ( mm ) P ( kn ) t ( ) d ( mm) I ( ka ) d ( mm ) P ( kn ) t ( ) d ( mm ) I ( ka) (1 ), ( ) 1),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2),,,, ;,,,, (3 ) 1) lo lo l o : lo = ( ) d ( d ) lo = ( 45 )(= 14 mm) 2) If Iu If jf ( jf ), vf Rt, jf, Re, Iu mm 2, 185

192 jf ju ( ) j f j u j f ( A/ mm 2 ) j u ( A/ mm 2 ) ) f,, f, ; f,, 4) vf vf,,,,, vf :,, vf, vf vf 5) u u u, u 6) vu vu, vu, 6080 mm/ s 7) Fu Fu, Fu,, 400 MPa) ( 150 8) Fc Fc, Fc = ( ) Fu 1.,, : (1 ), (2 ), 186

193 (3 ), ;,, (4 ),, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),,, (8 ), (9 ),, 2. (1 ) 1), ;,, ( mm ) ( MPa) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( s) ),,,,,, 12 mm, 187

194 ,,,,,, 2 mm, (2 ) , 1),, 2),, 3040 MPa, 2 D, MPa 1.4 D 1. 2 D, (3 ) 1),, 15 mm,, 510 mm,, ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( s )

195 ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( s ) ) ( ),, 45 V, ;, ( ),,,, 25 V ( ),,,, 3. (1 ) 1), 15 m, 2) 2030 cm, 3), 4) 5) 6), 7), 8) (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5),, 6) 7) 8) ; 9), 10 ), 189

196 :, ( ), 1. (1 ), ( ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ,, : 1) 5117a, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 2), (),,,,,, 5117b 3),,, 190

197 ,, 5117c,,,,, 5118,, 5117 a) b) c) (1 ),, a) b) c) ),,, 5119a 191

198 ,, 2),,, 5119b,,,,,,, 3), 5119c (2 ) 1),,, ;,, , ) ( 3 mm),,, 3),,,, 4),,,,,, 3. (1 ),,,, 80 V ;, 150 V,, 400 V,,, ( ), ( ) (2 ),,,, (3 ) 1),,,,, 99.5%,,,,, 2), 192

199 3),,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,, : ; ( ) ;, 5120,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1),,,, :, 200 mm 5120 L 1 L 2 L ,,,,,, 10 mm, m/ h;, m/ h 12 mm,,, 193

200 2),, 2., 5121 (1 ),, V, 1) ZXG2-400, 300 V, 400 A LG , 100 A 100 A, 250 A400 A500 A A 100 A, 2),,, 4050 mm,, mm,,, : + -, + -, AX1-500,, (2 ) 1), ( ),, 2) ( 5118 ),, ( 2050 A),,, 194

201 ( ),,, (3 ),, 3 L/ min, MPa,,, 10 L/ min,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, MPa,,, (5 ), ( ), 5122, LG , ( )

202 , ( ) ;,,,,,,, 3. (1 ) 1), 150 V 2080 mm, 200 V, V, 2),,,,, ( mm ) > 4.0 ( A) > 400,,,,, 65 %,,, ( mm ) ( kw ) < 50 < 70 < 100 < 80 > 100 > 100 < 50 < 100 < 75 < 100 > 100 > 120 < 20 > 50 < 30 > 80 3), (),

203 ,,,,, 5123,,,,, :,,, 550, 100 mm, L/ h; mm L/ h L/ h 550 ( A) ( V ) ( L/ h ) ( mm ) ,,,,,,,, 5124,,,,, 551 (4 ), 5124 P P 1 P 2 l 551 ( A) ( V ) ( m/ h) ( mm ) ,,,, 68 mm, 1015 mm,, 197

204 (5 ) Ly, 5 125,,,,,,,,,, mm ( mm ) ( mm) ( V) ( A ) ( L/ h) ( m/ h ) ( mm ) ( H 2 Ar 3565) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( V ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ h ) ( m/ h ) > ( mm) ( mm ) ( V ) ( A) ( L/ h ) ( H 2 Ar = 1585 ) ( m/ h)

205 (6 ),,, 5126,,,,, ; ( ), ; ;,,,, 4. (1 ) , 1),, 2),, 3),,, 4), 5),, 6), ( ),,, 7),, (2 ),,,,,,,, : 1),,,,, 815 mm,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,, 199

206 ,,,,,, 3),,, 4),,,, 045,, (3 ) mm,, : 1), 80 mm, kw,, 2),,, 3),,, ( 0. 4 ),,, 4), 5),, 6),,, ( ), 200 mm, 820 s; 50 mm, s ( mm ) ( V) ( V) ( A) ( kw ) ( m/ h) ( L/ h ) ( L/ h) ( % ) ( % ) ( mm ) (4 ),

207 556,, ( ) ( ),,, 201

208 ,,,,,,,, 5., : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 202

209 (3 ),,,, ;,, (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ),,, 1. (1 ),,, 5127a, 15 kw (200 kw),, 1) ( ),,,, 5127a 5127 a) b),,,,,,,,,, b, ( 203

210 810 mm ),, ( 7 8 mm 2 ),, ( A) 3 8 mm ( ), 26 mm ), A,,,, 5128,,,,,,,, mm 3),, A, mm,, (2 ) 1), 8 mm,, 12 mm, 20 mm 2) 3),,, 4),,, 5),,,, ( 0. 1 A), 6),,, 7),, 204

211 , 2.,, :, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 36 mm (3 ) 1),,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 2),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) 35 mm, 205

212 ;,, (5 ),,,,,,, ;, ;,, 1525 L/ min mm, (1 ) 557 ( mm ) ( mm/ min) ( A) ( V) ( L/ h) Ar I Ar Ar I I Ar + H 2 5 % I Ar + H 2 5 % I Ar + H 2 5 % I Ar + H 2 5 % I Ar I Ar I Ar I He75 % + Ar I He50 % + Ar I He50 % + Ar V Ar I He I He I Ar Ar I I Ar + H 2 5 % Ar + H 2 5 % I I 206

213 558 ( mm ) ( mm) ( A ) ( mm/ min) ( L/ min ) ( L/ min ) ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 5 % ) ( Ar) 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar) ( Ar) 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + He75 % ) 10 ( He) 1) 20 mm,, 2),, mm, 0. 1 mm 3), 559,, 60 mm, 5 mm, 4) LH ( mm ) ( L/ min ) ( A) ( V) ( mm/ min ) ( mm ) / ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) / (2 ),, 1),, 2) ; ; ; ),,,,, 4),, 5), 5 mm, 207

214 1. (1 ) ( ), ( ) (2 ), ( ), (3 ) ( ),,, 2. (1 ), 5129,,,,,,,,, 1), Tm (1 100 ), t , t8/ 5 ; 650, 2) 208

215 ( ),,, ; (2 ) 1) ( ),, : q = IU v : I, A ; U, V ; v, cm/ s; q, J/ cm,, ;, 560,,, ;,, ( J/ cm ) ( ) ( s ) ( / s) ) 560,,,,,,,, 3),,,, ;,,,,,, 561 4),, T 209

216 561 ( A) ( V ) (cm/ s) ( J/ cm) ,, 3.,, (1 ) 1),, 30 cm 3, 100 g (),,, 4100/ s, ( ),,, :,,, ),,, ;,, 5130 a) b) 3),,,,, (, ) ( ),,,, ; 210

217 ( FeS) ( MnS) FeS,,, ( SiO2 ), ( FeO), (2 ) ( MnO) 1),,,,,,,,,, ;,, 16 Mn, ;,,, ( 2% 6 % ) 2),,,,, ;, (3 ),, (,, ),,, 4. (1 ) FeO,, FeO CO,,, 211

218 1) ; ;,,, ; CO2 CO2, FeO 2),,, ( ) (2 ) 1), ;,,,,, ;,, 2), ; 3), (3 ),,,,, 5., FeS MnS, (), ( ),,,, :,, 6. ( ),,,,,,, 7. (1 ) ;, 5 212

