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1 乐闻携尔创始人刘文勇老师推荐的 GRE 写作必备学习资料论证的规则 A Rulebook for Arguments 作者譯者安東尼. 威思頓 (Anthony Weston) 余佳玲王玥民李向慈王志弘资料说明 :GRE 作文非常注重考查你论述的过程是否令人信服结构清晰逻辑严谨这需要遵循一定的规则并加以训练论证的规则这个小册子就是一个非常好的材料, 能让你在撰写文章时, 清晰而有力地阐明自己的观点, 还有助于形成批判性的思维方式扫描二维码关注美国研究生留学微信公众账号 ( 微信号 :meiguoduyan), 可获取更多 GRE 托福复习资料及美国留学申请资料乐闻携尔托福 GRE 课程咨询电话 :

2 乐闻携尔, 托福 SAT GRE 培训, 美国名校留学申请咨询电话 : A Rulebook for Arguments Anthony Weston

3 A Rulebook for Arguments Anthony Weston 1

4 *Weston, Anthony. (1992). A Rulebook for Arguments (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN (pbk.) Hackett Publishing Company P.O. Box Indianapolis, Indiana

5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 3

6 (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) Modus Ponens (25) Modus Tollens (26) Hypothetical Syllogism (27) Disjunctive Syllogism (28) Dilemma (29) Reductio ad Absurdum (30) A. (A1) (A2) (A3) B. (B1) (B2) (B3) (B4) 4

7 (B5) C. (C1) (C2) (C3) (C4) (C5) (C6) 5

8 argument

9 argument disputation inquiry 7

10 argumentative 1 essays Macbeth 1 argumentative essay 8

11 9

12 (1) reason statement premise Winston Churchill Sherlock The Holmes Adventure of Blaze 10

13 generalization (2) Bertrand Russell * * Skeptical Essays (London: Allen and Unwin, 1977), p

14 (3) A2 12

15 (4) * (5) ** * Talcott Parsons, Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), p. 56 Stanislas Andreski, Social Sciences as Sorcery (New York: St Martin's Press, 1972), Chapter 6. ** "The Secret War in Brazil, " The Progressive, August,

16 CIA CIA CIA CIA (6) 14

17 X Y Y X Y X Y X Y X X Y (7) equivocation 15

18 16

19 argument by example generalization 17

20 (8) illustration (9) misrepresent 18

21 McGra 1936 Literary Digest R Landon 1936 * 1980 * Mildred Parten, Survey, Polls, and Samples (New York: Harper and Row, 1950), pp. 25, 290, 393f. Parten 19

22 (I, 73) iii, 69- (10) 2.4% 20

23 50% Consumer Reports Nisbett Lee Rossperson * who 100% 5% 50% 52,500 7,500 * Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement (Englewood Cliffs, JN: Prentice-Hall, 1980), p. 61 man who man person 21

24 100% 90% 80% 60% * 50% 80% (11) Peloponnesian War Napoleonic Wars * "The Secret War in Brazil," The Progressive, August

25 23

26 arguments by analogy Chippewa Adam Nordwell 24

27 * (12) * Niami News 9/23/73. 25

28 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion * Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1980), Part II. 26

29 27

30 X Y Y argument from authority (13) 28

31 1985 Amnesty International Amnesty International Newsletter (14) Censu 1985 Amnesty International Amnesty International Newsletter Jose Antonio Nunez Villareal Topheavy College Bernard 29

32 5% * * The New York Times Book Review, 12/9/84, p

33 (15) Epson FX Epson FX Epson FX80 19 Epson FX80 19 * * Consumer Reports 1984 Buying Guide Issue, vol. 48, number 12 (Mount Vernon, New York: Consumers Union of the United States, December, 1983), p

34 Na tional Center for Crime Statistics National Rifle Association (16) ) (17) Ludwig von Ricardo * L. v. Mises, Human Action (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), p