219 131 1) (), , ( ), 1 300, ;, ; 16 Mn,,,, 2) Ac 3, , ;,,,,,,, ( ) 3) Ac3 Ac1, ;,,,,, 4) Ac1 450, ( 450 ) ( ),,,,, (2 ) ; 1) Ac3, ;,, ; 2) Ac3 Ac1, ;,,, 213

220 3), Ac 1,,, (3 ) 475, 475 1),, 2) ,, ;,,, 3) , ( ), Cr23 C6,, 4) ,,, 475,,, : ; ; ; ; 1.,,, (1 ), (2 ),,,,, 214

221 , 1),, 2),,, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

222 , (1 ) 1),, 5 130b ;,,,, 5130a ;,, 2),,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, , 475, 5. (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,, Ac3,,,,,,, 216

223 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), (),,, 1., (1 ), ( ), ;,, ( 5 132a),, (2 ),,,,, 5132b, ( ),, ( ),,,, ;,, (3 ) 5132c,,,,, ( ), 217

224 5132 a) b) c) ( ), ( ),,, ( ), ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,, (1 ), (, ) 5133b,, T,, 218

225 5133b ; ( ) 5133b,,,, 5 133b,,,,, 5133c,, 5133c, ( ) 5133c,, ;,, 5133c, T (2 ) Y Y,,,,,,, a) b) c) , ( ) (1 ),,,,, ; (2 ),,,, 5135 (3 ), , 219

226 5135 ( ) 5136 (4 ),,,, 5137, (5 ),,, 5138, a) b) T, 2. : (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ),, 3. (1 ) 220

227 1) ( ),,,,, ;, 2),, Y, Y ( V ) U X (Y ) Y X U I, 3),,,,,,, 4),,,,,, CO2,,,, 1 m, ( 5139a) ; ( 5139c) ; ( 5139b) 5139 ( ) a) b) c), ( ),,,, (2 ) 1) 221

228 ,,, 5140b 2),, 5141,, a) b) 5141 Y a) b),, 5143a 5143b, a) b ),,,,, 5139c 222

229 ( ) CO2,,,,, 5144,,, 4. (1 ),, 5145,,, 5144 a) b ) c) , (2 ),, 300,, 800, : 15 mm, mm,, , T,, Mn ; 223

230 , 1. (1 ) 1),,, 5146 T 2), 3),, 4), ( ) ( ) (2 ) 1),,, 2),, 1520 mm 3),,,,,, 2. (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,, 224

231 ,,,,,, 16 Mn, 3., (1 ) 1),, 5147,,,,,, 5147,, 2),,,, 3),, T 5148abc ; 5148d 5148,, (2 ),,,,, 225

232 (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),,,,, 1/ 21/ 4,, ;, (5 ) : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) , 26 h,, ( ),,,,,, , 5150, 4. (1 ) (, ),,, ( ) ( 226

233 5150 a) b ) ), (, 12 min, 30 min, 3 h), % 90%,,,, , ( ), (2 ), 1),,,,,,, 2) (), 5151 ( 200) ( 100) ( ),, 50 % 70 % ( mm),, : 100 mm, 180 mm, 227

234 130 mm,, mm/ min 3),,,,,, 1. (1 ) ( GB/ T ),,, ( ),,,, ;, :, (2 ),,,,,,?, ( ), : ( CE ) = C + Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu 15,, ( b = MPa) : ( CE ) < 0.40%,,, ; ( CE ) = 0.40% 0.60%,, ; ( CE ) > 0. 60%,,,,, %

235 (1 ) ( GB/ T ), ( ) 1) Q295Q345Q390Q420Q460 ABCDE, A, ( S ) ( P ) 0.045% ; B, C, D, E, ( S ) ( P ) 0.040% %, ( GB/ T ) a. Q295 09MnV, 09MnNb, 09Mn2, 12Mn b. Q345 12MnV, 14MnNb, 16Mn, 16MnRe, 18Nb c. Q390 15Mn, 15MnTi, 16MnNb d. Q420 15MnVN, 14MnVTiRe e. 18MnMoNb14MnMoV14MnMoVB a MPa,, Q295Q460, b MPa,,,, 15MnMoVN15MnMoVNRe14MnMoNbB12Cr3NiMoV, c MPa, (0.25% 0.5% ) 30CrMnSiA30CrMnSiNi2A35CrMoVA34CrNi3MoA 40CrNiMoA,, 2),, 15MnCrAlTiRE08AlMoV 09AlVTiCu, 12AlMoV, 15Al3MoWVTi,,,, 14MnPNbRE 09MnCuP Ti08MnPRe10MnPRe10MnPNbRe16CuCr12MnCuCr15MnCuCr 09Mn2Cu, 16MnCu, 229

236 , ( < - 20), 09Mn2VDR09MnCuTiRe 06MnNb06AlCuNbN16MnDR15MnNiDR,, 09MnNiDR , 12CrMo15CrMo20CrMo12Cr1MoV12Cr2MoWVB12MoVWBSiRe (2 ), ( GB/ T ), ( GB ) 1), % %, M Pa, 0. 40%, 0.50%, ( ),, 16 Mn,,,,,,, (, ), VTiCrMoB ( ) T 2 ), 1 100,,, :, ;,,,,, 1., %,,,,, 5070 mm, 0, ;, 4050 mm, 0,

237 ,, (1 ),,,,, 390 MPa,, M Pa,, 562,,,, 3, 100 mm 562 MPa ( ) Mn2 09Mn2Si 09MnV ( 16 mm ) Mn 14MnNb ( 30 mm) MnV 15Mn Ti 16MnNb ( 28 mm) MnVN 14 MnV TiRe ( 25 mm) MnMoNb 18 MnMoNb > (2 ), Q295 (09MnV09Mn2 ) 16Mn,, 16Mn,,,,,,,,, (3 ) 231

238 , :,, (4) ( ) ,, , 26 h, Q295Q460,,, Ac3 3050, 12 min ( ), ( 16MnR 30 mm, 15MnVR 28 mm, 15MnVNR 18MnMoNbR), ( ), (1 ) CO2, 1) 3 mm 2),,,, 3) 20 70,,,,,, 20 80, 3 mm, 1535 mm,,,, 250 mm100 mm,, (2 ),,,, 232

239 ,,,, s ( MPa) CO 2 09Mn2 E4303 H08 A H J431 H08Mn2SiA Mn2 Si E4301 H08MnA 09MnV E4316 E4315 I H08MnMoA HJ431 H08Mn2SiA H08 A Mn E MnNb E5001 H08MnA E5016 H10Mn2 H J431 HJ360 E5015 H10MnSi H J350 H10Mn2 E5003 I H J431 H08Mn2MoVA HJ431 H08Mn2SiA E5001 H08MnA HJ MnV E Mn Ti E5015 H10Mn2 16MnNb E G H10MnSi HJ431 E G H08Mn2Si H08MnMoA H J350 H J250 15MnVN E G H08MnMoA H J431 H10Mn2MoVA HJ MnV TiRe E G H04MnV T ia H J350 HJ360 E D1 E D1 14 MnMoV E D1 H08Mn2MoA H J250 H10Mn2MoA HJ E D1 H08Mn2 MoVA H J350 H10Mn2MoVA HJ360 18MnMoNb E D2 HJ350 E G HJ

240 (1 ) 16Mn 1) 16Mn 16Mn % 0. 20%, 1. 20% % ; 345 MPa, MPaQ235 1 %, 40%,, 16Mn Q345 - A 16Mn 0. 32% 0. 47%, 16Mn,, Mn ( mm) 16-10, , , ) 16Mn 16Mn, E50 E5015 ( J507 ) E5016 ( J506 ) ;, E5003 ( J502), H08MnA 431 ( HJ431 ) ; H10Mn2 431 CO2, H08Mn2SiA CO2 16Mn,,, H08MnMoA, HJ431, H10MnSi 16Mn,,, (2 ) 15MnV 15MnTi 1) 15MnV 15MnTi 15MnV 15MnTi Q390 - A 16Mn % 0.12% V 0. 12% % Ti,,, 15MnV 15MnTi 16Mn 0.02%, 32 mm, 0, 32 mm 0, , ) 15MnV 15MnTi 15MnV 15MnTi,, E5015 ( J507 ) ; E G ( J557 ), E5003 ( J502 ),, H08MnA 234

241 431;, H10Mn2 H08Mn2SiA ; H08MnMoA CO2, H08Mn2SiA, H08Mn2SiA, H08Mn2MoVA, HJ431 15MnTi Ti,, (3 ) 18MnMoNb 1) 18MnMoNb 18MnMoNb % 0.23%, % %, 0.45% 0.65%, Nb % % ; 490 MPa, 635 MPa,, MnMoNb (950980, min/ mm; , 57 min/ mm),,, 18MnMoNb,, 0. 48% %, 0. 56% 18MnMoNb,,, , , 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb 180,, 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb 2) 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb, E D2 ( J707), E D1 ( J607),,,, H08Mn2MoA, HJ , H10Mn2MoA H10Mn2MoVA, HJ431,,, ;,, 20 kj/ cm ;, 35 kj/ cm 18MnMoNb , ,,

242 ( ) 15Mo12CrMo15CrMo12Cr1MoV12Cr2MoWVB12MoVWBSiRe 1Cr132Cr131Cr5Mo4Cr9Si21Cr11MoV1Cr12Mo 00Cr121Cr17 0Cr18Ni90Cr23Ni130Cr25Ni201Cr18Ni9Ti 1Cr18Ni11Nb, 450, 0.5 % ( 0. 5Mo ) , Cr Mo 0.5 Mo 1Cr Mo 2. 25Cr - 1Mo 1Cr - MoV 2Cr - MoWV Ti 5Cr Mo 9Cr - 1Mo 9Cr - MoV 12Cr - MoV 18-8CrNi ( Nb) , ( ) ( ), (1 ) 400, ),,,, ( 1% ) 2), ( h ), MoWVTiNbB, 236

243 (2 ) 560 Fe2 O3 Fe3 O4,, ; 560 FeO,,, CrSiAl, Cr2 O3 SiO2 Al2 O3,, Cr Mo, 12CrMo15CrMo Cr, Mo,, 0. 25% V C,,, V, 12CrMoV V 0. 5%, % %, 2. : (1 ),,,,, ;, (2 ) CrMoVTiNb, (, ) ( ),, ( PAsSbSn ), , () 3. (1 ),, CrMo 566,, 566 CO 2 H08CrMoA 12 CrMo R207 HJ350 H08CrMnSiMo H08CrMoA H13CrMoA 15 CrMo R307 H13 CrM oa HJ350 H08 CrM nsim o H13 CrM oa 12 Cr MoV R317 H08CrM ova HJ350 H08 CrMo M nsiv H08 CrM ova (2 ) 237

244 ,,,, 567,,,, CO2, 567 ( ) ( ) 12CrMo CrMo Cr1MoV Cr2Mo Cr2 MoW VB Cr3MoVSiT ib MoVWBSiRe , 4, 150 mm, (3 ),,, ( ) 23 h, (4 ),,,,,,, 567 : ; ; ( ),,,,,,,, 4., CO2, ;,, (1 ) 238

245 566, (2 ),,,, U U (23 mm ), V,, mm, (3 ),,, ( TIG) TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) %,,,,, 566 (4 ),,,,, CO2 CO , , MnDR, MnNiDR 09Mn2VDR,

246 09MnNiDR, MnNb, Ni Ni ;, MnR A kv ( J ), ( mm ) ( ) ( 12 ) (> 68 ) ( > 811) 16MnDR > Mn NiDR Mn2 VDR Mn NiDR Mn TiCuRe 06MnNb : 4 GB , GB DR 2.,,,,,,,,, ,,, 3. 5Ni 25 mm,, 150;,, ;,,, ( ), , 2845 kj/ cm 570,, ;, 240

247 ( ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V) ( mm ) ( ) ( ) 09MnD MnD 16MnDR MnNiD MnNiDR MnNiDR 07MnNiCrMoVDR > > Ni > , W ; , ; 7, MnDR J506RH J507 RH 572 ( % ) 16MnD 16MnDR J506RH J507RH E G E G 09MnD 15MnNiDR 09Mn TiCuRe 09Mn2VDR 09 Mn NiD 09MnNiDR 06MnNb 3. 5Ni W607 E G w (C) 0.07, w ( Mn) = , w ( Ni) = w (C) W707 w ( Mn) 2. 0, w( Cu) 0.7 W707Ni E Cl w ( C) 0. 12, w ( Mn) 1. 25, w ( Ni) W107 E C2 L w ( C) 0.05, w ( Mn) , w ( Ni)

248 , ( ), ;, 12%, ; 1. (1 ), ( ) ( ), - 1) ( 13 % 17 % ), (0.1 % 1. 1% ) 1Cr132Cr133Cr134Cr13, 2Cr13 30, ; ; ( ), 2) (13% 30% ), ( % ),,,,, 1Cr17Mo00Cr27Mo00Cr30Mo2, 1Cr17 00Cr121Cr17 3) ;, ; Cr18% - Ni9% ( 18-8 ), Cr18% - Ni12 %, Cr23% - Ni13%, Cr25% - Ni20 % 0Cr18Ni9, 00Cr19Ni10, 1Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 0Cr18Ni10Ti, 0Cr18Ni11Nb, 1Cr18Ni12, 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti, 0Cr23Ni13, 0Cr25Ni20 1Cr18Ni9Ti, Cr25Ni20 (2 ) 1) :,, 1/ 3,, 5 50%, 242

249 ,, 2) Mn 3) ( ) 573 1Cr13 2Cr13 3Cr13 ( 16Mn ) , , ( , ) , , ( , ) , , ( , ) b ( MPa) 0. 2 ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) HB Cr , Cr18Ni , Cr18Ni , Cr18Ni9 T i , Cr18Ni , Cr23Ni , Cr25Ni , Q235 - A , Mn ( Q345 - A) ,,,,,,,,,,, a. 12%, 12%, , ( 0. 02% 0. 03% ),, Cr23 C6,, 12% 450,,, Cr23 C6 ; 850,, 850, 243

250 ,, ,, 650 b. a) : ( C0.14% ) ( C0.06% ) ( C0.03% ), 0.02% %, b),, ( Cr23 C6 ),, NiCMnNCu ; CrNbTi MoVWSi 1.8, c) TiNb C Cr, C TiCNbC Cr23 C6 d) , ( ),,, : ;,, e) , 2 h,, 12%, TiNb 18-8, , 24 h,, ;, ( ), 1Cr18Ni9 Ti, , 6 h, 1. 0 mm,, 50,,,, 20 50, 20 60,,, 50%, 244

251 ( ) 20%, ( ) 10%, 2.,,, (1 ) 1),,,, ;,,,,, :, ;,, Cr23 C , TiC NbC, ,, Cr23 C6,,,,, : ( ), 2), :,, (), ;,, Y X ; ; ; ; (2 ) :,, ;,, ;, 245

252 ( ) :,,,,, 3% 8% ( 5 % ) 15% ( > 650),,,,,, ;,,,,, (3 ),, 1) 475 ( 15% 20% ), ,, 475, 475,,,, 5% 475, 900 2) , FeCr, ( HRC > 68),, ; ,,, 5%,,,,, 5%, CrMoTi Nb,, , 1Cr18Ni9T i, 475 5% 3),,, 1. (1 ),,, 3 20%, 2530,,, ;,, ; 246,,

253 ,, (2 ),, (3 ),,, 60( ) (4 ), ( 18-8,, ),, (5 ), 1),, ;, 2), :,,,, a. : ( 1.42) 20%, 5 %, : 50 %, 50% : ( 1.19 ) 20 ml, 100 ml, ( 1.42) 30 ml, 150 g b min,,,, : 5 ml, 1 g, 95 ml, 1 h,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, CO2,, (1 ) 247