35 ad hominem 33

36 correlation (18) A B A B A B makes sense A B B 34

37 connection N.B. L. Breslow Belloc Belloc and Breslow, "The Relation of Physical Health Status and Health Practices," Preventive Medicine, volume1 (August, 1972), pp (19) 35

38 Matthew Arnold (20) Doctor Hartshorne s Inso Bitters 36

39 (21) (22) A B A B B A 37

40 A B B A A B A B B A (23) 38

41 deductive argument truth argumentative essay (24) Modus Ponens valid argument p q p q 39

42 p q p q p q p q p q 40

43 (25) Modus Tollens q p p q q p q q q p k b k b b k 41

44 b k * Fred Hoyle i h i h h i h i (26) Hypothetical Syllogism p q q r p r * k 42 k b b k k - - k

45 (s) (r) (r) (q) (s) (q) s r r q s q p q q p (q) s t 18 (27) Disjunctive Syllogism p q p q 43

46 Bertrand Russell (m) (i) (m) (i) m i m i or a b a b a b a b p q p q 44

47 (28) Dilemma p q p r q s r s Edmund Burke r a p r r r p r a p a r 45

48 a (p)(a) (p) ( w) (a) ( w) ( w) p a p w a w w w w w (29) Reductio ad Absurdum p p p q q p arguments by reductio 46

49 David Hume * (30) Deductive arguments in several steps * 47

51 2. 3. A. A B A 1 A. 1. B C D. 49

52 B. C. D

53 A. A B C (A1) voucher plan 51

54 52

55 (A2) (A3) A1 A2 53

56 54

57 B. (B1) 55

58 (B2) X (B3) 56

59 (B4) (B5) Q Q Q 57

60 58

61 C. Dublin (C1) (C2) 59

62 (C3) B2 A2 60

63 (C4) 61

64 (C5) B4 B5 62

65 (C6) 63

66 f allacies (1) National Enquirer generalizing from incom information (2) overlooking alternatives A B A B B A A B A 64

67 A B Jean -Paul Sartre ad hominem 65

68 ad ignorantiam ad misericordiam ad populum affirming the consequent p q q p 66

69 begging the question complex question composition 67

70 denying the antecedent p q p q division equivocation false cause false dilemma 68

71 loaded language non sequitur the person who fallacy persuasive definition Ambrose The Devil's Bierce Dictionary petitio principii poisoning the well post hoc, ergo propter hoc provincialism 69

72 red herring straw man suppressed evidence Flames and Glory weasel word A B A A B A 70

73 Wejack Algonquia * * Wejack Wejack 71

74 selfish ) headache s 72

75 stipulative definition ecogardening heoytuy operational definition 73

76 essential definition genus-and -differentia 74

77 A Diogenes 75

78 Strunk White The Elements of Style Jack Meiland College Thinking Jeanne Fahnstock Marie Secor A Rhetoric of Argument, New York: Random House, 1982 Mildred PartenSurveys, New Polls, and Sam York: Harper & Row, 1950 Morris J. Slonim Sampling, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960 Darrell Huff How to Lie with Statistics, New York: Norton, 1954) Chaim PerelmanThe Realm Notre of Rhetoric, Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982) Mill s Methods I. M. Copi Introduction to Logic, New York: Macmillan, many editions) R. Rosnow R. Rosenthal Essentials of Behavioral Research, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1984 Jerry Cederblom Donald Paulsen Critical Belmont, Reasoning, California: Wadsworth, 3rd edition,

79 William Gustason Dolph Ulrich Elementary Symbolic Logic, Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1973 John Venn Venn diagram Copi Howard Kahane Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric, Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 6th edition, 1992 C. Hamblin Fallacies, London: Methuen, 1970 Richard Nisbett Lee Ross Human Inference, Eaglewood Cliffs, New -Hall, Jersey: Prentice

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7P4 33

7P4 33 0 4 Jan. 0 Vol. 4 No. Journal of Northwest University Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition 0 30 < > 946 948 0087 I0 A 000-73 0 0-003-30 907 907 908 3 0-06- 7P4 33 / 3 96 34 P5 hypothesis 830 4 5 Frank