254 1),,,,,, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, Cr18% Ni9% ( 18-8 ), Ti, 0. 1%, ;, A132 A H J Cr19Ni10 A002 E308 L - 16 H00Cr21 Ni10 H00 Cr21Ni10 S J601 0Cr18Ni9 1Cr18Ni9 A102 A107 E E H0Cr21 Ni10 H0Cr21 Ni10 H J260 S J601 SJ608, SJ701 1Cr18Ni9 Ti 0Cr18Ni10 T i 0Cr18 Ni11Nb 1Cr18Ni12 0Cr18Ni12Mo2 0Cr23Ni13 E A132 A137 E A202 E A207 E A302 E A307 E H0Cr20Ni10 Ti H0Cr20Ni10 T i H J260 H0Cr21Ni10 T i H J151 SJ608, SJ701 H J260 H0Cr20 Ni10Nb H0Cr20 Ni10Nb H J172 H1Cr24 Ni13 H1Cr24 Ni13 H J260 H00Cr19Ni12Mo2 S J601 H0 Cr19Ni12 Mo2 H0Cr19Ni12Mo2 H J260 H1Cr24 Ni13 H1Cr24 Ni13 H J260 0Cr25Ni20 A402 A407 E E H0Cr26 Ni21 H0Cr26 Ni21 H J260 ( A 2 ) ( A 7 ), 25-20, 18-8,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,,, 575,, 60( ),,, (2 ),

255 575 ( mm ) ( A) ) 8 mm, 3 mm, 60 mm TIG 576 TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( A) ( mm/ min) ( L/ min) T TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V ) ( L/ min) ( r/ min ) ( mm/ min) ( mm ) ( ) V ),,,,, Ar O2 0. 5% 1 % Ar CO21% 5 %,, 249

256 (3 ),,,, 574, HJ260HJ172HJ151 SJ601SJ608 SJ ( mm) ( mm) ( A ) ( V ) ( m/ h ) : mm, mm, 3. 5 mm 580 ( mm ) > 5 ( mm ) ( mm ) (4 ) 1012 mm,,,,, 0. 5 mm 3. (1 ), (2), 2 mm, 580 (3 ) 2030 mm,, 250

257 (4 ), (5 ),,, (6 ),, (7 ) ;, 251

258 : 1.,,, (1 ), (2 ),, 2.,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 252

259 , 3. (1 ),,,, 1),,, ( 61a ),,,, 61 a) b) P,, ( 61b),,,,,,,,,,,, mm,,, 62, ;,,, 6 2a, 62c,, 62b, 62d,, : a % 0.04%,, % 0. 03% 253

260 62 a) b) c) d) b.,, c.,,,, d. CaO,,, CaS,,, e.,, f. 2) ( MS ),, ( ),,, : ; ;,,,, ( ),, ( 63 ) a. ( ), 63a 254

261 b.,,, 63b c., 63c 63 a) b) c), : a., b.,,, c.,, 507 MnV,,, d.,, e., 3) ( ), 1 200,, ;,, ( ), a., ( ) b. c.,, d., 600,, (2 ),, 64cd, 64ab 255

262 1),,,,, 2), :,,,,,,,,, 3) 2030 mm,,, (3 ) 65,, 64 a) b) c) d) 65 a) b) 1) ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, 256

263 2) ; ; ;, ;,, (4 ),, 66,,, 1) 66 a) V b) V c) d) T e) f ) Y g) X,, ;,,, ;,, ; ;,,, 2) ; ;,,, (5 ), ( 6 7) ;, 1) ; 67 a) b ),, ; ; 2),, ;,, ;, ; (6 ), 1), ; ;, 257

264 2) ; ;,,,, ;, ;,, 0.5 mm, 0.5 mm,, 1.,, 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ), ;, (3 ) ( X ),,,,, 2/ 3, 2/ 3,,,,, 450 M Pa, 50 mm,, (4 ),, 4060 mm, ( ), ( ), 1 m, (5 ) mm,,,, 258

265 (6 ), (7 ) : X,,,,,,,,,,

266 , 1. (1 ),,, ( ) ( GB ) (2 ),,,,,, ( GB ) (3 ) ( ),, ( GB ) (4 ),, ( GB ) 2. (1 ) 6 mm,, 5060 g, CMnSiS P,,, (GB223 ) (2 ) CrMoFFeNiAlCu,,, 260

267 ( 510 ), ,,, ;,, ( ),, (3 ) ( ),,,, ( GB122375), - 1. (1 ),, X, X X,, :, ;, ;, ; X 69 X, ( ),,,,,, (2 ),,, 69 X X 6 X 261

268 ,, Hz Hz,,, MHz 610 ( ),,,, 610 a) b ),,,,,, (3 ),, 611,,,,,,,, S N,,, ( ),, 262

269 67 mm ; 11.5 mm 2. X (1 ),, a) b ) c) : 1),,,, 2),, V,,,, ; X, ; T 3), 4),,, ; ;,, 5),,, 6) (2 ) 1) (GB332387), 263

270 65 2) ( 3 ), 61,, 62, 63,, T ( mm ) 25 > > 100 ( mmmm ) ( mm ) 1 > 1 2 > 23 > 34 > 4 6 > 68 > T ( mm ) ( mm ) > > % T 64 ( mmmm ) T ( mm) 10 > 1015 > > > > / 2 T 3) 3, T < T < 601/ 3 T T6020, 6 L, 12 T T 264

271 T96 9 < T < 452/ 3 T T4530, 3 L, 6 T T : ( 1 ) T, L ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 ) 12 T ( ) 6 T ( ),,, 4), ( ),, 1 265

272 ,, : 1.,, (GB ), EZC EZCQ EZ Ni EZNiFe EZNiCu EZ NiFeCu EZFe EZV 2. () () (1 ) ( ) ( GB ), : 1) E 2) Z 266

273 3) EZ, 71 4), - 5) E Z C Q E Z Ni Fe 1 1 (2 ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) EZ Fe - 2 Z100 EZCQ Z238 EZV Z116 Z117 EZNi - 1 EZNiFe - 1 Z308 Z408 EZC Z248 Z208 EZ NiCu - 1 Z , 73 HB EZFe , 1 h, 400 EZV 300, 1 h, EZC 150, 1 h ( 400), EZCQ 250, 1 h ( 500, ) EZNi , 1 h,,,

274 HB EZ NiFe , 1 h, (200) EZNiCu , 1 h,, (300) (1 ) ( GB ), : 1) R 2) Z 3) RZ, 74 4), - 74 RZC - 1 RZC - 2 RZCH RZCQ - 1 RZCQ - 2 5) R Z C H (2 ) 1) RZC RZC 600, 400, ,,, 2) RZCH RZCH,,, RZC, 3) RZCQ 268

275 RZCQ,,, RZC, 5., SiO2,,,,, ( ),, % H 3 BO 3 18 Na 2 CO 3 40 CJ201 NaHCO 3 20 MnO 2 7 NaNO (1 ) (GB ),, (2 ) (GB/ T ),, 2. (1 ) 1) ( GB ),, SA1-1 SA1-2 SA1-3 SA1Cu SA1Mn SA1Mg - 1 SA1Mg - 2 SA1Mg - 3 SA1Si - 1 SA1Si - 2 SA1Mg

276 : S S, - 2) 77, ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( ) HS301 SAl - 3 w ( Al) HS311 SAlSi - 1 w ( Si) w( Al) , HS321 SAlMn w ( Mn) w( Al) , HS331 SAlMg - 5 w ( Mg) w( Al) , 78 L 4 L6 LF21 79 SAl - 3 SAlSi - 1 LF3 LF5 SAlMg - 5 SAlMn SAlMg - 5 LF5 LF6 SAlMg - 5 L6 LF21 LF21 SAlMn LF21 ZL104 ZL104 SAlSi - 1 LF21 LF2 LF3 SAlMg - 5 LF21 ZL101 ZL101 SAlSZ - 1 LF21 LF3 LF3 SAlMg - 5 (2 ) 1) (GB946088), 710 : H S ; HS ;,, HSCu H SCuZn H SCuZn - 2 H SCuZn H SCuZn

277 HSCuZnNi HSCuNi HSC usi 211 HSCuSn HSC ual HSCuAlNi 214, 710, 30 mm 2),,, 3.,,,, ( % ) CJ301 w ( H 3 BO 3 ) 7679 w( Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) w ( AlP O 4 ) 44.5 CJ401 w ( KCl) w( NaCl) w ( LiCl) w ( NaF )7. 59,,,,,,,, : % 6.67% 2.5 % 4%, 1% 5%, 271

278 , 2. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, 1),, 8 cm 2,, 71,,, 72 73, ), a) b ) 75 a) b)

279 3),, 35 mm ( 5 8 mm), 76 4),,,,,,,, 77,, (4 ) , 400,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) 1),,,,,, mm 35 mm,, 1 mm 515 mm, V, 6070, 3 mm, 13 mm8 mm, X U, TIG ) Al2 O3 (2 050),,,,, 273

280 712 TIG ( mm ) ( a) ( mm ) ( p) ( mm ) ( a) ( ) 12 < , , ,,,, : ( ), ( mm),,,,, ( ) ( min ) ( min) ( ) 6 % 10 % NaOH % HN O % 10 % NaOH % HN O ,,,, 4 h, 24 h 274

281 , 3),,,,,,,,, 4), 510 mm,, (1 ) : (2 ) 1), :,,, T,, 78 TIG 78 TIG a) T2 mm b) T = 36 mm c) V T = 6 15 mm d) V T = 1525 mm e) U T = 1015 mm f) U T20 mm,, 275

282 ,,,, 2), 30 mm,, ( NaOH) 10% 3040, ( ),, HNO3 ( 75 cm 3 / L) + H2 SO4 ( 100 cm 3 / L) + HCl (1 cm 3 / L),,, 3), ( 79 ) 79 a) b) a, a1 a2 a1 a2 : a. 3 mm, mm : b. > 3 mm, > mm : a1 = mm a2 = a1 + ( ) L ( mm) a1 = 12 mm a2 = a1 + ( ) L ( mm), 4),,,, : ( ),, 5),, , 276

283 , 1.,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ; () ; ( ), : ( ) ;, ( ) ; ( ) 2.,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,,, 3. : (1 ) 1),,,, ;,,,, 277

284 2) A (B), B ( A ), A B, 710, Q235 1Cr18Ni9, V U, Q235,, 56 mm,, 9 mm 710 a) B b) c) d) B A 3 ) A B C, C AB AB C 4) A B ( ), A B 5 ) (, ), 711 (2 ), 711 : 1.,, 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ) 1), 2) 278

285 3) 4),, ( ), 5) (3 ) 1), 2), 3), 4), 5) (4 ),, (1 ) 1),, 2), 3) 4), 5), (2 ) 1) 2) 10%, (3 ) ;, 279

286 :,,, 1. (GB ), (1 ), (2 ) 1), 2), 81 81,

287 81 81 mm L B b + 12 b 25 D b D > D38, l > L S + 60 L S + 12 r 25 : L S, ; D 82 3), 4), l, 5),, 6) a 30 mm,, 30 mm, ( GB2649), 7) 38 mm,,,,, 83 8) 84 : d0 = ( ) mm; l = LS + 2 D; D h ; r min = 4 mm 9) 1 ; 1 ; (3 )

288 2. ( GB ), (1 ), (2 ) 84 1), ;, 2),,,,, l, ,, a., b a 1. 5, 20 mm, : 50 mm, b b s D ( 10 mm) ; > 50 mm, b s D ( 10 mm, 40 mm ) a) b ) a b L r

289 , s, D 86 a) b ) a b L r 87 a) b) a b L r, a 20 mm,, 20 mm, (GB2649 ), b. a 10 mm, b 40 mm,, b 2040 mm, ( GB2649), c mm, 20 mm 82 mm a b L r a > a > a 0.2 a ( 3 mm), Ra12.5 m 1, 2 3) ( )

290 , ( ), D 3 l D + 3 a ( 88 ), (3 ), , 1. 5 mm, 3 mm,, 3. ( GB ) (1 ), (2 ) 1) 10 mm10 mm55 mm V 89,,, Ra0.8 m 2), 3), 15 mm, 4), 5), 810 6) 811 t 7) :, 3 284

291 89 V (3 ) : 3, 70% ( GB ), 811 a) b ) c) 285

292 (1 ), (2 ) 1),, 2), Ra1. 6 m, Ra 0. 8 m 3 mm, 3), 4),, ),,,, 4 ;, 3 mm;, 2. 5, 6) : 1 (3 ),,, 286

293 , Y 1. Y,, 2. (1 ) 813, 938 mm, (2 ) 813, (3 ) : 2 (4 ) 813,,, 4 mm 5 mm, 2 mm,, 3. (1 ),,,, (2 ), 4 mm, A, 2226 V, 150 mm/ min (3 ) 287

294 ,, (4 ) 1), 814, 2), (5 ) 48 h,,, 4. (1 ), 816, 816a, : : Cf, % ; 816 a) b) c) Cf = n lf i, mm; i = 1 L, mm (2 ) n lf i i = 1 L 100 % 816b, 288

295 : Cr, % ; n j = 1 L, mm; Cr = lf j, mm (3 ) n lf j j = 1 L 100% 816c,, : Cs, % ; H, mm; Hc, mm Cs = H c H 100%, ( ), 20%, :,,,,, 1. ( Fe3 C),,,,, 2. ( + ),, : ( C) = 2.6 % 3. 6%, ( Si) = 1% 3.0 %, ( Mn) = 0. 4% 1.2 %, ( S ) 0. 15%, ( P) 0.3 % ( GB561285), 289

296 HT,,, HT100, HT, M Pa b ( M Pa) HB H T , H T , H T200 H T250 H T300 H T350 H T ,,,,,,,,, 85, 85 b ( M Pa) ( % ) a k ( J/ cm 2 ) ,,,,,,, KT,,, KTH, KTB, KTZ,,,, 4.,,, QT,,,, 290

297 QT40017, QT, MPa, 17 17% b ( MPa) ( % ) HB Q T Q T Q T Q T Q T Q T Q T KmQT, SQT, RQT, R, 1%, ; 1%,, SQT Al5Si5, Al5 Al 5%, Si5 Si 5 % 1.,, : (1 ),, Fe3 C,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,,, 3), (2 ),,, 291

298 ,,, ( 2. 3%, 1.26% ),,, 400 C,, : 1),,,, 2),,,, 817,,,,,,,,,, : ;, ; 3),,,, 4),,,, 5),,, 2. ( ) CO 2 ( ) EZC ( Z248 Z208) EZC ( Z208 ) EZC ( Z208 ) EZNiFe - 1 ( Z408 ) EZFe - 2 ( Z100 ) EZV ( Z116 Z117) EZ Ni - 1 ( Z308 ) EZ NiFe - 1 ( Z408) EZ NiCu - 1 ( Z508 ) E G ( J507 ) E4303 ( J422 ) H08Mn 2 SiA 292

299 (1 ),,, E4303 ( J422 )E5015 ( J507),,, 1) ( C) ( 400 C ),,,, EZC (Z248Z208) a.,,,,,,,,,, b.,,,,, 400 C,,,,, : : I, A ; d, mm I = ( 40 50) d,,,,,,,, C,, 2), 8 cm 2, 7 mm, 2030 ( 818),,, 5 8 mm,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,, ( 293

300 818 a) b) c) ), ) (,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1015 mm,, ( 5060 C ),,,,,,, ( 819 ),,, 819, :,,,, (2 ) ( < C),,,,,,,,,, C, RZC1RZC2 RZCH CJ201,, (3 ) 294

301 1),,,,,, HsCuZn ( ),, 2) CO2 (0.8 mm) CO2,,,,, CO2,, CO2, H08Mn2 SiA, 85 A, V, m/ h( ) ; ; 5060 C ( ), 3),,,, 13, mm, C HJ230 HJ C4050 mm1520 mm A, 1015 h 1., : (1 ), (2 ), 2. (1 ) EZCQ, C, EZNiFe - 1EZNiFeCu,, (2 ) RZCQ,, : 3. 5% 4.0%, 3. 5% 3.9 %, 0.5% 0. 8%, % 0.10%, ( % %, 0. 03% 0. 04% ), 295

302 :,,,,, 7. 5%, ( 4. 2% ) (0.01% ),, 1. (1), ( ) 99.7 % 98.8 %, C, ( Al2 O3, C),, 5, 2, 88 L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 L 5 L 6 ( Al) ( ) ( ) (2 ) 820 D,,,, D,,, 820 F,, ( ) F D,, ( ) ( GB/ T ),,, 89 ( CILNO PQZ ),

303 89 ( % ) Mg 2 Si ( GB/ T ),,,,, GB GB117386, 821 : LF 2 LF 3 LF 5 LF 6 ( ) : LF 21 : ( Al - Cu - Mg ) L Y 3 LY 12 : ( Al - Mg - Si - Cu ) LD 2 L D 10 : ( Al - Cu - Mg - Sn ) LC 4 : ZL 101 ZL 102 ZL 111 : ZL 201 ZL 204 : ZL 301 ZL ),,,, % Mg Mn Cr Si Ti Be LF LF LF LF : 811 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( % ) ( % ) ( HBS) L

304 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( % ) ( % ) ( HBS) L LF LF LF LF6 2),, 3), 4),,,,,,,,,, 2., : (1 ), (Al2 O3 ), C (660 C), ;, ;,,,, TIG (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, 298

305 (5 ),,,, 3. (1 ),, :,,,,,, 1),,,, 2),, 110 mm,, 3) 8 mm, 212 mm (2 ) 1), 10% 1520 C, 1020 min; 6065 C, 515 min, 100 C 2) HS311 ( ), A1 + Si5%,,,,, ( Mg2 Si ),, HS331 ( ),,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,, TIG,, ( ), (), 299

306 , 812, ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( C ) ( A) ( L/ min ) ( mm ) ( / ) V / 1 V / 1 V / 1 V / 1 V / 12 V / 12 V / 12 V / 12 V / 12 V / 12 V / 23 X / 34 X 813 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) ( A ) ( V ) ( m/ h ) / / 1 1/ / / / / / / 1 23/ / 1,,,,,,,, 300

307 ,, 1020, 1., (1 ), ( ),,,, ( % ), ( Cu ) ( P ) ( Mn ) ( Bi) ( Pb) ( S) ( P ) ( O) T T T T T U T U T U P TUMn b ( MPa) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) T ( C) E ( MPa) ( W/ mk ) c ( J/ g C) ( 10-8 m ) (10-6 K - 1 ) ( 10-5 N/ cm ) T ; TU ; T U, (2 ), 301

308 ,, ( ), 50% H68 H62 ZH AlFe Mn66 - ZHSi80-3 ( % ) ( Cu ) ( Zn) ( Sn) ( Mn ) ( Al) ( Si) ( Ni) + ( Co) QSn ZQAlFe ( Fe) 2 4 QAl QSi B ( P ) ( Fe) 2 4 ( Fe) B b ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) ( HB) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( 20 C) ( 10-6 K - 1 ) ( W/ mk ) ( 20 C) ( 10-8 m ) ( C) ( % ) H H62 ZHSi Z HAlFeMn

309 QSn b ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) ( HB) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( 20 C) ( 10-6 K - 1 ) ( W/ mk ) ( 20 C) ( 10-8 m ) ( C) ( % ) QAl9-2 Z QAl9-4 Q Si B10 B H; H, ; H Z,,,,, (3 ), ( ),,,, Q, 816, 817 (4 ),,, 303

310 , B, B,,, 2. (1 ), : 1), 20 C 7, C 11,,,,,, 15 %,,,, 2),,,,, Cu2 O CO, CO2, 3),,,,, 4),,,,, (2 ),, 420 C, 906 C,,,,,,,, (3 ), : 1),,,, 2),, 3) 50%,, 3. (1 ) 304

311 ,, ( ) ( ) ( 12 mm ),,, ( ) ( ) 3 mm, 15 mm, 3 6 mm,, 3 15 mm ( ), 6 30 mm ( ) 3 mm,, ( ), 10 mm (2 ) 1),,, 12, C C,,,, PSiSnMn, HS201 HS202 ( CJ301 ),, 0.3 % 0. 7%,, ( CJ301 ) C, 15 mm, 550 C, C, 305

312 ,,,, 1 % 2%,,, CJ401, C 2) (TIG ),,, TIG 3 mm, 312 mm HS201 HS202, 35 mm, 14 mm TIG, HS221 ( )HS222 ( ) HS224 (),, ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) ( L/ min) < > ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( L/ min) ( C) V ) TIG, (MIG ),,,,, ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ( C) 3.2 I

313 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 6.4 I V V V ( C) 822 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( ) ( V ) ( L/ min) ( C) ( A ) V I ( ) V (1 ) ; +, TATB TC 823, 823 ( % ) Ti Al C r Mo Sn M n V F e Cu T A1 T A2 T A3 T A6 Ti - 5Al T A7 Ti - 5Al - 2.5Sn TB2 Ti - 5Mo - 5V - 3Cr - 3Al TC1 Ti - 2Al Mn TC2 Ti - 3Al Mn TC3 Ti - 5Al - 4 V TC4 Ti - 6Al - 4 V Ti - 6 Al - 6V - 2Sn - TC Cu Fe

314 (2 ), 22, 47.9,,, ( ),, TiNb, TiNi, TiFe,,, ( M Pa) ( % ) ( ) T A T A T A T A6 Ti - 5Al T A7 Ti - 5Al - 2.5Sn T i Pd TB2 Ti - 3Al - 5Mo - 5 V - 8Cr TC1 Ti - 2Al Mn TC2 Ti - 3Al Mn TC3 Ti - 5Al - 4 V TC4 Ti - 6Al - 4 V TC10 Ti - 6Al - 6V - 2Sn (1 ),, 540 C, 300 C, 600 C, 700 C,,,,,,, (2 ),, 308

315 ,,,, (3 ) ; 3. (1 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),,, mm,, (2 ) 99.99%,,, TC4 TC3,, (3 ) 1) 825, 825 ( mm ) ( mm ) b = 0 30 % b = b = 0 30 % V b = P = b = 0 309

316 ( mm ) ( mm ) < 1.2 a = ( ) R 2),,,,,, ( ), HF ( 5% ) + HNO3 ( 35% ), 2 h,, 120 h,,, (4 ), 400 C,, : 1) 1618 mm, 2) 0. 5 mm,,,,, a) b ) 310

317 ,, 3) 4),, (5 ) ( L/ min ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) (6 ), 540 C,,,, HF ( 3% ) + HNO3 ( 35% ),, 40 C 311

318 :,, ( ),, 1.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( Schaeffler), 823 ( Cr ),, : A F M w ( Cr ) = w ( Cr + Mo + 1.5Si Nb) %

319 ( Ni),, : w ( Ni ) = w ( Ni + 30C Mn) %,,,,, 1Cr18Ni9 Q235, 1Cr18Ni9 Q Cr18Ni9 823 a, Q235 b,, f,, Q235,,, 828 1Cr18Ni9 Q235 ( ) ( % ) w (C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w ( Cr) w ( Ni) ( % ) ( % ) 1Cr18Ni a Q b, E30816 ( A102, 188 ) E30915 ( A307, 2513 )E31015 (A407, 2520 ),, ( ) ( % ) w ( C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) ( % ) ( % ) E ( A102, 188 ) c E30915 ( A307, 2513 ) d E31015 ( A407, 2520 ) e (1 ) E c, f,, f c, 40%, 20%, 823 g ; 30 %, h, 30 % 40%, + (2 ) E30915 (A307 ) 823 d, 40%, fd j, + 2% 313

320 (3 ) E31015 (A407 ) 823 e, 30% 40%, fe k l,, Q235,, 18 8 E30816 (A102 ),,,, 2520 E31015 (A407 ), 2513 E30915 (A307 ), 40%, + 2.,,,,,,,,,,, mm,,,,, 3. ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,, 10 % 20%, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) ( CrMoVTi ), (4 ) (5 ) 68 mm 4., 1.5, 1/ 2 314

321 ,,,,,,,, 1.,,, ,,, ( ),, 100%,,,,,,,,,, 824,,, 2.,,, (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, Cr15Ni70, (4 ) ( Cr/ Ni > 1 ),, 3% 7 %,, 188 Q235, 2513 E

322 ( Cr/ Ni < 1), +,, E30916 E30915 E31016E31015,, E31016 E31015,,,, E30916 E30915, 40%, +, 3.,,, ( mm ) ( A) (1 ) 1) (E30915),,,, 2), 2513,,, (2 ), ( 1Cr18Ni9TiCr18Ni12Ti Cr17Ni13Mo2 Ti0Cr13 ) [ Q235Q345 ( 16Mn )12CrMo ] mm,, :,, 826,,,,,, 316

323 826 a) b) c) d ) e) : (1 ) : 16Mn; : 12 mm300 mm125 mm; : V, 322 (2 ) ZX, (3 ) E5015, 3. 2 mm (4 ), (5 ) ( 831) 831 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) ( mm ) (6 ), 15 mm, 4 mm 2. (832 ) 832 ( mm ) ( A) ( mm )

324 3. (1 ), 90100, 90, 827,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,, 1/ 3,,,,,, ( 1. 5 mm),,,, ;,,,,, 12,,, 15 mm,,,,,, (2 ),,, 828, 95105, a) b) 828,,,,,,,,, 15 mm,,,,,,, 1 mm, 318

325 (3 ),,,,,, 1 mm,,, 1. (1 ) 1) 16Mn; 133 mm10 mm 2) E5015, 3.2 mm, 3) V, 322 ; mm 4) 20 mm, 5), 6),,, 34 mm, 3 (2 ) ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) ( ) (3 ) 6 ( ), 3 ( ) 12 ( ) ; 6 ( ), 9 ( ) 12 ( ),,, 829 1) 829 ( 6 ),, ( mm), 319

326 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 3,,,, 510 mm,,,,, 12, 1015 mm,, 1015,, 1015 mm,,,,,, 8590,,,,, 510 mm,,, 2),, 6, 1015 mm,,,,,,,, 23,, 1015 mm,, 2/ 3,,,,,,, 1 mm, 3),,,, mm,,, 2.,, : 320

327 :, (1 ) 1) (300 mm8 mm ) : 12 mm : mm 2) 1. 2 mm, 6 : mm, 6 2 mm 3),,, 4),, (2 ) ( 834) 834 ( mm ) ( A) ( cm/ min) E E E8010 E E8010 E :, E8010 (3 ) 1), 12 2,,, 12,,,,, mm, ,,,, 830,,, 8095,

328 4 6,,,, 7590, mm,,,,,,, 6,,, 1020 mm,,,,,,, 2) 12 3,, ,, ,,,, 90100,, 3) 12 3,, ,, 7080,, 5 6, 90100,,,,,, 322

329 , 1 mm 4) 12 3,, mm,, ,,,,, ,, 6,,,,, , 6,,, 1. (1 ) 100 mm100 mm12 mm; 60 mm5 mm60 mm (2 ) E5015, 2. 5 mm, (3 ), 50 mm 552, 1.52 mm (4 ) 15 mm, (5 ),,,, 1520 mm, 2. (835 ) 33.5 mm 835 ( A) ( mm )

330 , 831 A ; C - D - A ; A - B - C, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, C 831, 2530, 80, 23,,,, 10 mm,,,,,, A, 1 mm,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1 mm (3 ) 2 : ; ; ; 1), 3040, 80,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,

331 832,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2), 45 50, 2/ 3,,,, 2030,, 1/ 3,,,, 1. (1 ) 1) : 60 mm5 mm 2) E5015, 2.5 mm, 3) ZX, 4) 1520 mm, 5) : V mm mm, 833 6),, 1520 mm, 33.5 mm, (2 ) ( 836) ( A) ( mm ) (3 ) 325

332 , 834 A ; C C - D - A ; A - B - C, 1) 70 80, 1020, C,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,,,,, 836, 836,,,,,,,,,, 1 mm, 23,, 510 mm,,,,,,, A, 90, 0,,, 35 mm,,,, 2),,,,, 7080, / 3,,,, 0,, 1/ 3,,, 1015 mm, 2/ 3 326

333 ,,,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ) 16MnR; 60 mm5 mm (2 ) E5015, 2. 5 mm, (3 ) ZX, (4 ) 20 mm, (5 ) : V, 322 ; mm, mm, (6 ), 15 mm,, (7 ),, 30 mm, 12, (837 ) 837 ( A) ( mm ) , (1 ),

334 6, 1015 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 3,,,,, 11.5 mm,,, mm,,,,, 1 2,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1) 6, 1015 mm,,,,,,, 1 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2), 1015 mm,,,,,, mm,,,,, 3),, 10 mm, 2/ 3,,,, 12,,,,,, 12, 328

335 45 ( ) 1. (1 ) 16MnR; 60 mm5 mm (2 ) E5015, 2. 5 mm, (3 ) : ZX, (4 ) : 20 mm, (5 ) : V, 322 ; 12 mm, mm, (6 ), 15 mm,, 2. (838 ) 838 ( A ) ( mm ) ,,,,, 6, 12 (1 ), 841 6, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 329

336 ,,,,, 2/ 3, 2/ 3, 23,, 10 mm ( ),,,,,,,, 12,,,,,, 10 mm,,,, (2 ),,, ) 6, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,,,, 12 mm,,, 2) 6,, 10 mm,,,,,,,, 12 mm, 330,

337 3),,, 23,,, 4),,,,,,, 12,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1.,, (1 ) : ( CG1 30 ) ( CG2 150 ) (XG1 120 )( CG2 45A ) (2 ) : ( HGM4000 ) ( GD2000 ) (DMNIMAT ) (3 ) : ( YMW ) ( SBI FG4000 ) ( XG120 ) ( CG2 11 ), 2. (1 ) 1), 530 mm, ;,, mm;, mm 2) 3150 mm, 45 3) 3150 mm 4) 3, IVY K 331

338 5) 530 mm, mm,, 6) 550 mm, mm 7) 530 mm, mm 45 8) 5 50 mm mm, 9) H 5 32 mm, 600 mm, 400 mm (2 ) 1) 843,,,, 2) ( ) ( ),,,, (3 ) 332

339 1), ,, 2),,,,,,,,, X Y, X Y,, (4 ), ( ),,,,,,, 1), 846,,,,,, 846 SKCG ) 847,, 333

340 ,,,, ( ), CG130 (1 ) CG130 CG mm mm, mm/ min ( )CG1 30, CG

341 (2 ) 1) ( 220 V ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 839, 839 ( mm) ( M Pa) ( MPa) ( mm/ min ) ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. KT530 KT : (1 ) 1) 2) 3), 4), 5) 335

342 ( ) 10 ( ) ( ) 15 ( ) ) 840,, 7) 840 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm/ min ) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( M Pa)

343 8),, 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) (2 ) 1) 2) (1/ 4 ),, 3), 4),, (3 ) 1),,,, 2) 3) 4) 5),,,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, ;, (5 ),, m 4. 5., 6. 7.,, 8.,,,, 337

344 : 1.,, ( ),,, : (1 ) 1),, 2) 3) (2 ) : 1) 2) 3), 4),, ( ) (3 ),,,,,,, 338

345 ,, 1982 ( ) 0. 1 MPa,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) : ( Pw ) 0.1 MPa (, ) ( ) 0.15 m, ( V ) m 3 2) ) : 3) ( 0. 1 MW 0. 1 MPa ( ), 2. (1 ),,, 1),,,, D, t/ h,,,,, MW 2),, MPa 3) (),,, ; 339

346 ,, (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) ( > 100 t/ h ) ( t/ h)(< 20 t/ h) 5) : ( 2.45 MPa) ( MPa)( MPa) 6) : 7) (),, 8), 9) 10 ) (3 ), (, ) 1) 2)

347 841 LS ( ) L H ( ) W N ( ) 842 DL ( ) SH ( ) DZ ( ) ZH ( ) DH ( ) QX ( ) SZ ( ) 843 G ( ) A ( ) H ( ) L ( ) W ( ) F ( ) P ( ) B ( ) D ( ) S ( ) Z ( ) X ( ) 3) : LHG15 : LHG, 0. 5 MPa,, SZS1013/ 250Y2 : 1 t/ h, SZS, 10 t/ h, 1. 3 MPa, 250,, (4 ) :,,,,,, 1),, 2), 3), 341

348 4), 3. (1 ),, 1) M Pa 2), 3), 4), () 5) 6) (2 ),,,, 1),,, 2),, ( ) 3) ( p ), : 0. 1 MPap < 1. 6 MPa 1. 6 MPap < 10 M Pa 10 M Pap < 100 M Pa p100 MPa 4), ,, - 20, 342

349 5) 6) (1999 ), : m 3 ), : a. b. ( ) c. (, p V 10 MPa d. (, pv 0. 5 MPam 3 ) ; m 3 ) e. (, p V 0.2 MPa f. g. h. ( 540 MPa) i., ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] ( ) j. ( 50 m 3 ) k. ( 5 m 3 ), ( 1 ) : a. b. ( ) c. ( ) d. e. ( 1 2 ) (3 ) 850 ; 850 1) 343

350 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 3), 4),,,,, ( ), 5),, 6), 1.,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), 10, 20 (4 ),,,, 344

351 , 2. (1 ), 1),, 2), 3), (2 ), 851 A BCD 851 1) A,, 2) B A 3) C, 4) D,,,,,,, D 3. (1 ),, %, 0.25%, % %, % (2 ),, 345

352 , (3 ), T, T, ( JB4708),,,, (4 ) 1) 3, 100 mm 2),,,, 3) 4),, (5 ) 1) 2), 3) 4) 540 M Pa,, 1. 0, 0.5 mm, 100 mm, 10%,, (6 ) 1), 2), : ; ; ; ; ; 346

353 3) ( ) 2 2,, 4) ( ) 5),, 6), 7),, 1/ 2, 1. ;,, (1 ) 1), a,,,, 852bc 852b, ( 34 ), 852c, L4 ( 1-2 ) 852def,,, ( 852gh ij),, 852ij,, 852ij 20% 2), a,,, 853b 853c,, 853d, 347

354 , 853e, 853f,,,, abc,, 854de, 854f g,,, 854h, 854i,,, a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h ) i) j) 854 a) b) c) d) e) f) g ) h ) i) 3),,,, 855, 856,,,,

355 ,,, mm K (2 ) T, 1) 857,, 857a,, s 200 mm, 857b, 857c,,, 857def 2) T T ac 857,,, 349

356 , 858b, 858d 858e T, 858f, = 1015 mm 858 T (3 ) 1),,,,,,,, 859,,, 859,,,,,, ),,, ,,, 350

357 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, a) b ) ,,

358 , 8 64, T,,, ( ) 864, 2., (1 ) :, 865a a) b) c) d) e) 1), (865bc) (865de),,,,,,,,,, 2),, ( 866a) (866b),, 3), ( 867 ) 352

359 (868 ),, 867c,,, 868ab,, 868cd 866 a) b) a) b) c) d) (2 ) ( 8 69 ), 869a,, ( ),, ( 869b) 2 34,,,,, 90,, 869 a) b) 353

360 870, , ,,,,, CO2, 871, CO

361 : 1. (1 ) 1) ( ) 400,,,, : a.,,,,, 400,,, (2.3%, 1.26% ),,, b.,,,,, c.,,,,, : a.,,,,, b.,,,,, c. 2) 355

362 : a.,,, ; b.,, ; c.,,, ; d.,,, : a., (Z408 ),,, ( Z116Z117 ),, E5016E5015E4315, E4303 ; b.,, ( ), ; c., ; d., (2 ), CO 1) CO,, CO, CO,, 2) CO a.,,, ( CJ201 ),, b. ( Z 8 ),, ( ),, CO a.,,,, 400 b., , 2 h150, 2 h c.,

363 (1 ), 1),, ;,,,,,, 2), HS311, 5% Si,,,,, Mg2 Si,,, HS331, Ti ; ; 10 mm,, 250;, (2 ) 200, 1),,,,,,, 2) (GB/ T ) : 99.99%,,, (3 ) 1), Al2 O ,,, 2),, 357

364 ,, CJ (1 ) 1) 710, 15%, ;, 2),, , ; CJ301,, (2 ) 1),,,, ( Cu2 O), CO CO2, 2) Cu2 O + 2H2Cu + H2 O Cu2 O + CO2Cu + CO2 CJ301,,, (3 ) 1) 711,,,,, 2),, 358

365 ,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, ;,,,,,, : 1), ;, 2),,, 3),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, X,,,,,,,, X,, (3 ), : ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, X,, 359

366 ,,,,,,, (4 ), (,,,,, ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,, T,,, 91, 92,, 92a,,, ; 92b,, ; 92c 91 a) b )

367 ,, (2 ), 93,,, (3 ),,, 93, a a, f 1 + f 2 + f b b, 3, f 1 + f 2 - f 3 2, f 2 = 0, 3 cc, f 1 - f 3,,, (4 ),, 361

368 ,,,,, 94,, 95,,,, 95, 1 2, 3456, 7 8, 12,, 30% 50%, 34 95b, 95c, 95 a) b ) c) (5 ),,,, 96a ; 96 a) b) c) 362

369 ,, 96b, 96c T,,, 97b, T, 97c (6 ) 1) 92 2), 98a,,, 99a, 97 T a) T b ) c) 92,, ;,,,,,, 98b,,, a) b) 363

370 93 L 1c ( m ) f ( mm ) :,, 99bcd 99 a) b) c) d),, T 910,,, 910b, 910c,,,,, 9 10d, 910 T,, a) b) c) d ) ( ),,, 910e 364

371 :,, 1., 2.,, 16MnR 5, 15,,,,, ,,,,, 530 min ( 10 min,,, 30 min ),,,, 3. (1 ) ;, (2 ),, (3 ),,, , 1.5, 150 mm (4 ) 5 (5 ),,, (6 ),,, (7 ),, (8 ), 24 h, 48 h 365

372 (9 ), 4., ( ) ( mm ) ( L/ mink m) Q 94,, L/ minkm; D, mm Q = 0.05, : (1 ),, 0.1 M Pa T1,, (2 ), 0. 1 M Pa T2, T 2, W q (3 ) :, L/ minkm; q = D W ( T 1 - T 2 ) L T M Pa, min; T 2, 0. 1 M Pa, min; W T 2, L ; L, km,, 1. (1 ) (2 ),, 911, ( ),,, 366

373 ,,,,, (3 ) : 1) 2) 50, 1020 min,,,, 3) ) 510 min,, 5),, 5 10 min, ( ),, 6),,,,, 10 min (10 min )10 min,,,,, 2. (1 ), ( ),,, (2 ),, ( ),,,, (3 ) : 1),, 2),, 367